Bellwork Monday

On your own, write down what you think each of the following words mean: government, monarchy,

aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy.

World History: Week 1

• 2000 B.C.• Ancient Greece and Rome

– City states• Several types of governments

–Monarchy–Aristocracy–Oligarchy–Democracy

Monarchy

• 1 person rule– King– Monarch

• Hereditary• Devine right• Example?

– Saudi Arabia– England used to

Aristocracy

• Small group rule– Nobles– Land owning families

• Hereditary rule– Family ties, social rank, wealth

• Example?– Russia before 1918– Spain used to

Oligarchy

• Ruled by few powerful people– Merchants– Land owners

• Based on wealth or ability• Controls military• Example?

– South Africa used to be

Democracy

• Rule by the people• Ancient Greek claimed first democracies• Athens

– Citizens participated in gov’t decision making• Adult male residents• Yearly, assembly of citizens elected 3 nobles to

rule

• Example?– America

Reformers

• Solon• Cleisthenes (called founder of democracy)

Reformers• Pericles• 461-429 B.C.• Strengthened

democracy– Increased # of paid

public officials– Paid jurors

• Allowed poorer citizens to participate in gov’t

• Increase participation changed Athens into a direct democracy

Direct Democracy

• Ruled by its citizens• Based on citizenship• Trial by jury• 3 branches of gov’t• Majority rule decides vote• Laws created directly by citizens

– Not using representatives

Romans

• 600 B.C. – Kings ruled

• 509 B.C.– Aristocracy

• Set up a republic

Republic

• Power rests with citizens• Citizens elect leaders who make decisions

– Indirect democracy• Twelve Tablets created

– Created written law code• People could not interpret laws in own way• All free citizens had the right to protection of the

law and that laws would be fairly administered***

• Government with separate branches– 2 consuls

• Commanded army• Directed the government• 1 yr term

– Legislative• Senate• 2 assemblies

– During time of crisis:• Dictator – leader with absolute power

– Make laws– Command the army– 6 month term

Roman Law

• Law based on principles of reason and justice

• Protect citizens and their property• Applied to ALL• Great influence on western democracy

throughout the world***

• Written legal code significance– Twelve Tables– Code of Justinian: 4 works

• The Code• The Digest• The Institutes• The Novellae

– Became guide on legal matters throughout Western Europe***

– Established idea of “gov’t of laws, not of men”• Everybody accountable for actions, even rulers

In Summary

• Rome– Created the idea of a republic– Individual person is a citizen of the state not

the subject of a ruler– Written legal code

• Applied equally and impartially to ALL citizens– Preserved and added to Greece’s idea of

democracy and passed on to other civilizations to follow

Activity

• Make a list of Greece and Rome’s contributions to democracy. Which contribution do you feel had the greatest impact on the modern world? Why?

Possible Answer

• Greece– Direct democracy– Trial by jury– Three branches of gov’t

• Rome– Republic– Written law code– Equal treatment under law– Greatest impact: Rome’s republic because

used by most democracies today

Day 2 Bellwork

• Why was the establishment of written legal code so important to the development of the republic?

Objectives

• Explain the contributions Christianity, Judaism, Islam, the Renaissance, and the Reformation had on the ideals of democracy.

• There are 3 religions that helped shape democratic traditions– Judaism– Christianity– Islam

• There are 2 major eras that helped shaped democratic traditions as well– Renaissance– Reformation

Read pg 12-17, fill in the chart

Category Contribution to democracy

Christianity

Judaism

Islam

Renaissance

Reformation

Read pg 12-17, fill in the chartCategory Contribution to

democracyChristianity Christianity emphasized the worth of the

individual and equality before God.

Judaism Judaism emphasized the worth of the individual and the importance of social conscience.

Islam Islam emphasized the dignity of all human beings

Renaissance The Renaissance emphasized the worldly, the importance of the individual, and the use of reason.

Reformation The Reformation emphasized the importance of the individual in establishing a direct relationship with god; it also questioned the authority of the pope and monarchs.

Day 3 Bellwork

• What impact did the Renaissance and the Reformation have on democratic thinking?

Objectives

– Trace the events that led to establishment of a constitutional monarchy

Day 3 Bellwork

• What impact did the Renaissance and the Reformation have on democratic thinking?– The Reformation contributed by encouraging

people to challenge the authority of monarchs and popes

– The Reformation called on people to read and interpret the Bible for themselves which led them to investigate other areas of their lives.

– Both places emphasis on the importance of the individual which led to increase political liberty later on.

Democracy in England

• Objectives– Trace the events that led to the establishment

of a constitutional monarchy.

Reforms

• Jury trials– Instead of royal

• Unified under single legal system– Set precedence– Common law – customs of people, not ruler

• Basis of legal system

• Magna Carta– Expressed individual rights and liberties of the

people– Kings rule according to law

• Magna Carta– Due process of law

• King could not punish his subjects on a whim

• Parliament– National legislature– Limited the power of the monarch– Established principles of representation– Voted on taxes, passed laws, advised on

royal policies

• Monarchs claiming divine right• 3 reasons for conflict

– 1st reason• Religious fight over simplifying the church• Too much like Catholic Church

– 2nd reason• King ignored common law courts

– 3rd reason• Money

– King needed more money– Parliament denied him

• Parliament overthrows King, Charles I– Limits power of the king– Petition of Right

• Against all past theories of monarchy– End to taxing without consent– Imprisoning citizens illegally– Housing troops in citizens’ homes– Ending military during peacetime

• King agreed to the petition, but ignored it later• King Charles overthrown by Puritan leader Oliver

Cromwell

Constitutional Monarchy

• Created Commonwealth of England– Republic

• Created Protectorate next• Restored monarchy

– Called the Restoration– Parliament retained power from earlier– Continued to limit power of monarchy– Tried to expand rights

• Habeas Corpus Amendment Act– After arrest, person must appear in court– Must be informed of what accused of– Prevents authority from abusing power and

holding people without a reason• Glorious Revolution

– William and Mary are co-rulers– Established right to limit monarch power– Control succession to throne– Became constitutional monarchy

• Powers of ruler restricted by constitution and laws

• English Bill of Rights– Summary of rights and liberties of people– Limited monarchy’s power– Protected free speech in Parliament– More..

• In summary– Magna Carta– Glorious Revolution

• Bill of Rights– Guaranteed rule of law– Parliamentary government– Individual liberties– Constitutional monarchy– Set example for American Revolution

• King John Decision Game