ben anderson “using time use data to trace energy practices through time.”

@DEMAND_CENTRE

@dataknut: ‘Energy Practices’ Through Time Energy Cultures 2016, Wellington, NZ, 6/7/2016

Ben Anderson @dataknut

Energy & Climate ChangeFaculty of Engineering & EnvironmentUniversity of Southampton, UK

'Energy Practices’ Through Time

Using Time Use Data

@DEMAND_CENTRE


1. Conceptions of DEMAND

2. Researching DEMAND using time use data

3. Activity classes: overall trends

4. Selected Activities: detailed trends

5. Concluding thoughts

Today’s menu

@DEMAND_CENTRE


Conceptions of DEMAND

Demanding

Practices

Variation

Normality & Need

?

Infrastructures

@DEMAND_CENTRE


The timing of practices matter…

% respondents reporting activity per half hour in winter (November 2000 - February 2001, 1031 households)

Source: Author’s calculations using UK Time Use Survey 2000/1 [http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=4504], weighted)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0:0

0

1:0

0

2:0

0

3:0

0

4:0

0

5:0

0

6:0

0

7:0

0

8:0

0

9:0

0

10:

00

11:

00

12:

00

13:

00

14:

00

15:

00

16:

00

17:

00

18:

00

19:

00

20:

00

21:

00

22:

00

23:

00

% r

esp

on

de

nts

Wash/dress self Cooking Dish washing Cleaning Laundry

Ironing Computer Reading TV Audio

Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevendepolo/3761877701Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Rush_Hour_on_London_Bridge.jpg

"Drip Coffee Bangkok" by Takeaway - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons -https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drip_Coffee_Bangkok.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Laundry_room_%28tv%C3%A4ttstuga%29.JPG

UK Housing Energy Fact File

65

Graph 7a: HES average 24-hour electricity use profile for owner-occupied

homes, England 2010-11

Gas consumption

The amount of gas consumed in the UK varies dramatically between

households. The top 10% of households consume at least four times as

much gas as the bottom 10%.60

Modelling to predict households’ en ergy

consumption – based on the property, household income and tenure – has

so far been able to explain less than 40% of this variation.

Households with especially high or low consumption do not have particular

behaviours that make them easy to identify. Instead they tend to have a

cluster of very ordinary behaviours that happen to culminate in high or low

gas use. There are, it seems, many different ways to be a high or low gas

user. The behaviours in question can be clustered under three broad

headings:

• physical properties of the home – the particular physical environment

in which people live

• temperature management – how people manage the temperature in

their homes and their awareness of the energy implications of their

actions

• people in the home – who is in the home, and when, and what they are

doing. 60

Physical properties of the home

Many UK homes have been modified by extensions, conservatories,

conversions and/or open plan spaces. These modifications have the

potential to affect the thermal properties of a home. But, typically, these

have not been included in existing quantitative modelling of domestic

energy consumption.

Gas use varies enormously from

household to household, and the

variation has more to do with

behaviour than how dwellings are

built.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00

Heating

Water heating

Electric showers

Washing/drying

Cooking

Lighting

Cold appliances

ICT

Audiovisual

Other

Unknown

Wat

ts

@DEMAND_CENTRE







Today’s menu

@DEMAND_CENTRE


What’s a time use survey?

BBC 1961

ONS 2005

@DEMAND_CENTRE


‘Episodes’ data availabilityMultinational Time

Use Study

www.timeuse.org/m

tus

Gershuny, Jonathan, Kimberly Fisher, Evrim Altintas, Alyssa Borkosky, Donna Dosman, Cara Fedick, Tyler Frederick, et al. 2012. ‘Multinational Time Use Study, Versions World 5.5.3,

5.80 and 6.0 (released October 2012)’. Oxford.

http://www.eijtur.org/pdf/volumes/eIJTUR-10-1-6_Time_Pieces.pdf#page=90

Year survey began

(survey id) Au

str

alia

Au

str

ia

Fra

nce

Germ

an

y

Isra

el

Italy

Neth

erl

an

d

s

So

uth

Afr

ica

Sp

ain

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

US

A

No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No.

1965 221

1974 1491 14898

1975 81 788

1980 16667

1983 945

1985 2776 2921

1987 1533

1989 29973

1990 2299

1991 22554 4223

1992 2236 494 7514

1994 1199

1995 2692 1962

1997 4931

1998 14631 2351

2000 11851 1142 17248

2002 47381

2003 1361

2005 13265 4854

2008 6272

2009 17859

http://www.timeuse.org/mtus

http://www.eijtur.org/pdf/volumes/eIJTUR-10-1-6_Time_Pieces.pdf#page=90

@DEMAND_CENTRE


‘1985’

Availability

UK 2014-15 available soon!

@DEMAND_CENTRE


And what do they tell us?Duration & sequences

Clusters & co-presence

Anderson,B(2016)DEMANDingTimes,PaperpreparedforDEMANDCentreConference,Lancaster,13-15April2016

Page 6 of 17

Table2:Exampletime-usedata(MTUS,1974and2000samples)

1974

ID Date Dayofweek Episodestart Episodeend Main Secondary Location Modeoftravel Childpresent Partnerpresent1 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 04:00 05:30 sleepandnaps norecordedact atownhome nottravelling couldnotbecoded couldnotbecoded

2 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 05:30 06:00 wash,dress norecordedact atownhome nottravelling couldnotbecoded couldnotbecoded3 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 06:00 06:30 wash,dress listentoradio atownhome nottravelling couldnotbecoded couldnotbecoded4 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 06:30 07:00 mealsordrinks listentoradio atownhome nottravelling couldnotbecoded couldnotbecoded5 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 07:00 07:30 traveltowork norecordedact travelling other/unknown couldnotbecoded couldnotbecoded6 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 07:30 10:00 paidwork norecordedact atworkplace nottravelling couldnotbecoded couldnotbecoded7 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 10:00 10:30 mealsatwork norecordedact atworkplace nottravelling couldnotbecoded couldnotbecoded8 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 10:30 13:30 paidwork norecordedact atworkplace nottravelling couldnotbecoded couldnotbecoded

9 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 13:30 14:00 mealsatwork norecordedact atworkplace nottravelling couldnotbecoded couldnotbecoded10 301279 14-Aug-74 Wednesday 14:00 16:30 paidwork norecordedact atworkplace nottravelling couldnotbecoded couldnotbecoded

2005

ID Date Dayofweek Episodestart Episodeend Main Secondary Location Modeoftravel Childpresent Partnerpresent1 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 04:00 08:00 sleepandnaps norecordedact atownhome nottravelling no no2 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 08:00 08:20 wash,dress norecordedact atownhome nottravelling no yes

3 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 08:20 08:30 petcare norecordedact atownhome nottravelling no yes4 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 08:30 08:40 foodprep conversation atownhome nottravelling no yes5 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 08:40 09:10 foodprep norecordedact atownhome nottravelling no yes6 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 09:10 09:20 mealsordrinking conversation atownhome nottravelling no yes7 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 09:20 09:50 mealsordrinking norecordedact atownhome nottravelling no yes8 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 09:50 10:00 Set/cleartable norecordedact atownhome nottravelling no yes9 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 10:00 10:20 Voluntary norecordedact travelling walk/other no yes

10 338122 25-Jun-05 Sunday 10:20 11:20 Worship norecordedact atplaceofworship nottravelling no yes

@DEMAND_CENTRE


But we have to be careful…1974

1983/7

1995

2001

2005

Co

de

Har

mo

nis

atio

n

MTUS:

69 ‘harmonised’ activity codes

1974:

73 codes

‘1985’:

188 codes

1995:

190 codes2001:

265 codes

2005:

30 codes

@DEMAND_CENTRE


•73 codes

1974

•188 codes

1983/7

•190 codes

1995

•265 codes

2001

•30 codes

2005

But we have to be careful…

Co

de

Har

mo

nis

atio

n

@DEMAND_CENTRE


But we have to be careful II

• 30 minutes

1974

• 15 minutes

1983/7

• 15 minutes

1995

• 10 minutes

2001

• 10 minutes

2005

Tim

e H

arm

on

isat

ion

“Recorded at least once in a half hour”

DEMAND Time:

@DEMAND_CENTRE







Today’s menu

@DEMAND_CENTRE


10 Activity ‘classes’1. Travel2. Media use3. Sport/exercise4. Voluntary, civic or leisure5. Shopping/service use6. Education related7. Work related8. Cooking & eating9. Personal, child or adult care,

domestic work10. Sleep% of respondents – 1974

Source: MTUS 1974, author’s calculations, weighted

@DEMAND_CENTRE


What’s changed?% of respondents – 1974

% of respondents – ‘1985’

% of respondents – 2000

% of respondents – 2005

Source: MTUS 1974-2005, author’s calculations, primary activities, weighted

@DEMAND_CENTRE


% point change 1974 – 2005 - primary

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

150:0

0

1:0

0

2:0

0

3:0

0

4:0

0

5:0

0

6:0

0

7:0

0

8:0

0

9:0

0

10

:00

11

:00

12

:00

13

:00

14

:00

15

:00

16

:00

17

:00

18

:00

19

:00

20

:00

21

:00

22

:00

23

:00

% p

oin

t ch

an

ge 1

974 -

2005 Travel

Media use incl. TV, radio, PC, internet

Voluntary, civic, watching sport, leisureor social activities

Shopping/service use

Work or work related

Cooking or eating

Source: MTUS 1974-2005, author’s calculations, primary activities, weighted

@DEMAND_CENTRE







Today’s menu

@DEMAND_CENTRE


0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

0:0

0

1:3

0

3:0

0

4:3

0

6:0

0

7:3

0

9:0

0

10

:30

12

:00

13

:30

15

:00

16

:30

18

:00

19

:30

21

:00

22

:30

2005

2000

1995

1985

1974

In detail: Food preparation

Source: MTUS 1974-2005, author’s calculations, weighted

As a primary or secondary activity

As a % of all acts

@DEMAND_CENTRE


0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

0:0

0

1:3

0

3:0

0

4:3

0

6:0

0

7:3

0

9:0

0

10

:30

12

:00

13

:30

15

:00

16

:30

18

:00

19

:30

21

:00

22

:30

2005

2000

1995

1985

1974

In detail: Food preparation


As a primary or secondary activity

As a % of food prep

-0.6%

-0.4%

-0.2%

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

0:0

0

1:0

0

2:0

0

3:0

0

4:0

0

5:0

0

6:0

0

7:0

0

8:0

0

9:0

0

10

:00

11

:00

12

:00

13

:00

14

:00

15

:00

16

:00

17

:00

18

:00

19

:00

20

:00

21

:00

22

:00

23

:00

Weekdays (average) Saturday Sunday

% point change 1974 - 2005

@DEMAND_CENTRE


In detail: Sunday lunchtime food preparation


Anderson,B(2016)DEMANDingTimes,PaperpreparedforDEMANDCentreConference,Lancaster,13-15April2016

Page 10 of 17

Figure3:Percentagepointchangeinfoodpreparationreportedineachhalfhourbydayoftheweek(MTUS1974-2005,weighted)

Furtheranalysisfocusingon‘Sundaylunch’(foodpreparation11:00–14:00onaSunday)suggests

thatpreparing‘Sundaylunch’hasdeclinedformostagegroupsandespeciallyforthoseagedunder

64(Figure4).PreparingSundaylunchhasalsomarkedlydeclinedforthemiddleandhighestincome

groupsbutlesssoforthelowestincomegroupwhoarealsomorelikelytobeoverretirementage.

Thisdoesnotimply,ofcourse,thatlesseatingisdoneonSunday–justthatsomeofit,particularly

forhigherincomegroups,maynowbedoneoutsidethehomeorlaterintheday(c.f.Figure3and

also(Chengetal.2007)).

Figure4:Meannumberofhalfhoursinwhich‘foodpreparation’athomeonSunday11:00-14:00wasreportedineachsurveybyagegroup(left)andincomegroup(right)(MTUS1974-2005,weighted,errorbarsare+/-95%confidenceintervalforthe45-54agegrouporthemiddleincomegrouponly)

-0.6%

-0.4%

-0.2%

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%

00:0

0

01:0

0

02:0

0

03:0

0

04:0

0

05:0

0

06:0

0

07:0

0

08:0

0

09:0

0

10:0

0

11:0

0

12:0

0

13:0

0

14:0

0

15:0

0

16:0

0

17:0

0

18:0

0

19:0

0

20:0

0

21:0

0

22:0

0

23:0

0

Weekdays(average) Saturday Sunday

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

1974 1985 1995 2000 2005

16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54

55-64 65-74 75+

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

1974 1985 1995 2000 2005

lowest25% middle50%

highest25%

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

1974 1985 1995 2000 2005

lowest 25% middle 50%

highest 25%

@DEMAND_CENTRE


-0.6%

-0.4%

-0.2%

0.0%

0.2%

0.4%

0.6%0:0

0

1:3

0

3:0

0

4:3

0

6:0

0

7:3

0

9:0

0

10

:30

12

:00

13

:30

15

:00

16

:30

18

:00

19

:30

21

:00

22

:30%

of

half

ho

urs

in

wh

ich

reco

rded

Weekday Saturday Sunday

In detail: domestic laundry

% point change laundry 1985 – 2005 in relative distribution within year


1985:

• 98% of recorded laundry =

women

• 24% of women < 60 in full

time paid work

% point change 1985- 2005

% half hours where laundry reported by income group 1985-2005

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1985 1995 2000 2005

lowest 25% middle 50% highest 25%

2005:

• 87% of recorded laundry =

women

• 41% of women < 60 in full time

paid work

@DEMAND_CENTRE


In detail: Car use


Comparing time of car travel within the

year 1985-2005

0.0%

0.1%

0.2%

0.3%

0.4%

0.5%

0.6%

0.7%

0:0

01:0

02:0

03:0

04:0

05:0

06:0

07:0

08:0

09:0

010

:00

11

:00

12

:00

13

:00

14

:00

15

:00

16

:00

17

:00

18

:00

19

:00

20

:00

21

:00

22

:00

23

:00

% o

f re

co

rded

car

trav

el

1985 2000 2005

Car use in 1974 = to/from work/school only

-0.3%

-0.2%

-0.2%

-0.1%

-0.1%

0.0%

0.1%

0.1%

0.2%

0.2%

0.3%

0.3%

0:0

0

1:0

0

2:0

0

3:0

0

4:0

0

5:0

0

6:0

0

7:0

0

8:0

0

9:0

0

10

:00

11

:00

12

:00

13

:00

14

:00

15

:00

16

:00

17

:00

18

:00

19

:00

20

:00

21

:00

22

:00

23

:00

Saturday Sunday Weekdays (average)

@DEMAND_CENTRE


Car trips ending at home in 2005

Insight: When might people charge EVs?

Source: MTUS 2005, author’s calculations, weighted

0.00%

0.20%

0.40%

0.60%

0.80%

1.00%

1.20%

1.40%

1.60%

% o

f h

alf

ho

urs

wh

ere

car

trip

en

ds a

t h

om

e

Sunday Weekdays (average) Saturday

@DEMAND_CENTRE







Today’s menu

@DEMAND_CENTRE


Key messages I: Dynamism

How do we ‘meet’

DEMAND?

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

0:0

0

1:3

0

3:0

0

4:3

0

6:0

0

7:3

0

9:0

0

10

:30

12

:00

13

:30

15

:00

16

:30

18

:00

19

:30

21

:00

22

:30

% p

oin

t ch

an

ge 1

974 -

2005 Travel

Media use incl. TV, radio, PC, internet

Sport or exercise

Voluntary, civic, watching sport, leisureor social activities

Shopping/service use

Education or related

Work or work related

Cooking or eating

When it keeps

changing?

@DEMAND_CENTRE


Key messages II: Constrained evolution

Practices

Infrastructures

Social trends

Evolving demand

Non-energy energy policy

Labour market policies

Working hours

School hours

(Sub)Urban planning

Transport options

@DEMAND_CENTRE


1

To be fi lled in from 4am on day one, which is

Day Date

all through day two, which is

Day Date

until 4am on day three, which is

Day Date

Time Use Survey Diary

Confi dentiality of information suppliedThe information you provide in this diary will be used only for statistical purposes. Your information

remains confi dential to Statistics New Zealand and is protected by the Statistics Act 1975.

Appointment time

As Government Statistician I thank you for completing this survey.

Your information contributes to statistics available for planning and

decision-making. To fi nd out more about Statistics New Zealand

contact our information centre on 0508 525 525.

Geoff Bascand Government Statistician

Appointment timeAppointment timePlease record approximately how much time you spent completing this diary

(include the time it took you to read the instructions and write in the diary)

hours minutes

Time taken

Appointment time:

yes

no

Offi ce Use Only

Reference number

Person number

Interview start Interview end

Diary by proxy? Interview by proxy?

no no

Offi ce time mins

yesyes

W

Region: 1 2 3 5 6 7 (circle one)

2-Sec1:1

Before you start

Please read the instructions on page 1 and look at the example on pages 2 and 3

before starting your diary.

How to do your time use diary

Please write in the columns to show what you were doing, where you were, and who you

were with. An example is shown on page 2 and 3.

What were you doing?

• It is important to write down when you start and fi nish things – you don’t have to write

something for every fi ve minutes. It doesn’t matter how uninteresting or routine you think

something is, please write it down.

• If you were doing paid work, write down what you did in your lunch break, tea breaks or

any other breaks, if you have them. You don’t need to write down things you do at work

(just put “at work”).

• If you are on the Internet or computer, write down, in general terms, what you were

doing – for example, playing games, emailing, shopping, downloading, chatting etc.

What else were you doing at the same time?

• If you were doing more than one thing at the same time, please use the second column

to write down the other activities.

Where were you or how were you travelling?

• Write down where you were – for example, at home, work, school, shops, beach.

• If you were travelling, write down how you were travelling – for example, walking, car, bus,

taxi.

Who else was with you?

• Use an arrow to show how long you were alone or with other people.

• To be with someone means that you are in the same place – for example, in the same

house or shop, or on the same bus. You don’t have to be doing the same thing together.

• You may fi ll in more than one category for the same time.

Please record how much time you spend reading and fi lling in this diary in the space

provided on the front cover.

Please complete the diary for the whole time, even if you are away from home

for one or both days.

1

Thank you

@dataknut

[email protected]

www.demand.ac.uk

2017 – 2019: Centre for Sustainability, University of Otago (EU Global Fellowship)

pixabay.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.demand.ac.uk