bellwork: 04/03/2012 change 10 to 25% of the water in your tank. make sure to scrub debris off of...
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Bellwork: 04/03/2012
• Change 10 to 25% of the water in your tank. Make sure to scrub debris off of the glass & filter prior to draining water.
• Sign in for a quiz once you are done
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Bellwork: 04/05/2013
Collect the following data:• Salt Water Tanks Only:
Water Hardness• - Phosphate
-Salinity• Nitrate - Calcium• Nitrite• Ammonia• pH• Temperature
Make sure to clean out any excess food
from your filter and gravel/sand. Scrub off the inside of the glass & clean the outside with Windex once you are finished.
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Current Failures: End of the 6-weeks in Friday
1st: 4th:
100023003 (56) 100011274 (62)
100023842 (42) 100028473 (41)
100035615 (42)
2nd:
100022959 (49) 5th:
100022646 (56)
3rd: 100023136 (55)
100023608 (66) 100029541 (55)
100022752 (47) 100032208 (53)
100022851 (13) 7th:
100023579 (47)
100034582 (68)
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Acoustics and Biology
Acoustics• loudness (amplitude or pressure level) • pitch (frequency)
Use of sound by marine animals• Predation/defense• Communication and social interaction
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Same frequency,Different amplitude
Same amplitude,Different frequency
Amplitude determines sound level pressure or loudnessFrequency determines “pitch”
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Loudness (Amplitude, sound level)Chart shows loudness in dB of some things we are familiar with
Sound levels in air and water have different reference levels, so 0 dB (air) ≈ 26 dB (water)
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Marine animal sounds can be made up of multiple frequencies
The sound spectrum gives the pressure level at each frequency
Intensity pressure2
dB = 10 Log10(intensity)
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Spectrogram shows how sound spectrum changes over time
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Snapping shrimp make noise to stun their prey.They create a cavitation bubble that “snaps” as it collapses.
http://stilton.tnw.utwente.nl/shrimp/
claw crab An invertebrate example: snapping shrimp
http://www.dosits.org/resources/all/featuresounds/snappingshrimp/
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Some fish use sound for courting and as a fright response
A fish example: Atlantic Croaker
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Toothed whales• Smaller (1.5 to 17 m long)
• Social
• Most are not migratory
• Chase and capture individual fish, squid, crabs
• Use sound to echolocate, communicate
Baleen whales• Larger (15 to 30 m long)
• Often solitary
• Long annual migrations
• Feed on aggregations of krill, copepods, small fish
• Use sound only to communicate
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Toothed (odonticete)
whales
Baleen(mysticete)
whales
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http://www.dosits.org/audio/interactive/#/46
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Data from polaris.nipr.ac.jp/~penguin/penguiness/
• Larger whales produce lower-frequency sound• Larger whales can dive deeper• Toothed whales forage deeper than baleen whales• What happens to sound in deeper water?
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Outgoing sound is generated by the vocal cords and projected through the melon.
Incoming sound is received through the jaw, which transmits sound waves through a fat channel to the “ear” (auditory bulla).
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Dolphins live in social groups that stay together 5-10 years. They have “signature whistles” that can be used to recognize individuals at distances of >500 m.
Time (s)
Fre
quen
cy (
Hz)
Social calls
http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/sound-library/audio/dolphins.wav
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Communication frequencies T
ooth
ed
Bal
een
Thick bars: most common vocalizationsThin lines: extremes of frequency
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Whale can determine distance, angle, size, shape, etc. from sound echoes
Echolocation using echoes from sound pulses or clicks
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Mellinger 2007
Echolocation frequencies
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Squid and large fish are: •More likely to be solitary•Good acoustic targets
(squid pens and fish swim bladders have density different from water)
Plankton are:•More likely to aggregate•Poorer acoustic targets
(density similar to water)
Baleen whale prey
Toothed whale prey
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-Acoustic sensors (hydrophones) and 3D accelerometers in a waterproof, pressure-resistant case, mounted on suction cups
-Carefully sneak up on whale, attach D-Tag
-Record audio, pitch, roll, heading and depth
-Tag pops off, floats to surface 18 hours laterMark Johnson with D-Tag
A good invention for listening to whales: acoustic whale tag (D-Tag)
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Long-Term Geotags:
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Toothed whale foraging:Beaked whales dive deep to find prey
Natacha Aguilar de Soto
Peter Tyack et al.(Yellow indicates echolocation)
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Baumgartner and Mate 2003
Fig. 4. Eubalaena glacialis and Calanus finmarchicus. (a-d) Examples of diving and tracking observations during feeding behavior. Contoured C. finmarchicus C5 abundance estimated from the OPC casts is shown. Color scale shown in (d) applies to all plots. () Times of visual contacts. () Times and locations at which a resurfacing occurred and a conductivity-temperature depth/optical plankton counter (CTD/OPC) cast was conducted. Solid and dashed lines indicate the sea floor and the top of the bottom mixed layer, respectively, measured at the location of each CTD/OPC cast.
Baleen whale foraging: Right whales dive to bottom of the mixed layer where plankton are most concentrated
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Baleen whales
Toothed whales
Seals, sea lions, and walruses
Manatees and dugongs
Echolocation (toothed whales)
Marine mammal sound levels are generally between 100 and 200 dB
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Worcester & Spindel 2005
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Blue whales migrate and communicate over long distances
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Airgun10 to 500 HzUp to 232 dB
Outboard engine6,300 Hz
Commercial Ship10 to 20,000 Hz
Low-Frequency Active Sonar100 to 500 Hz230 to 240 dB
These are loud enough to damage tissues and cause hearing loss
These add constant background noise
Man-made noise in the ocean
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Humans add noise to the ocean
Potential effects of man-made sounds on marine mammals:
• Temporary or permanent hearing loss or impairment
• Disruption of feeding, breeding, nursing, acoustic communication and sensing
• Death from lung hemorrhage or other tissue trauma
• Psychological and physiological stress
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Before motors~30 dB
After motors~75 dB
Since the invention of propeller-driven motors (~150 years ago),• Background noise level in the ocean has increased by ~45 dB• Lowest background noise f has dropped from ~100 Hz to ~7 Hz
Before motors~100 Hz
After motors~7 Hz
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Blue whale song20 Hz, ~155 dB
Pre-motor noise level30 dBWhale song stays above ambient noise level for ~2,000 kme.g. San Diego to Seattle(area 10,000,000 km2 )
Current noise level75 dBWhale song stays above ambient noise level for ~60 kme.g. New Brunswick to NYC(area 10,000 km2)
Bluewhale
Can use transmission-loss curves to calculate the effective communication range
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Range of effective communication for blue whale singing at 20 Hz and 155 dB
Range before mid-1800s
Current range
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Noise-induced mass strandings
Mass strandings associated with Navy sonar activity The Bahamas (2000):14 beaked whales, 1 spotted dolphin, 2 minke whalesCranial Bleeding
Naval Training Exercise: SONARThe Canary Islands (2002):14 beaked whalesGas bubbles and bleeding in multiple organs, likely from surfacing too quickly
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Noise-induced mass strandings
Mass strandings associated with air gunsTasmania and New Zealand (2004): 208 whales and dolphins
Mass Stranding: ExxonMobile Seismic TestingSenegal and Madagascar (2008): 200 pilot whales and melon-head whales
Mass Stranging: Dolphins & Seismic TestingNorthern Peru (February 2012)900+ dolphins stranded or washed ashore dead•Middle Ear Bleeding•Cracked bones in ear•Hemorrhage in mandibular fat•Air bubbles in liver, kidneys, bladder, and blood vessels•Pulmonary emphysema* The last two are associated with acute decompression syndrome
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