bellringer 11/14/12: 1.what would be the ph range for an acid? 2.what would be the ph range for a...

Bellringer 11/14/12: 1.What would be the pH range for an acid? 2.What would be the pH range for a base? 3.If the solution has a lot of H+, what is it?

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pH 0-6

pH 8-14

acid

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MacromolecMacromoleculesules

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Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds

• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.

• MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.


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Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in

outer shell.

• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).

• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.

• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)


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MacromoleculesMacromolecules

• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.• Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.• Made up of smaller “building

blocks” called MONOMERSMONOMERS.• Examples:Examples:

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)


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Question:Question:How Are How Are

MacromolecMacromolecules ules

Formed?Formed?copyright cmassengale

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Answer:Answer: Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis

• Forms polymerspolymers by combining monomersmonomers by “removing “removing water”water”.

HO H

HO HO HH

H2O


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Question:Question: How are How are

Macromolecules Macromolecules separated or separated or

digested?digested?


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Answer: Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis

•Separates monomersmonomers by “adding water”“adding water”

HO HO HH

HO H

H2O


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CarbohydratCarbohydrateses


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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are sugars (pasta, bread, etc.)What is the function of carbohydrates?

Source of Energy

Carbohydrates usually have this shape.This is called a RING shape.

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• Small sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar moleculeslarge sugar molecules.

• Examples:Examples:A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide


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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharideMonosaccharide: one sugar : one sugar

unitunit

Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyribosedeoxyribose

riboseribose

FructoseFructose

GalactoseGalactose

glucoseglucose


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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDisaccharideDisaccharide: two sugar unit: two sugar unit

Examples: Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose)– Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)– Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose


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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharidePolysaccharide: many sugar units: many sugar units

Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)

glycogen (beef glycogen (beef muscle)muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, cellulose (lettuce, corn)corn)





cellulosecellulose


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LipidsLipids


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Lipids (FATS)Lipids (FATS)

• General term for compounds which are not soluble in waternot soluble in water.

• Lipids are hydrophobic (scared of water)are hydrophobic (scared of water)• Remember:Remember: “stores the most energy”“stores the most energy”• Examples:Examples: 11. Fats. Fats

2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides


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LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:

1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2. insulation2. insulation3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes

(phospholipids)(phospholipids)


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LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:

made upmade up of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acids

O


=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see

these on food labels:

1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double no double bonds (bad) bonds (bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds double bonds (good)(good)

O


=

saturatedsaturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

unsaturated


Saturated vs. unsaturated

saturated unsaturated

• Saturated fats – Solid at room temperature– Example: Butter

• Unsaturated fats– Liquid at room temperature – Vegetable oil

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ProteinsProteins


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Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)

• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).

• Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions


Fig. 5-UN1

Aminogroup

Carboxylgroup

carbonThe R changes depending on amino acid

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Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids


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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:

a. DNAa. DNA b. RNAb. RNA

Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides


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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:

phosphate groupphosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogen bases:nitrogen bases:

adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)


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NucleotideNucleotide

OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogen baseNitrogen base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

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SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)


ENZYMES

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif

Enzymes are proteinsChemical reactions need help to

get started.

Ex: A fire needs a match to get it started.

The reactants (what you start with) need help to carry out the chemical reaction to develop the products

http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpghttp://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif

______________ to get a chemical reaction _______________

= ________________________

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ACTIVATION ENERGY

REACTANTSPRODUCTS

ACTIVATIONENERGY

Energy requiredSTARTED

Exergonic Reactions

Fre

e e

nerg

y

Progress of the reaction

∆G < O

EA

Figure 8.14

A B

C D

Reactants

A

C D

B

Transition state

A B

C D

Products

___________ HELP CHEMICAL REACTIONS _______________

Catalysts work by ____________ the___________________________to get a chemical reaction started.

Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

DECREASING

Enzymes

ACTIVATION ENERGY required

HAPPEN FASTER

Progress of the reaction

Products

Course of reaction without enzyme

Reactants

Course of reaction with enzyme

EA

withoutenzyme

EA with enzymeis lower

∆G is unaffected by enzyme

Fre

e e

nerg

y

Figure 8.15

PROTEINS CAN BE ENZYMES

SUBSTRATE

ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

PRODUCTSENZYMEUnchanged& Reusable

ENZYME

Image modified from: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gifArrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next

ACTIVESITE

ENZYMES _____ like a _______________

to only _________of _________.

Enzymes are ___________ by thereaction and ___________

LOCK AND KEY

REUSABLEUNCHANGED

FIT

ONE KIND SUBSTRATE

http://www.grand-illusions.com/images/articles/toyshop/trick_lock/mainimage.jpg

FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY

__________ & ______________

Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC

or TOO HOT cause proteins to________ or _________

pH temperature

UNWIND DENATURE

http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpg http://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fried_egg.jpg

See a movieChoose narrated

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/nonmajorsbiology/proteinstructure.html

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bellringer 11/14/12: 1.what would be the ph range for an acid? 2.what would be the ph range for a...

Documents

acidcopyright cmassengale

large sugar molecules

unsaturated fatty acids

kinds of fatty acids

sugar unitexamples

sugar unitsexamples

fatty acidsthere

organic compoundscompounds