ben franklin published the first chart of an ocean current in 1769
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Oceanography. Ben Franklin published the first chart of an ocean current in 1769. Franklin’s chart of the Gulf Stream. Physical Oceanography. Surface currents. Bathymetry. Tides. Deep water currents. Geological Oceanography. Chemical Oceanography. Dissolved Oxygen and other gases - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Ben Franklin published the first chart of an ocean current in 1769
Franklin’s chart of the Gulf Stream
Oceanography
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Surface currents
Deep water currents
Bathymetry
Tides
Physical Oceanography
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Geological Oceanography
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Chemical Oceanography Dissolved Oxygen and other gases Fish and other animals
need oxygen to breathe. This oxygen is present in the water and is called dissolved oxygen (DO). It is measured in mg/L.
<3 mg/L – harmful to fish – too little O2
5-6 mg/L – desirable range
>10 mg/L – harmful to fish – too much O2
Dissolved minerals and other solids
Salinity – amount of salt in water, measured in parts per thousand (ppt)
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Biological oceanography Otherwise
known as Marine Biology
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MeteorologyHurricanes
Formation of Hurricanes
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Photo by: Jill Turner
Hurricane Katrina 2005
Eye wall of Hurricane Ivan
2004
www.hurricanehunters.com
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oceanographic tools Properties of water measured:
Parameters, units, significance• Temperature• Salinity• Dissolved oxygen • Turbidity• Light levels• Depth…
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these properties vary with depth
Typical open ocean profiles Called - a hydrocast
thermocline
Temperature (°C)
Dep
th (k
m)
1
2
halocline
Salinity (‰)
Dep
th (k
m)
1
2
Density (g/ml)
Dep
th (k
m)
1
2
pycnocline
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Tools to measure these properties - depth Sounding lines
Problems… (currents) Pressure sensor Sonar
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Tools to measure these properties - salinity
Direct or indirect measurement Refractometer Conductivity sensor
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Tools to measure these properties - turbidity
Secchi disk transmissometer
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Tools to measure these properties - dissolved oxygen
Methods – chemical and electrical
Polarigraphic electrode
Winkler
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Tools to measure these properties - light
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor
Deck sensor
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Water samplers
Niskin bottle
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Other parameters Chlorophyll levels - fluorometer
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Monitoring units Hydrolab/YSI = brands
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Combined units moored, deployed, mobile CTD Argo ’floats’
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CTD hydrocast
See our CTD hydrocast
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The Quest for Longitude
-- 1707 shipwreck of four British warships-- 2000 dead-- Longitude Act of 1714-- John Harrison
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/longitude/
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Latitude and Longitude
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Global Positioning Systems
Image from Wikipedia.com
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Used with permission from Garmin
Waypoint = latitude/longitude
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GPS APPLICATIONS
Images from seaturtle.org
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Gulf of Mexico
MEXICO