BellringerBellringer

• What is ministerial responsibility?

• What country did Otto von Bismarck lead?

• What crisis will ultimately lead to World War I?

Chapter 13Chapter 13Mass Society and Mass Society and

DemocracyDemocracySection 4Section 4

Toward the Modern Toward the Modern ConsciousnessConsciousness

A New PhysicsA New Physics

• Before 1914 the Enlightenment ideals of reason, science, and progress remained important to many Europeans.

• Science was a chief pillar of the West’s optimism about the future.

NewtonianNewtonian

• Mechanical conception of the universe.

Marie CurieMarie Curie

• French scientific discovered radium, an element that gave off energy.

Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein

• 1905 – German physicist provided a new picture of the universe.

• Theory of relativity – space & time aren’t absolute but are relative to the observer.

• Led to the Atomic Age

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

• Dr. from Vienna• Proposed theories about

the human mind and human nature.

• Human behavior is influenced by past experiences and internal forces that people are unaware of.

• Begins in childhood.

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

• Proposed psychoanalysis where patient and therapist probe deep into the patient’s psyche through free association, talking, and dream analysis.

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

• Argument that social progress comes from the struggle for survival.

• Applied mostly by businessmen.

Freidrich von BernhardiFreidrich von Bernhardi

• German general that said war was a biological necessity for society to rid it of the weak and unfit.

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism

• Hostility and discrimination against Jews.

• Dreyfus Affair – Alfred Dreyfus, Jewish captain, was accused of selling military secrets.

• Sentenced to life imprisonment even though evidence pointed to the guilt of a Catholic officer.

• Public outrage finally resulted in a pardon.

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism

• Worst treatment was in eastern Europe.

• In Russia there were organized persecutions and massacres called pogroms.

• To escape, many went to the U.S. or Palestine.

The Culture of ModernityThe Culture of Modernity

• Modernism was created with the rebellion against traditional artistic and literary styles.

LiteratureLiterature

• Writers Henrik Ibsen and Emile Zola depicted social conditions and grappled with social issues.

PaintingPainting

• Claude Monet – Impressionist painter who used the light to capture objects.

PaintingPainting

• Vincent van Gogh – Postimpressionist that believed color was its own kind of language.

PaintingPainting

• Wassily Kandinsky – Russian who founded abstract painting.

PaintingPainting

• Pablo Picasso – created cubism that used geometric designs to recreate reality.

• That’s an Apple Tree

CameraCamera

• George Eastman created the first Kodak camera in 1888.

ArchitectureArchitecture

• Louis Sullivan designed skyscrapers to be a more practical use of space.

ArchitectureArchitecture

• Frank Lloyd Wright – Sullivan’s most successful pupil.

• Pioneered the modern American house.

MusicMusic

• Igor Stravinsky – Russian classical composer.

• The Rite of Spring revolutionized classical music.

• At its Paris premiere the crowd almost rioted due to outrage of the sounds and rhythms.

End of Chapter 13End of Chapter 13