bellwork 1.why was haiti able to win independence? 2.who was simon bolivar? 3.who was jose de san...
TRANSCRIPT
BELLWORK1. Why was Haiti able to win independence?
2. Who was Simon Bolivar?
3. Who was Jose de San Martin?
4. How/why was the Brazilian Revolution able to remain “bloodless?”
5. THINKER: With regards to causes of revolution…..how were the revolutions against Spanish rule different from the American Revolution?
Independence of the Viceroyalty of New Granada
The creation of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela
Colonial History• The colony of New
Granada was established by the Spanish in 1717– Colombia, Venezuela,
Panama & Ecuador– Capital was Bogota
• Ruled by a viceroy who was appointed by the King
• Early problems – lack of communication, trade, geography, huge population with no rights
Problems in New Granada• Native & mestizo
population ~4.5 million• Between 1796-1806 there
were several conflicts between centralists and federalists, with little support from Spain
• La Patria Boba (the Foolish Fatherland): period of instability where each province, set up its own autonomous juntas
• Each junta declared themselves sovereign from one another
Along came Napoleon….• Napoleon conquered
Spain in 1810 and dissolved the Spanish Supreme Junta
• Spain began to focus on its own independence from French control
• Declarations of independence in New Granada followed:– Quito (Ecuador): 1809– Colombia: July 20, 1810– Venezuela: July 5, 1811
Venezuela breaks free• Prior to 1810 – no political
voice, ruled from Bogota, overlooked by Spain
• Post 1810 - Established a unified government in political (governorship), military (captaincy general - viceroy), fiscal (intendancy) and judicial (audiencia) affairs.
• Spoiler Alert! Venezuela will be re-conquered by the Spanish in 1816 & forced to reunite with Colombia until 1830
• Six provinces under Venezuelan control: 1810
“Independence” was short lived• Although Bogota still acted as a regional
capital, it failed to provide political unity• Battles broke out between cities as each tried
to defend its sovereignty • In 1811, Bogota tried to unify everyone again
until……• Civil Wars broke out! Lasted from 1812-1814• By mid-1815 a large Spanish expeditionary
force under Pablo Morillo arrived in New Granada, and by May 1816 the royalists had control of all of New Granada.
Struggle for Total Independence• Movement led by Simon
Bolivar• Aided by Francisco de Paula
Santander (Venezuela)• Both had military and political
experience
End of Spanish Control
• Bolivar led an army over the Andes and captured New Granada from the Spanish
• Aide from England
• The quick campaign ended at the Battle of Boyacá, on August 7, 1819.
Post-independence• That year, the Republic of Gran Colombia was
created, which included all territories under jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada.
• Bolívar was elected first president of Gran Colombia and Santander, vice president
Post-Revolution Government: Conflict between Liberals & Conservatives
• Conservative Party• Bolívar's
supporters• Wanted a strong
centralized government
• Alliance with the Roman Catholic Church
• Liberal Party• Santander’s followers• Wanted a
decentralized government
• State rather than church control over education
• Widened suffrage (voting rights)
The Breakdown of Gran Colombia• The government of
the new Republic did not take into account the autonomy that Venezuela previously experienced.
• Gran Colombia fell apart in 1830 when Venezuela and Ecuador seceded.
Post-Ind. Government: Conflict between Liberals & Conservatives• Both Colombia & Venezuela maintained a republican
government with regular, free elections• Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, conflict was
tense between the two parties, especially in Colombia• Two Civil Wars resulted from this rivalry (1890s & 1940s)• The military seized power three times in Colombia’s history:
1830 (after breakup of Great Colombia), in 1854, & in 1953.• This political instability is not only common in Colombia, it
becomes a theme of South American politics throughout the 19th century.
• Especially conflict between liberals and conservatives!!!
Let’s Recap….• 1717 - Spanish colonization• 1739 - Spanish government & viceroy of New
Granada established• 1810 - Independence declared• 1816 - Reconquered by Spanish• August 7, 1819 - Disestablished• 1821 - Republic of Gran Colombia• 1830 - Breakdown of Gran Colombia and total
independence of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador
Reading: Economic and social effects of revolutions in the
Americas