Bell Ringer

• What idea did John Locke come up with and how did it leave a lasting impact?

• Natural Rights, influenced the American Colonies to rebel.

Agenda/Objectives

• Spread of ideas:• - How were ideas spread?• Art and Literature• Enlightenment and the Monarchy• Reading: Enlightenment and the

Revolution• Video: Revolution (The American

Revolution)

The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

A World of Ideas

• Ideas were often spread in salons • Salons = large drawing rooms where women

entertained philosophers, writers, artists, and intellects met to discuss ideas and enjoy artistic performances

• Marie-Therese GeoffrinMost influentialSalon hostess

Other ways Ideas spread -

• Diderot’s Encyclopedia – first book where leading scholars of Europe put articles and essays

• Encyclopedia annoyed the Catholic Church – the Church found Enlightenment ideas corrupt and immoral

• Ideas also spread through music, newspapers, and pamphlets

Emergence of middle class helps ideas spread -

• There is Denis Diderot, working on his scandalous encyclopedia -

• New middle class has more time to read and appreciate art

Art and Literature in the Age of Reason

• Baroque = grand and ornate style that preceded the Enlightenment

• Two famous Baroque musicians = Bach and Handel

• Eventually leads to classical music with famous composers like Mozart, Hadyn and Beethoven

• New style – more elegant and original

Art and Culture during the Enlightenment -

• Mozart started composing when he was five!

• Birth of modern novel; complex and carefully crafted plots. Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe about a family stranded on a desert island

• Below is Defoe’s quote – what do YOU think it means?

• Wherever God erects a house of prayer the Devil always builds a chapel there; And 'twill be found, upon examination, the latter has the largest congregation

– Daniel Defoe

http://www.schott-music.com/shop/persons/az/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart/audiosamples/

Enlightenment and the Monarchy

• Enlightened despots = monarchs who embraced the Enlightenment and allowed reform

• Wanted ONLY to strengthen own countries, did NOT want to give up power

Enlightened Monarchs

• Frederick the Great: committed to reforming Prusisia

• Reforms included:– Allowing more religious

freedom– Improving education– Reduced censorship– Reformed the criminal

justice system and eliminated torture

– Called himself “The First Servant of the State” – main goal was to serve and strengthen the state

Joseph II of Austria

• 1780 – 1790• Introduced legal

reforms and freedom of the press

• Religious tolerance – even for Jews and Protestants!

• Got rid of serfdom and insisted that peasants get $

Catherine the Great

• She had a horrible marriage and eventually had her husband (Joseph III, the czar of Russia) killed in order to take over the country

• Ruled Russia from 1762 - 1796

Catherine the Great cont.

• Ruled Russia with absolute authority, but also modernized and reformed the country

• Influenced by Beccaria, Montesquieu and Voltaire• Never helped the Russian peasants and eventually

gave the nobles absolute authority over their serfs• Also expanded Russia – fought for years for access

to the Baltic Sea and the navigation routes in the Black and Mediterranean seas. Also took over much of Poland.

• Catherine enlarged Russia and Russia soon became an international power.

More Catherine…• “I like to praise and reward

loudly, to blame quietly.”

• “It is better to be subject to the Laws under one Master, than to be subservient to many.”

• “What is the true End of Monarchy? Not to deprive People of their natural Liberty; but to correct their Actions, in order to attain the supreme Good. “

– Catherine the Great