Bell Ringer 8.29.2011(Today: Do NOT write questions)

• 1. Do you think seeds would grow better in saltwater or freshwater?

• 2. Write a hypothesis explaining what you think.

• For example: “If I grow seeds in saltwater, then they would grow _________ than they would in freshwater.”

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Bell Ringer 8.30.2011Bell Ringer 8.30.20111. How do living things in the environment

affect non living things? Give an example

2. How do the nonliving things affect the living things? Give an example

3. List three nonliving things that you use everyday.

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Chapter 2Chapter 2

Principles of EcologyPrinciples of Ecology

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I. EcologyI. Ecology

Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environments

• Ecology reveals relationships between living and non living things

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Biotic vs. AbioticBiotic vs. Abiotic

1. Abiotic factors: nonliving parts of the environmentsexamples:

a. Airb. Waterc. Temperatured. Sunlighte. soil

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2. Biotic Factors: living parts of the environment

Examples:a. Plantsb. Animalsc. Bacteria

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Complete Chart in Notebook,Complete Chart in Notebook, do 15 items do 15 items

Item biotic abiotic

students

desk

bacteria

X

X

X

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Bell Ringer 8.30.2011Bell Ringer 8.30.2011

1. Define Biotic.

2. Define Abiotic.

3. List 3 biotic and 3 abiotic factors in your environment at home.

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III. Levels of Organization in III. Levels of Organization in EcologyEcology• From the small to the large picture1. Organisms: the individual living thing

2. Population: the number of one species in an area at the same time

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3. Communities: a collection of interacting populations

ex. mice, hawks, maple trees in an area together

4. Ecosystems: the interactions among the populations in a community and the community’s abiotic factors.

• Terrestrial ecosystem• Fresh water ecosystem• Salt water ecosystem

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Sponge 9/16/10Sponge 9/16/10

1. What is the difference between a population and a community?

2. What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem?

3. At what level of ecology would polluted water become a concern?

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Sponge 9/20/10Sponge 9/20/10

1. A mouse is an example of a(n) ______.a. Abiotic factor b. Biotic factor

2. Many corn plants in a corn field is an example of a(n) ________.a. population b. community c. ecosystem

3. A rock would be part of a(n) _______. a. population b. community c. ecosystem

4. A pond is an example of a _______ ecosystem.a. terrestrial b.freshwater c. Salt water

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IV. Organisms in EcosystemsIV. Organisms in Ecosystems1. Habitat: the place where an organism

lives out its life. “the address”– Example: field, forest, praire

2. Niche: the role & position a species has in its environment. “the job”

– Example: a job, finding food, shelter, reproducing

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3. environment: biotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must constantly adjust.

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Sponge 9/21/10Sponge 9/21/10

1. Define habitat.

2. Define niche.

3. Are living things always enemies? Can

they be FRIENDS??

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V. Living relationshipsV. Living relationships

• Some interactions are harmful to one species, yet beneficial to another

• predator-prey relationship• Lion-gazelle• Hawk-mouse

• Some species enhance their chances of survival by forming relationships with other species

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Kinds of SymbiosisKinds of Symbiosis

• Symbiosis: relationships that are close and permanent among organisms of different species

• A. Commensalism: one species benefits & the other species is neither harmed or benefited

– Ex. Bee and Maribou Stork

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b. Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship.– Ex. Honey guide bird and badger

c. Parasitism: one organism benefits at the expense of the other. Parasites usually harm the host , not kill it.

– Ex. Cuckoo and Warbler

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Sponge 9/23/10Sponge 9/23/10

1. What is symbiosis

2. What are the 3 kinds of Symbiosis

3. Give an example of parasitism.

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VI. Nutrition and Energy flowVI. Nutrition and Energy flowSunlight is the ultimate source of energy1. Autotrophs: the producers

– Use energy stored in chemical compounds to make their own food (PLANTS)

– All organisms depend on autotrophs for energy

2. Heterotrophs: the consumers– Can’t produce their own food– Get nutrients by eating other organisms

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Types of heterotrophsTypes of heterotrophsa. Herbivores: primary consumer that directly

feeds on autotrophs/plants• Ex. Rabbits, deer, mice

b. Carnivores: secondary consumer feeds on other heterotrophs

• Ex. Predators like coyotes & lions

c. Omnivores: feed on both plants and animals• Ex. Bears eat fish and berries

d. Decomposers: breakdown & absorb nutrients from dead organisms

• Ex. Bacteria, Fungus, pill bugs

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Sponge 9/30/10Sponge 9/30/101. Define autotroph and give

an example.

2. Define heterotroph and give an example

3. The cow in the picture is what type of heterotroph?

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VII. Food ChainsVII. Food Chains1. Food Chains: diagram that shows how

matter & energy move through the ecosystem

Grass Rabbit Snake Hawk– Arrows show direction energy is going– Food chains always start with a plant– Usually have only 3-5 levels– Energy is lost when moving up the food

chain

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2. Trophic Levels: level an organism belongs to is determined by its distance from the producer

1st trophic level: Producers2nd trophic level: primary

consumers3rd trophic level: secondary

consumersHigher trophic levels: tertiary

consumers

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Energy transfer is limited by:– Animals at higher

levels don’t eat all available food

– Great amount of waste at every level (heat)

– Energy is expended during metabolism

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Sponge 10/01/10Sponge 10/01/10

1.In the food chain which organisms is the producer?

2. Which organism is the primary consumer?

3. Which organism is in the 3rd trophic level?

4. What do the arrows indicate?

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3. Food Webs: show all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community.

– More realistic diagram than food chain– Most heterotrophs depend on more than

one species for food or energy.

Grass

Grass Hopper

Fox Hawk

Sparrow

Frog Snake

Trophic Levels:

Tertiary Consumers

Secondary Consumers

Primary Consumers

Producers

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Sponge 10/7/2010Sponge 10/7/2010

1. Create a food web from the following food chains:

Plant roots rabbit foxPlant leaves rabbit snake hawkPlant leaves mouse fox

2. Why is a food web a better diagram than a food chain?

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Sponge 10/8/2010

1. What is NITROGEN? Is it a gas, liquid, or a solid?

2. Do you need NITROGEN? 3. Do plants need NITROGEN?

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VIII. Cycles of NatureVIII. Cycles of Nature

• First: The Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle1. Nitrifying Bacteria: takes nitrogen out of the

atmosphere and puts it in the soil as NH32. Nitrates: created by nitrifying bacteria that

plants take in through roots3. Plants: Legumes take in nitrogen and use it

to make protein4. Animals: eat plants so nitrogen enters

protein in muscle tissue5. Waste & Dead organisms: return nitrogen

to the soil with the help of bacteria

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Sponge 10/15/2010Sponge 10/15/2010

1. Why is water important to our ecosystem?

2. What is precipitation?

3. What is evaporation?

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`̀The Water Cycle pg 53Water is recycled in 4 stages.1. Precipitation: rain, snow2. Evaporation: water molecules enter the

atmosphere.3. Condensation: water in the atmosphere

condenses on cooler surfaces than the temp. of air

4. Transpiration: water lost through leaves in plants.

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Sponge 10/8/2010 Sponge 10/8/2010

1. In your own words describe the following steps of the water cycle:

a. Precipitationb. Condensationc. Evaportationd. transpiration

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Sponge 10/11/2010Sponge 10/11/2010

1. Why is nitrogen important to our ecosystem?

2. How does bacteria play a role in the Nitrogen cycle?

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Sponge 10/18/2010

• 1. When you water a plant, where does the water end up?

• 2. Name all 4 stages of the water cycle.

• 3. Which stage of the water cycle makes water drops appear on a cold glass of lemonade?

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The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle pg 55 pg 55

• All living things are made of carbonCarbon is recycled in 4 steps1. Death and decay: return carbon to the soil.2. Respiration: by animals returns carbon

dioxide to the air. Ex. Exhaling3. Combustion: burning materials returns

carbon monoxide to the air4. Photosynthesis: returns carbon to living

things through plant life.

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Sponge 10/21/2010Sponge 10/21/2010

1. Describe how plants have an important role in the carbon cycle.

2. Describe how heterotrophs (ex. Animals) have an important role in the carbon cycle.

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IX. BiomesIX. Biomes

• Biome: a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of community.

• 2 Types of Biomes– Aquatic: freshwater and saltwater– Terrestrial: Tundra, Taiga, Desert,

Grasslands, Temperate Forest, Tropical Rain Forest

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10/8/0910/8/09

1. What is a biome?

2. What is climate?

San Luis Obispo, California

Climatogram

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Sponge 10/9/08Sponge 10/9/08

1. How does climate affect a Biome?

2. List three interesting facts that you learned about a biome this week?

3. What is a climatograph, and what information can scientists learn from it?

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Temp. Range

Precipitation Range

Location Animals Present

Plants Present

Tundra

Taiga

Desert

Grassland

Temperate Forest

Tropical Rain Forest

Oak &

Elm trees

Buffalo

Prairie dog

Epiphytes, Palms, lianas

Rattle snake

Kit fox, lizard

North & South Pole

Canada, Russia, China

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Sponge 10/12/09Sponge 10/12/09

1. What Biome is climatograph A from?

2. What Biome is climatograph B from?

3. What information did you use to answer #1 and #2.

A

B

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Sponge 10/13/08Sponge 10/13/08

1. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enter the biotic part of the biosphere through______.a. Combustion b. Photosynthesis

2. Omnivores, carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, & decomposers are all ___.a. Autotrophs b. Heterotrophs

3. Parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism are examples of _______.a. Ecosystems b. symbiosis

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4. Water is lost to atmosphere from plants and tree by the process of

a. Precipitation b. Transpiration5. _______ is an example of a freshwater

aquatic biomea. Estuary b. Lake

6. _____ contains nitrogen.a. Protein b. Carbohydrates