behavioural pharmacology of dogs and cats

8/9/2019 Behavioural Pharmacology of dogs and cats

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AN INTRODUCTION TO THEAN INTRODUCTION TO THEPHARMACOLOGY OF DRUGSPHARMACOLOGY OF DRUGS

USED IN BEHAVIOURALUSED IN BEHAVIOURALDISORDERS OF DOGS AND CATSDISORDERS OF DOGS AND CATS


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Behavioural disorders/abnormalitiesBehavioural disorders/abnormalities

DOGSDOGSAnxiety/ OverAnxiety/ Over--excitabilityexcitability Excitement urinationExcitement urination Marking behaviourMarking behaviour Submissive urinationSubmissive urination

Fears/PhobiasFears/Phobias Tail chasing and recurring 'habits (OCD),Tail chasing and recurring 'habits (OCD),AggressionAggression DisobedienceDisobedience Excessive barkingExcessive barking

DestructivenessDestructiveness Chewing, scratchingChewing, scratching Inappropriate urination and/or defecationInappropriate urination and/or defecation SeparationSeparation--related disorders (seperation anxiety)related disorders (seperation anxiety)


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Behavioural disorders/abnormalitiesBehavioural disorders/abnormalities

CATSCATSIndoor SprayingIndoor Spraying

Soiling in the home (House soiling)Soiling in the home (House soiling)

AggressivenessAggressivenessIntermittent litter tray usageIntermittent litter tray usage

Inappropriate huntingInappropriate hunting

Fabric eatingFabric eating

Destructive scratchingDestructive scratching

Periodic absence and insecurityPeriodic absence and insecurity

AggressionAggression


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AggressionAggression

InterInter--species aggression /Territorial aggressionspecies aggression /Territorial aggression Redirected aggressionRedirected aggression

Fear aggressionFear aggression

StatusStatus--related aggression (dominanace)related aggression (dominanace)

Predatory aggressionPredatory aggression Petting aggression (Biting)Petting aggression (Biting)

PainPain--Induced AggressionInduced Aggression

Maternal AggressionMaternal Aggression

Aggression towards visitors and owners


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Elimination problems

Housesoiling in cats Urine marking

Inappropriate defecation inappropriateurination

Urine spraying -urination as markingbehaviour

Other causes of inappropriate defecationand urination: diseases of the urinary tract(cystitis, urethritis, etc.), the nervoussystem and digestive system.


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Separation anxiety

Behavioural disorder Dogs exhibit exaggerated signs of anxiety when

they do not have access to family members.

Hyper-attachment to owner/ one or more family

members Dog cant get the owners attention

Manifested by: Barking, Whining, Licking,Destructive Behavior, Chewing, Panic Attacks,

Digging, Inappropriate Urination, House Soiling,Self Mutilation, Escaping, Diarrhea, Loss OfAppetite, Excessive Salivation, Vomiting


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Canine Cognitive Dysfunction SyndromeCanine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome

Similar to Alzheimer's Disease that affects humans, affectsSimilar to Alzheimer's Disease that affects humans, affectsthe brain of elderly dogs, causing confusion, forgetfulnessthe brain of elderly dogs, causing confusion, forgetfulnessabout many lifelong habitsabout many lifelong habits

The chemical and physiological changes that occur in anThe chemical and physiological changes that occur in anolder dog's brain, accelerating degeneration of the brainolder dog's brain, accelerating degeneration of the brain

SymptomsSymptomsAimless WanderingAimless Wandering DisorientationDisorientation Confusion about a previously familiar place (ie: gets lost inConfusion about a previously familiar place (ie: gets lost in

the house, can't find her way out of a corner, seems lost inthe house, can't find her way out of a corner, seems lost inher yard)her yard)

Forgetting to eat, even forgetting to drink in some casesForgetting to eat, even forgetting to drink in some cases

Fails to recognize previously favorite people, or who she metFails to recognize previously favorite people, or who she metrecently, be it dog or humanrecently, be it dog or human

Sleeping pattern changes drasticallySleeping pattern changes drastically No longer seeks attention, or wanders away when being petNo longer seeks attention, or wanders away when being pet Forgets or stops responding to her nameForgets or stops responding to her name


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TREATMENT OF BEHAVIOURALTREATMENT OF BEHAVIOURAL

PROBLEMSPROBLEMS Environmental manipulationEnvironmental manipulation

TrainingTraining

Behavioural modification techniquesBehavioural modification techniquesTreatment of any concurrent diseaseTreatment of any concurrent disease

Surgery such as castration/ neutering (forSurgery such as castration/ neutering (foraggression, urine spraying etc)aggression, urine spraying etc)

Pharmacological agentsPharmacological agents


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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGYINTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacological treatmentPharmacological treatment --most usefulmost usefulwhen combined with behavior modification.when combined with behavior modification.

Diagnosis or list of diagnosesDiagnosis or list of diagnoses

Understanding the mechanism of action ofUnderstanding the mechanism of action of

the available drugs, and the potential sidethe available drugs, and the potential sideeffects.effects.

Minimizing the potential adverse reactionsMinimizing the potential adverse reactionsof drugsof drugs

by performing a premedicationby performing a premedication

hematological examinationhematological examination

Urinalysis, and serum biochemistry profileUrinalysis, and serum biochemistry profile

A complete behavioral and medical history.A complete behavioral and medical history.


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PPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGYcontdSYCHOPHARMACOLOGYcontd

The factors before selecting a suitable pharmacologicalThe factors before selecting a suitable pharmacologicalagent for behavioural abnormalities in small animalsagent for behavioural abnormalities in small animals

EtiologyEtiology

Predisposing factorsPredisposing factorsConditionConditionThe owners cooperation should be taken in toThe owners cooperation should be taken in to

considerationconsideration

..


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Considerations in psychopharmacology ofConsiderations in psychopharmacology of

animalsanimals

The majority of the drugsThe majority of the drugs -- unlicensed and notunlicensed and notregistered for veterinary use: used in an extraregistered for veterinary use: used in an extra--label fashionlabel fashion

Consent forms from ownerConsent forms from owner

Risk of potential client drug abuseRisk of potential client drug abuse Strict control of the drug dispensing is neededStrict control of the drug dispensing is needed

The client cooperation over administrationThe client cooperation over administration The lowest effective doseThe lowest effective dose

Gradual withdrawl of mediactionGradual withdrawl of mediaction


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Drugs always an adjunct to behaviourDrugs always an adjunct to behaviourmodification therapy; not as amodification therapy; not as areplacement/ substitute.replacement/ substitute.

An attempt to wean off medicationAn attempt to wean off medication --onceoncethe desired result is achieved andthe desired result is achieved and

maintained for a period of 2maintained for a period of 2 -- 3 months.3 months.Life long medication : should be made clearLife long medication : should be made clear

to the owner at the outset of therapy.to the owner at the outset of therapy.


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Benzodiazepines ( BZDs)Benzodiazepines ( BZDs)

Anxiolytics work by enhancing the action of GABA (gammaAnxiolytics work by enhancing the action of GABA (gamma--aminobutyric acid), an inhibitory neurotransmitter.aminobutyric acid), an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

oxazepam, clorazepate, lorazepam, temazepam, clonazepam,oxazepam, clorazepate, lorazepam, temazepam, clonazepam,diazepam and alprazolamdiazepam and alprazolam

The last two being most commonly indicated for treatment of anxietyThe last two being most commonly indicated for treatment of anxietyrelated behaviour problems like urine spraying and short treatmentrelated behaviour problems like urine spraying and short treatmentfor sound phobias (eg: fireworks, thunderstorms) because of theirfor sound phobias (eg: fireworks, thunderstorms) because of theirepisodic nature and the rapid onset of action in dogs and cats.episodic nature and the rapid onset of action in dogs and cats.

At therapeutic levels there is calming effect but little or no effect onAt therapeutic levels there is calming effect but little or no effect onmotor or mental functions.motor or mental functions.

Cats may stagger for the first 3Cats may stagger for the first 3 -- 4 days but this resolve4 days but this resolvespontaneously.spontaneously.

Oxazepam has non active metabolites and is biotransformed byOxazepam has non active metabolites and is biotransformed byconjugation not oxidation, it is preferred in patients with liverconjugation not oxidation, it is preferred in patients with liverdiseasedisease..


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Benzodiazepines ( BZDs)contdBenzodiazepines ( BZDs)contd

AlprazolamAlprazolammay also be given after a phobic event in order tomay also be given after a phobic event in order to

impair the dogs memory of itimpair the dogs memory of it

used to block the effects of unanticipated phobicused to block the effects of unanticipated phobicevents in order to prevent them from having anevents in order to prevent them from having anemotional impact on the animal in the future.emotional impact on the animal in the future.

should be given as soon after the event as is safeshould be given as soon after the event as is safe

and practical.and practical.Alprazolam is a schedule 4 controlled drug. There isAlprazolam is a schedule 4 controlled drug. There is

no licensed veterinary preparation.no licensed veterinary preparation.


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Benzodiazepines ( BZDs)contdBenzodiazepines ( BZDs)contd

BBZDs are contraindicated in states of hepatic andZDs are contraindicated in states of hepatic andrenal impariement and for long term use in cats.renal impariement and for long term use in cats.

Side effectsSide effects increased appetite, transient ataxia (should resolve in 3increased appetite, transient ataxia (should resolve in 3 -- 44

days)days)

paradoxical hyperactivity in some cats, increasedparadoxical hyperactivity in some cats, increasedaffection/friendlinessaffection/friendliness

increased vocalization in cats, drug tolerance,disinhibition ofincreased vocalization in cats, drug tolerance,disinhibition ofsuppressed behaviour eg aggression, interference with learningsuppressed behaviour eg aggression, interference with learningconditioned responsesconditioned responses


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Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Closely related to phenothiazines and block amineClosely related to phenothiazines and block amine(serotonin,norepinephrine, dopamine) re(serotonin,norepinephrine, dopamine) re--uptakeuptake

Antianxiety effects .Antianxiety effects .

Take about two wks to produce any beneficial effects .Take about two wks to produce any beneficial effects .

Indicated for anxiety related behavioural disorders inIndicated for anxiety related behavioural disorders indogs and cats such as separation anxiety, obsessivedogs and cats such as separation anxiety, obsessive--

compulsive behaviors, stereotypies, aggression, andcompulsive behaviors, stereotypies, aggression, and

inappropriate elimination, urine spraying in cats, felineinappropriate elimination, urine spraying in cats, feline

hyperaesthesia, compulsive disorders and behaviouralhyperaesthesia, compulsive disorders and behaviouralproblems secondary to idiopathic cystitis.problems secondary to idiopathic cystitis.

Clomipramine and amitryptilline are the TCAs licensedClomipramine and amitryptilline are the TCAs licensed

for use in veterinary medicinefor use in veterinary medicine


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Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Side effectsSide effects

short term lethargy or sedation, mild and intermittentshort term lethargy or sedation, mild and intermittentvomiting which is usually transient and increases orvomiting which is usually transient and increases ordecreases in appetite.decreases in appetite.

sedation (antihistamine effect), dry mouthsedation (antihistamine effect), dry mouth(antimuscarinic effect), constipation (antimuscarinic(antimuscarinic effect), constipation (antimuscariniceffect), urinary retention, tachycardia, cardiaceffect), urinary retention, tachycardia, cardiacarrhythmia, ataxia, decreased tear production,arrhythmia, ataxia, decreased tear production,mydriasis, dilated pupils, disturbances ofmydriasis, dilated pupils, disturbances ofaccommodation which usually disappear with decreaseaccommodation which usually disappear with decreaseor withdrawal of medicationor withdrawal of medication

The antihistaminic effect may be a useful adjunct inThe antihistaminic effect may be a useful adjunct in

controlling pruritus due to atopy and food allergiescontrolling pruritus due to atopy and food allergiesHigh doses; hepatotoxicity and convulsions.High doses; hepatotoxicity and convulsions.

Urine retention in cats after treatment with clomipramine.Urine retention in cats after treatment with clomipramine.

Contraindicated in animals with seizures, urinary retention orContraindicated in animals with seizures, urinary retention orhistory of cardiac arrythmias and within two weeks ofhistory of cardiac arrythmias and within two weeks ofadministration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.


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Selective Serotonin ReUptake InhibitorsSelective Serotonin ReUptake Inhibitors(SSRIs)(SSRIs)

Selectively block the reuptake of serotoninSelectively block the reuptake of serotonin Indicated for the treatment of behavioural conditions whichIndicated for the treatment of behavioural conditions which

involve a component of impulsivityinvolve a component of impulsivity FluoxetineFluoxetine, sertraline and, sertraline and fluvoxaminefluvoxamine

For treating psychogenic alopecia, allergyFor treating psychogenic alopecia, allergy--related pruritus,related pruritus,anxiety related condition, s dominanceanxiety related condition, s dominance--related aggression,related aggression,fearful behaviors, obsessivefearful behaviors, obsessive--compulsive behaviors, and urinecompulsive behaviors, and urinemarkingmarking

FluoxetineFluoxetine is approved drug in dogs, useful in the treatment ofis approved drug in dogs, useful in the treatment ofsome but not all forms of aggression.some but not all forms of aggression.

It is used for interIt is used for inter--dog aggression in conjunction withdog aggression in conjunction withbehavioral training and neutering of the less dominant dog.behavioral training and neutering of the less dominant dog.

FluoxetineFluoxetine is also used for the treatment of obsessiveis also used for the treatment of obsessive--compulsive disorders in dogs.compulsive disorders in dogs.


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Selective Serotonin ReUptake InhibitorsSelective Serotonin ReUptake Inhibitors(SSRIs)(SSRIs)

Gastrointestinal side effects, constipation in cats.Gastrointestinal side effects, constipation in cats. Concomitant MAOI therapy is contraindicated to avoidConcomitant MAOI therapy is contraindicated to avoid

serotonin syndrome.serotonin syndrome.

This most commonly occurs with a combination of SSRI andThis most commonly occurs with a combination of SSRI andMAOI medications, although there are some opioid analgesicsMAOI medications, although there are some opioid analgesicswith serotonergic activity.with serotonergic activity.

Symptoms include neuromuscular hyperactivity,Symptoms include neuromuscular hyperactivity,hyperthermia, autonomic hyperactivity and altered mentalhyperthermia, autonomic hyperactivity and altered mentalstatus At least 2 weeks should be allowed as a washoutstatus At least 2 weeks should be allowed as a washoutperiod between SSRI and MAOI therapyperiod between SSRI and MAOI therapy


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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors(MAOIs)Monoamine oxidase inhibitors(MAOIs)

SelegilineSelegiline For treatment of behavioural disorders with an emotionalFor treatment of behavioural disorders with an emotional

origin, which includes fears and phobias.origin, which includes fears and phobias.

Reduces fearfulness, increases exploratory behaviour and hasReduces fearfulness, increases exploratory behaviour and haspositive effects on cognition even in healthy animals.positive effects on cognition even in healthy animals.

Takes 4Takes 4--8 weeks to begin to become effective, and is a useful8 weeks to begin to become effective, and is a usefuladjunct to behavioural therapy, especially in individuals that areadjunct to behavioural therapy, especially in individuals that arefrequently exposed to noise eventsfrequently exposed to noise events

Used to increase the confidence of a dog that has becomeUsed to increase the confidence of a dog that has becomeafraid of going outside after dark due to a number of fearfulafraid of going outside after dark due to a number of fearfulexperiencesexperiences

Approved drug forApproved drug for Canine cognitive dysfunction syndromeCanine cognitive dysfunction syndrome


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AzapironesAzapirones

BuspironeBuspirone for treatment of mild to moderate anxiety relatedfor treatment of mild to moderate anxiety related

problems and urine spraying in dogs and cats.problems and urine spraying in dogs and cats. This is a novel antianxiety agent that is not chemically orThis is a novel antianxiety agent that is not chemically or

pharmacologically related to theBenzodiazepinespharmacologically related to theBenzodiazepinesAdvantages include lack of sedation and high safety marginAdvantages include lack of sedation and high safety margin

however the frequency of dosing and cost can presenthowever the frequency of dosing and cost can presentproblems.problems.

Side effects : bradycardia/tachycardia, nervousness,Side effects : bradycardia/tachycardia, nervousness,gastrointestinal disturbances, stereotypic behaviours andgastrointestinal disturbances, stereotypic behaviours andrestlessness.restlessness.

Contraindicated : renal, hepatic impairment, epileptics,Contraindicated : renal, hepatic impairment, epileptics,allergic reactions and caution is needed as treatment canallergic reactions and caution is needed as treatment canlead to an increase in aggression as it may decrease thelead to an increase in aggression as it may decrease theinhibitory effects of fear.inhibitory effects of fear.

It is ineffective in cases such as sound phobias orIt is ineffective in cases such as sound phobias orseparation anxiety in dogs.separation anxiety in dogs.


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Beta blockersBeta blockers

Indicated in treatment of situational anxitiesIndicated in treatment of situational anxitiesin dogs and cats.in dogs and cats.

Propranolol and pindolol are are thePropranolol and pindolol are are the

common ones, used before the anticipatedcommon ones, used before the anticipatedsituation occurs.situation occurs.

They are contraindicated in animals withThey are contraindicated in animals withcardiac disease, hypotension, andcardiac disease, hypotension, andbronchospasmbronchospasm..


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AntiepilepticsAntiepileptics

MoodMood--stabilizing drugs, primarily indicated in those cases wherestabilizing drugs, primarily indicated in those cases whereepileptic activity is in the etiology of the conditionepileptic activity is in the etiology of the condition

Agents: phenobarbitone, carbamazepine, and valproic acid areAgents: phenobarbitone, carbamazepine, and valproic acid areunrelated chemical compounds that are used in humanunrelated chemical compounds that are used in humanmedicine to treat bipolar disorder, impulsivity, emotionalmedicine to treat bipolar disorder, impulsivity, emotional

reactivity, and aggression.reactivity, and aggression. Carbamazepine in cats decrease fearCarbamazepine in cats decrease fear--related aggressionrelated aggression

against people, but it may paradoxically increase aggressionagainst people, but it may paradoxically increase aggressionagainst same species.against same species.

Lithium (75 mg total dose,Lithium (75 mg total dose, bid) has been used to treatbid) has been used to treat

dominancedominance--related aggression and psychotic behavior (randomrelated aggression and psychotic behavior (randomairair--snapping, pawing) in a Cocker Spaniel; has narrowsnapping, pawing) in a Cocker Spaniel; has narrowtherapeutic index exhibiting side effects like polyuria,therapeutic index exhibiting side effects like polyuria,polydipsia, memory problems, weight gain, and diarrhea.polydipsia, memory problems, weight gain, and diarrhea.


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Hormonal preparationsHormonal preparations ProgestogensProgestogens antiandrogensantiandrogensA dopamine 2 receptor agonist drug with hormonal activity,A dopamine 2 receptor agonist drug with hormonal activity,

CabergolineCabergolineProgestinsProgestins only be given to neutered animalsonly be given to neutered animals Generally considered the treatment of last choiceGenerally considered the treatment of last choice Side effectsSide effects --increased appetite, weight gain, transientincreased appetite, weight gain, transient

hyperglycaemia, mammary gland hyperplasia andhyperglycaemia, mammary gland hyperplasia andcarcinomas, bone marrow suppression, adenocarcinoma,carcinomas, bone marrow suppression, adenocarcinoma,pyometra, adrenocortical suppression, depression,pyometra, adrenocortical suppression, depression,

lethargy.lethargy.Avoided in diabetes mellitus, breeding animals and withAvoided in diabetes mellitus, breeding animals and withconcurrent corticosteroid use.concurrent corticosteroid use.

The use of is generally outdated as better drugs areThe use of is generally outdated as better drugs areavailableavailable


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Hormonal preparationscontdHormonal preparationscontd

AntiandrogenAntiandrogenDelmadinone acetate.Delmadinone acetate.

CabergolineCabergoline

antiprolactin effectsantiprolactin effectsFor the treatment of psedopregnancy inFor the treatment of psedopregnancy in

bitches and in spayed bitches withbitches and in spayed bitches withaggressive behaviour attributable toaggressive behaviour attributable to

elelvated prolactin levelselelvated prolactin levels


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AntihistaminesAntihistamines

Diphenhydramuine and cyproheptadineDiphenhydramuine and cyproheptadine

Management of mild anxiety associatedManagement of mild anxiety associatedwith travel, inappropriate night time activitywith travel, inappropriate night time activityand anxiety conditios in which pruritusand anxiety conditios in which pruritus

plays a important role.plays a important role.Sedative CNS side effects are beingSedative CNS side effects are being

exploited for their behavioural benefit.exploited for their behavioural benefit.

Contraindicated in animals with glaucoma,Contraindicated in animals with glaucoma,urinary retention and hyperthyroidism.urinary retention and hyperthyroidism.


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Alpha adrenoceptor stimulantsAlpha adrenoceptor stimulants

PhenylpropanolaminePhenylpropanolamine

Sphincter mechanism incontinence inSphincter mechanism incontinence inbitches and can therefore used to managebitches and can therefore used to managehouse soiling in these caseshouse soiling in these cases

Increased aggression is the possible sideIncreased aggression is the possible sideeffect.effect.


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Alpha adrenoceptor antagonistsAlpha adrenoceptor antagonists

NicergolineNicergoline

For sleep disorders, diminished vigour andFor sleep disorders, diminished vigour andfatigue.fatigue.

Acts as a cerebral vasodilator, act as cognitiveActs as a cerebral vasodilator, act as cognitive

enhancer by reversing the vasoconstricitiveenhancer by reversing the vasoconstricitiveeffect of cerebral catecholamines.effect of cerebral catecholamines.

It should not be administered within 24It should not be administered within 24

hours of using alpha 2 agonists such ashours of using alpha 2 agonists such asxylazine or medetomidine.xylazine or medetomidine.


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Xanthine derivativesXanthine derivatives

PropentofyllinePropentofylline

canine age related behavioural changescanine age related behavioural changes

such as dullness, lethargy and cognitivesuch as dullness, lethargy and cognitivedeclinedecline

Respond better if combination therapy withRespond better if combination therapy withselegiline is used.selegiline is used.


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NeurolepticsNeuroleptics (Antipsychotic agents(Antipsychotic agents))

Low potency phenothiazine tranqillisers (Low potency phenothiazine tranqillisers (acepromazine,acepromazine,chlorpromazine, and thioridazine hydrochloridechlorpromazine, and thioridazine hydrochloride))

All the antipsychotics are used for nonselectiveAll the antipsychotics are used for nonselectivetranquilization and diminishing behavioral arousal.tranquilization and diminishing behavioral arousal.

AAcepromazinecepromazine is used as a shortis used as a short--term tranquilliser duringterm tranquilliser duringphobic events related with fireworks and thunderstormsphobic events related with fireworks and thunderstormsand travel associated behaviour problems.and travel associated behaviour problems.

High doses required in order to sedate a dog during aHigh doses required in order to sedate a dog during a

phobic event.phobic event. High doses may lead to hypovolaemia, hyperexcitability andHigh doses may lead to hypovolaemia, hyperexcitability and

extrapyramidal side effects in some animalsextrapyramidal side effects in some animals

Not considered suitable for the management of canineNot considered suitable for the management of caninenoise phobiasnoise phobias


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PheromonesPheromones

A new approach to dealing with urine markingA new approach to dealing with urine markingA synthetic analogue of feline facial pheromone alongA synthetic analogue of feline facial pheromone along

with a cat attractant (the alcoholic extract of the plantwith a cat attractant (the alcoholic extract of the plantValeriana officinalisValeriana officinalis))

Decrease anxietyDecrease anxiety

DAPDAP ((dog appeasing pheromone) is a syntheticdog appeasing pheromone) is a syntheticanalogue of a chemical produced by the bitch whileanalogue of a chemical produced by the bitch whileshe is lactating.she is lactating.

It has anxiolytic properties shown to reduce the signsIt has anxiolytic properties shown to reduce the signsof fearfulness during firework events.of fearfulness during firework events.

Safely combined with other treatments, such asSafely combined with other treatments, such asbenzodiazepines and triazolobenzodiazepines.benzodiazepines and triazolobenzodiazepines. Pheromones : diffuser, spray , collar.Pheromones : diffuser, spray , collar. No side effects.No side effects.

behavioural pharmacology of dogs and cats

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