bell ringer dr. ali is conducting an experiment to find the effects of cocaine on the brain activity...

BELL RINGER

Dr. Ali is conducting an experiment to find the effects of cocaine on the brain activity of children.

a. What is the dependent variable?

b. What is the independent variable?

c. With the limited information, is this experiment ethical?

No! Of course you can’t give cocaine to children!

FINAL EXAMREVIEW!!!

FINAL EXAM FACTS

Wednesday, May 27th

2nd & 3rd Periods

45 minutes (Short Day)

72 multiple choice questions

5 extra credit questions

FINAL EXAM FACTS

Unit 7 – Learning

Modules 21 – 22

Unit 9 – Developmental Psychology

Modules 8 – 11

Unit 10 – Motivation

Modules 34 – 36

FINAL EXAM FACTS

Unit 11 – Personality

Modules 44 – 46

Unit 13 – Abnormal Psychology

Modules 47 – 51

Unit 14 – Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Modules 52 & 54

FINAL EXAM FACTS

12 questions on each unit!

50% of the questions from units 7, 9, 10, 11, & 13 are from previous quizzes.

Unit 14 are newly formed questions.

UNIT 7LEARNING

UNIT 7: LEARNING

Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

Classical Conditioning: Learning which takes place when two or more stimuli are presented together.Ivan Pavlov John Watson

Unconditioned stimulus (US): automatically triggers a response.

Unconditioned response (UR): an automatic, involuntary reaction

Conditioned stimulus (CS): it brings about the conditioned response.

Conditioned response (CR): the learned response to conditioned stimulus.

UNIT 7: LEARNING

Generalization: The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Extinction: The diminishing response that occurs when the CS no longer signals an impending US.

Spontaneous recovery: after extinction, and without training, the previous CS suddenly elicits the CR again temporarily.

UNIT 7: LEARNING

Operant Conditioning: learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. (B.F. Skinner)

E.L. Thorndike experimented with hungry cats in “puzzle boxes”.

Skinner designed an Operant Chamber (Skinner Box).

UNIT 7: LEARNING

Positive reinforcement: using positive stimuli to strengthen a response.

Negative reinforcement: removing a negative stimuli to strengthen a response. This is NOT punishment.

Primary Reinforcers: inborn

Ex. Food, sleep, oxygen, etc.

Conditioned Reinforcers: learned

Ex. Money, grades, points, etc.

UNIT 7: LEARNING

Continuous Reinforcement: reinforcing the desired response EVERY time it occurs.

Partial reinforcement: responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not.

Punishment: an event that decreases the behavior it follows.

UNIT 7: LEARNING

Cognitive Map: a mental representation of one’s environment.

Intrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

Extrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or punishment.

UNIT 7: LEARNING

UNIT 9DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH

UNIT 9: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHConception – The moment an egg and a sperm join to form a zygote.

Zygote: Conception – 2 weeksEmbryo: 2 weeks – 8 weeksFetus: 9 weeks – birth

Teratogens: substances such as viruses and chemicals that can damage the developing embryo/fetus.

UNIT 9: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): abnormalities caused by exposure to alcohol in the fetal stage.

Reflexes: responses that are inborn and do not have to be learned.

Rooting reflex: when a newborn’s cheek is touched, they look for a nipple to feed.

Sucking Reflex: can be triggered by a fingertip.


Infantile Amnesia: No memory of events from age 1 – 3.

Cognition: thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Lev Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development

Jean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development – 4 stage theory


1. Sensorimotor Stage: Exploring stage. (Object permanence, stranger anxiety)

2. Preoperational Stage: Language! (Egocentrism)

3. Concrete Operational Stage: Logic! (Conservation, math logic)

4. Formal Operational Stage: Abstract concepts like equality, justice, truth…


Attachment: an emotional tie with another person.

Harlow found attachment is based on physical affection and comfortable body contact, and not based on food.

Critical Period: period shortly after birth when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development.

Imprinting: The process by which certain animals form attachments during critical period.


Three types of parenting styles:

1. Authoritarian: parents impose rules and expect obedience.

2. Permissive: parents submit to kids’ desires, not enforcing limits or standards for child behavior.

3. Authoritative: Parents enforce rules, limits, and standards, but also explain, discuss, listen, and express respect for child’s ideas and wishes.

UNIT 9: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHAdolescence: the transition period from childhood to adulthood.

Puberty: the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Primary sex characteristics: the reproductive organs (Penis, testes)

Secondary sex characteristics: the non-reproductive sexual characteristics. (Hair, breasts)


Menarche: First menstrual period at about age 12½, marks female fertility.

Spermarche: Male fertility is marked by ejaculation of semen with viable sperm

Lawrence Kohlberg: Theory of Stages of Moral Development


Stages of Moral Development

1. Preconventional Level: avoid punishment, gain reward.

2. Conventional Level: live up to expectations, maintain law & order.

3. Postconventional Level: promote justice and society’s welfare.

UNIT 9: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHErik Erikson: Theory of Psychosocial Development

1. Trust vs. Mistrust

2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

3. Initiative vs. Guilt

4. Industry vs. Inferiority

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

8. Integrity vs. Despair


Menopause: In women, the ending of the menstrual cycle around age 50.

Dementia: mental disintegration.

Cross-sectional: a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Longitudinal: research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.


Crystallized intelligence: your accumulated intelligence. (vocabulary)

This increases up to old age!

Fluid intelligence: ability to reason quickly and solving logic problems.

This decreases as you age.

UNIT 10MOTIVATION

UNIT 10: MOTIVATION

Motivation: a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Four Theories on Motivation:

•1. Instinct Theory•2. Drive-reduction Theory•3. Arousal Theory•4. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

UNIT 10: MOTIVATION

Instinct theory: physical and mental instincts such as curiosity and fearfulness cause us to act.

Drive-Reduction Theory: the idea that a physiological need creates a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Homeostasis: the tendency to maintain a balance.

UNIT 10: MOTIVATION

Incentive theory: external stimuli such as money, approval, and grades regulate and pull us toward a goal.

Arousal theory: each of us has an optimal level of arousal necessary to perform tasks.

Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs

UNIT 10: MOTIVATION

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: •1) Basic biological needs•2) Safety and security needs•3) Belongingness and love needs•4) Self-esteem needs•5) Self-actualization needs

Only when our basic needs are satisfied can we begin to fulfill other needs.

UNIT 10: MOTIVATION

Ancel Keys: The Minnesota Starvation Experiment

Glucose: the form of sugar that circulates in the blood.

Set Point: the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.

Basal Metabolic Rate: Body’s rate of energy expenditure.

UNIT 10: MOTIVATION

Anorexia Nervosa: a normal weight person diets and becomes significantly (over 15%) underweight, yet still feels fat and continues to starve.

Bulimia Nervosa: disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, followed by vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise.

UNIT 10: MOTIVATION

Sexual Response Cycle:

•Excitement: genitals fill with blood•Plateau: Near climax•Orgasm: Semen is released•Resolution: Returns to normalRefractory Period: the time after orgasm where you are incapable of another orgasm.

UNIT 10: MOTIVATION

Sexual Disorders: The inability to complete the sexual response cycle to orgasm.

Men: premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction.

Women: orgasmic disorder

Estrogen: female sex hormone

Testosterone: male sex hormone

UNIT 11PERSONALITY

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYPersonality: an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Psychoanalytic Theory: Attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (Freud)

Free Association: exploring the unconscious. The person says whatever comes to mind.

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYFreudian Slip: an error in speech or writing that really isn’t an error, but an unconscious thought.

Id: Unconscious part that exists to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Works on the pleasure principle

Ego: Part of mind that negotiates between the id and reality. Guided by the reality principle.

Superego: composed of the conscience that punishes us by making us feel guilty.

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYFixation: unresolved conflict within a certain stage.

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

1. Stage: Oral

Conflict: Weaning from the bottle or breast.2. Stage: Anal Conflict: Toilet training

UNIT 11: PERSONALITY3. Stage: PhallicConflict: a desire to possess opposite sex parent. Oedipus & Electra Complexes

4. Stage: Latency

Sexuality is dormant. Focus on school and same sex friends.

5. Stage: Genital

No conflict to resolve

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYDefense Mechanisms

Repression: unconscious forgetting

Regression: retreat to an earlier age

Rationalization: making excuses

Projection: attributing our own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or actions to others.

Denial: the inability to face reality or admit an obvious truth.

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYDisplacement: taking out anger on less threatening object/person.

Reaction formation: acting in a manner exactly opposite to our true feelings.

Sublimation: redirect impulses into acceptable behaviors.

Compensation: overachieving in one area to compensate for another.

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYActing out: engaging in actions instead of reflecting on feelings.Affiliation: turning to other people for support.Avoidance: refusing to deal with situation.Humor: joking about situation.

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYProjective Tests: personality tests that shows you an image and asks you what you see.•Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)•Rorschach Inkblot Test

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYMyers-Briggs Type Indicator: widely used personality test developed by Karen Briggs.

Extraverted : energized by others.

Introverted : Energized by ideas, emotions, memories

Factor Analysis: A statistical procedure that has been used to identify clusters of related items.

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYHans Eysenck Three Factor Model:

1. Extroversion: measures our sociability.

2. Neuroticism: measures our level of instability and stability.

3. Psychoticism: measures our level of tough mindedness and tender mindedness.

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): The most widely used personality test.

The Big Five Personality Factors:

•Conscientiousness•Agreeableness•Neuroticism•Openness•Extraversion

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYSocial-Cognitive Perspective: We learn how to behave by watching others and copying what they do. (Bandura)

External Locus of Control: Belief that outside forces determine our fate.

Internal Locus of Control: Belief that we control our own fate.

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYSelf-control: the ability to control impulses and delay gratification.

Learned Helplessness: when repeatedly faced with trauma of which you have no control, you give up and stop trying.

Tyranny of Choice: When given too many choices, a greater likelihood of regret over our choices occur.

UNIT 11: PERSONALITYOptimism: positive thinking and outlook.

Pessimism: negative thinking and outlook.

Spotlight Effect: overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance.

Self-esteem: one’s feelings of high or low self-worth.

UNIT 13ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

UNIT 13: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

Psychological Disorders: persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Anxiety Disorder: Panic disorder, Phobias, OCD, General Anxiety, PTSD


Common phobias include:

•Agoraphobia: fear of being out in public•Acrophobia: fear of heights•Claustrophobia: fear of enclosed spaces•Social Phobia: fear of being scrutinized by others (extreme shyness).


Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): two or more distinct and alternating personalities. (multiple personalities)

Narcissistic personality disorder overvalues their own self worth.

Borderline personality disorder marked by unstable identity, unstable relationships, and impulsive emotions.


Antisocial Personality Disorder: the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members.

Many serial killers fit into this category.

Formerly called sociopath or psychopath.


Mood Disorders: characterized by emotional extremes.

Major Depressive Disorder: person experiences prolonged hopelessness and then returns to normal.

Bipolar Disorder: Alternates between depression and mania.

Dysthymic Disorder: A down in the dumps mood that consumes most of the day for two years or more.


Schizophrenia: disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

Delusions: false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur. Hallucinations: experiencing something that is not there.

Flat affect: a zombielike state of apparent apathy.

UNIT 13: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGYThere are 5 types of schizophrenia:

Paranoid – delusions of grandeur, persecution, and reference.

Disorganized – incoherent speech, inappropriate mood, hallucinations, and delusional thought pattern.

Catatonic – Immobility or excessive, purposeless movements.

Undifferentiated – Simple schizophrenia.

Residual – had a history of schizophrenia, but currently has no positive symptoms.


Biological Reasons for Schizophrenia

Too much dopamine may cause hallucinations and paranoia.

Low frontal lobe functioning is common.

Normal odds: 1 in 100

Odds if sibling or parent has schizophrenia: 1 in 10

Identical twin has it: 1 in 2

UNIT 14TREATMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

UNIT 14: TREATMENTPsychotherapy: a planned emotionally charged, confidential interaction between a trained healer and a sufferer. (Freud)Catharsis: the release of emotional tension because you came to a conclusion about your issues!Humanistic therapists focus on present and future and promoting growth.

UNIT 14: TREATMENTClient-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers

Counterconditioning: conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.

Exposure therapy: expose people to things they normally avoid.

Aversive Conditioning: associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.

UNIT 14: TREATMENTGroup therapy allows a person to discover that they are not alone.Family therapy help build better communication amongst families.Behavior therapy: applies learning principles of elimination of unwanted behaviors.Biomedical Therapy: Using drugs or psychosurgery to alter the brain’s functioning.

UNIT 14: TREATMENTPsychopharmacology: Drugs!

Antipsychotic Drugs (Schizophrenia) Thorazine, Clozapine

Antianxiety Drugs (Anxiety)

Xanax

Antidepressant Drugs (Depression)

Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil

Mood Stabilizing Drugs (Bipolar)

Lithium, Depakote

UNIT 14: TREATMENTTardive Dyskinesia: problems with walking, drooling, and involuntary muscle spasms.Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): shocking the brain with electricity!Used to treat severe depression.Lobotomy: cutting nerves connecting frontal lobes with emotion centers of the inner brain.

bell ringer dr. ali is conducting an experiment to find the effects of cocaine on the brain activity...

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