bench fitting

8/12/2019 bench fitting

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OBJECTIES

A!"er "#$s %e&"ure' (ou s#ou%)*

K+o, "#e "oo%s use) $+ be+ ,or- +) !$""$+.

er!orm eper$me+"s o+ be+ $&e.

K+o, "#e s!e +) e!!e&"$e ,(s o! us$+ #+) +) po,ere) "oo%s.

Mesure ,$"# m$&rome"er' er+$er ue' )$% ues +) %eer "(pe

"es" $+)$&"ors.


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INTROD!CTION

+ e+$+eer$+' be+ ,or- +) !$""$+ #e $mpor"+" ro%es "o p%( "o&omp%e"e +) !$+$s# 3ob "o "#e )es$re) &&ur&(. 4e+ ,or- e+er%%(

)e+o"es "#e pro)u&"$o+ o! + r"$&%e b( #+) o+ "#e be+. 5$""$+ $s "#e

ssemb%$+ "oe"#er o! pr"s +) remo$+ me"%s "o se&ure "#e +e&essr(

!$"' +) m( or m( +o" be &rr$e) ou" " "#e be+.

No m""er #o, "e+o%o( $s $mpro$+' ,$"# "#e CNC $+ use +) o"#er

!&"ors' ,e s"$%% +ee) be+ ,or- +) !$""$+. 6$+&e be+ !$""$+ $s "#e

b&-bo+e o! e+$+eer$+.


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BENCH FITTING OPERATIONS

Oper"$o+s &ommo+%( per!orme) $+ be+ +) !$""$+ ,orre s*C#$pp$+

5$%%$+

6&rp$+

Gr$+)$+

6,$+

Mr-$+ ou"

7r$%%$+

Rem$+

Tpp$+7$es


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T"# Wor$%#'"

T#e ,or- be+ s#ou%) be -ep"

&%e+ +) "$)( %,(s. A%% "oo%s

s#ou%) #e &%er%( $)e+"$!$e)s"ore p%&e +) o+%( "#e "oo%s

re8u$re) !or "#e pr"$&u%r 3ob

$+ #+) s#ou%) be o+ "#e ,or-be+.

9see !$. 1

7r,ers +) "oo%s &upbor) s#ou%)

4e -ep" "$)(. T#$s $s +e&essr( "o

e+b%e (ou !$+) "oo%s 8u$&-%(' bu"

$";s %so $mpor"+" !or (our s!e"(

+) "o pree+" "oo%s be&om$+

)me). 6ee !$. 2

Fig. 1

Fig. 2


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T#e !%oor surrou+)$+ "#e ,or-be+ mus" be -ep" &%e+ +) &%er !rom

obs"ru&"$o+s. " $s pr"$&u%r%( $mpor"+" "#" +( o$% or rese $s &%e+e)

up $mme)$"e%(. Use sepr"e b$+s !or )$!!ere+" "(pes o! ,s"e.

ICES

T#e $&e $s "#e mos" &ommo+ "oo% !or #o%)$+ ,or-. Mos" !$""$+ be+es#e $&e perm+e+"%( !$e). T#e !$""er uses $&e "o #o%) ,or- s!e%(

+) se&ure%( ,#$%e &rr($+ ou" su oper"$o+s s s,$+' !$%%$+ +)

$se%$+ e"&.


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Types of Vices

4ENCH


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Fig 5

BENCH ICE

5or "(p$&% pr%%e% 3, $&e $s see 5$. >. T#e $&e esse+"$%%( &o+s$s"s o!

&s" $ro+ bo)(' !$e) 3,' bo"# m)e o! &s" s"ee%' #+)%e' s8ure

#e)e) s&re,' +) +u" %% m)e o! m$%) s"ee%. 6epr"e &s" $ro+ p%"es

-+o,+ s 3, p%"es re !$e) "o "#e 3,s b( me+s o! se" s&re,s. T#e,$)"# su$"b%e !or &ommo+ ,or- r$es !rom ?0 "o 1@0 mm +) "#e

m$mum ope+$+ be$+ >B ?0mm. " $s some"$mes !$""e) ,$"# 8u$&-

re%ese "r$er so "#" (ou &+ )3us" "#e pos$"$o+ o! "#e 3,s 8u$&-%( +)

o+%( use "#e s&re, +) #+)%e !or "#e !$+% "$#"e+$+. 6ee !$ D @

Fig 3Fig 4


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LEG ICE

T#e %e $&e $s use) b( b%&-sm$"#s bu" $"

$s %so su$"b%e !or #e( #mmer$+'

$pp$+ +) &u""$+ $+ "#e !$""ers ,or-.

T#e $&e $s se&ure) "o "#e "op o! "#e s"rp,#$ $s !s"e+e) "o p%"e bo%"e) "o "#e

be+ "op. T#e %e o! "#e $&e $s !s"e+e)

"o "#e be+ %e ,$"# s"p%es +) $"s e+) !$"

$+"o #o%e $+ "#e !%oor. T#$s $s su$"b%e !or

#e( ,or-. Fig 14

PIPE ICE

T#e p$pe $&e $s use) !or #o%)$+ rou+) se&"$o+ me"%'

"ubes' p$pes' e"&. " r$ps "#e ,or- " !our po$+"s o+ $"ssur!&e.

Fig 15

PIN ICE


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PIN ICE

T#e p$+ $&e $s use) !or #o%)$+ rou+) m"er$% o!

sm%% )$me"ers su s ,$re +) p$+s )ur$+

,or-$+. " %so !orms er( use!u% #+)%e !or

sm%% !$%es.

Fig 16TOOLMAKERS ICE

T#e "oo%m-er=s $&e $s pr"$&u%r%( use!u% !or #o%)$+ sm%% ,or- ,#$

re8u$res !$%$+ or )r$%%$+ +) !or su ,or- s %($+ ou" sm%% 3obs o+ "#e

sur!&e p%"es. T#ese re m)e o! m$%) s"ee%.

Fig 17


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HAND ICE

T#e #+) $&e $s use) !or r$pp$+ s&re,s' r$e"s' beep' sm%% )r$%%s +)

o"#er s$m$%r ob3e&"s ,#$ re "o be &o+e+$e+"%( #e%) $+ "#e be+B$&e.

T#e %e+"# r$es !rom 12>B1>0 mm +) 3, ,$)"# !rom @0B@@ mm.

Fig 18


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MO!NTING A ICE

Mou+"$+ "#e $&e $s per#ps "#e mos" $mpor"+" spe&" o! $&eBuse "o e"

r$#". ! "#e $&e $s mou+"e) $+&orre&"%(' $" ,$%% be #r) "o use +) m(

ee+ be )+erous.

H#*"+

" $s %so $mpor"+" "#" "#e be+ +) $&e re " su$"b%e #e$#" "o o$)

s"r$+ +) e&ess$e b&- be+)$+. Eper$e+&e s#o,s "#" $&e mus" bemou+"e) so "#" ,#e+ (ou re s"+)$+ +e" "o $"' "#e "op sur!&e o! $"s

3,s $s %ee% ,$"# (our be+" e%bo, . ! "#e be+ "op $s "oo %o,' "#e $&e

&+ be r$se) ,$"# #r),oo) b%o&-. ! "#e $&e $s "oo #$#' (ou &+ s"+)

o+ rubber or "$mber bor). H$+ "#e $&e " "#e &orre&" #e$#" ,$%%

%%o, mu more &&ur"e !$%$+ +) #&-s, &u""$+

(our !oreBrm ,$%%be b%e "o moe b&- +) !or"# #or$o+"%%( 9see !$ F D .


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A%so ,or- s#ou%) be #e%) $+ "#e $&e so "#" "#e po$+" be$+ ,or-e) upo+

$s s &%ose "o "#e 3,s s poss$b%e. ! "#e ,or- $s "oo !r !rom "#e 3,s

"#ere $s )+er "#" ,or- p$e&e ,$%% be+) u+)er "#e pp%$e) !or&e. A$+

,#e+ us$+ #&-s, "o &u" m"er$% #e%) $+ $&e $" m( be +e&essr( "orepos$"$o+ "#e ,or- $+ "#e 3,s seer% "$mes "o -eep "#e &u""$+ pos$"$o+

&%ose "o "#e 3,s. ! "#$s $s +o" )o+e "#e m"er$% ,$%% $br"e +) pro)u&e

+ $rr$""$+ +) u++e&essr( +o$se.

6ee !$ 10 D 11

Fig 10 Fig 11


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17/161

FILES


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FILES

A!$%e $s #r)e+e) p$e&e o! #$# r)e s"ee% ,$"# s%+"$+ ro, o! "ee"#. "

$s use) "o &u"' smoo"#' or !$" me"% pr"s. A !$%e #s "#e !o%%o,$+ pr"s9!$

1*

H+)%e 5erru%e T+

6#ou%)er or Hee% 4o)( o$+"

T#e #+)%e $s e$"#er m)e o! ,oo) or p%s"$&. T#e !erru%e $s m)e o! me"%"o pree+" "#e #+)%e !rom sp%$""$+. T#e "+ $s "#e po$+"e) pr" ,#$ $s

!$""e) $+"o "#e #+)%e. T#e s#ou%)er/#ee% $s +e" "o "#e #+)%e. T#e bo)( $s

,#ere $"s use) "o ,or-. T#e po$+" $s "#e e+) oppos$"e "o "#e "+.

Fig 19


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T#ere re !our !e"ures o! !$%e ,#$ re use) "o )es&r$be $"*T#e %e+"#"#e "(pe o! &u""#e r)e o! &u"

"#e s#pe

F.# L#*+"

T#e %e+"# o! !$%e $s mesure) !rom "#e po$+" "o "#e s#ou%)er.

Fig 20

T"# T-p# o/ Cu+


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T"# T-p# o/ Cu+

T#e mos" &ommo+%( &u"s re s$+%e' )oub%e +) rsp.

S*.# Cu+

T#e s$+%e &u" !$%e $s use) o+ so!"er me"%s su s brss +) &ooper. As

"#ere $s o+%( o+e se" o! "ee"# "#e !$%e $s %$-e%( "o &%o.Dou%.# Cu+

T#e )oub%e &u" !$%e $s use) o+ $ro+ +) s"ee% +) $s "#e mos" &ommo+%( use)

$+ e+er% e+$+eer$+. As $"s +me $mp%$es $" #s ",o se"s o! "ee"# &ross$+

e o"#er

R01pT#e rsp $s use) !or !$%%$+ er( so!" me"%s +) +o+Bme"%s su s ,oo)

+) p%s"$&s.

Fig 21


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Gr0,# o/ Cu+

T#e r)e o! !$%e $s )e"erm$+e) b( "#e sp&$+ o! "#e

"ee"#. T#$s pp%$es "o bo"# s$+%e +) )oub%e &u" !$%es.

T#ere re !our r)es o! &u". T#e( re*Rou*" Cu+

Use) !or pre%$m$+r( !$%%$+ "o remoe me"% 8u$&-%(.B01+0r, Cu+

A sem$Brou# r)e use) ,#ere oo) !$+$s# $s +o"

re8u$re)S#'o, Cu+

A !$+er r)e use) "o &u" !$r%( 8u$&-%( +) $e

me)$um !$+$s#Soo+" Cu+

Use) "o $e be""er !$+$s# ,#ere o+%( sm%% mou+"s o!me"% +ee) "o e remoe).

D#0, Soo+" Cu+3 Use) !or !$+% !$+$s#$+ ,$"#

m$+$m% me"% remo%.Fig 22


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F.0+ F.#


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T#e !%" !$%e $s %so !or e+er% use' "(p$&%%(

o+ !%" sur!&es. " $s re&"+u%r $+ &rossB

se&"$o+ +) "pers $+ bo"# ,$)"# +)

"#$&-+ess !or ppro$m"e%( "#e %s" "#$r) o!$"s %e+"# "o,r)s "#e po$+". 4o"# !&es re

)oub%eB&u" +) bo"# e)es s$+%eB&u". T#e

"pers $+ ,$)"# +) "#$&-+ess e+b%e "#$s !$%e

"o be use) $+ s%o"s ,#$ re +rro,er "#+ $"s

!u%% ,$)"# +) "#$&-+ess +) ,#$ re8u$re!$%$+ o+ %e+"# +) ,$)"#9see !$ 2@.

W0r, F.#

T#$s $s use) !or !$%%$+ +rro, s%o"s. 4o"#

!&es re )oub%e &u" +) bo"# e)es re s$+%e&u". " $s "pere) $+ ,$)"# bu" +o" $+

"#$&-+ess9see !$ 2>.

Fig 24

Fig 25

P..0r F.#


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4o"# !&es re )oub%e &u" +) e$"#er bo"# e)es re

s$+%e &u" or o+e e)e $s %e!" u+&u" "o pro$)e s!e

e)e. " $s use) !or +rro, s%o"s +) -e(,(s. " $s

%so "#$&-er +) s"ro+er "#" ,r) !$%e. ";s %sopr%%e% "#rou#ou" $" %e+"# +) "#$++er "#+ "#e

#+) !$%e9see !$ 2F.

S4u0r# F.#As $"s +me $mp%$es "#$s !$%e $s s8ure $+ se&"$o+.

T#e s8ure !$%e $s o! s8ure &rossBse&"$o+' pr%%e%

!or ppro$m"e%( ",oB"#$r)s o! $"s %e+"#' "#e+

"per$+ "o,r)s "#e po$+". " $s )oub%e &u" o+ %%

s$)es. " $s use) !or !$%%$+ re&"+u%r #o%es' s%o"s+) rooes ,$"# 0o s$)es9see !$ 2.

Fig 27

Fig 26

T"r## S4u0r# F.# Fig 28


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4

T#e "#reeBs8ure or "r$+u%r !$%e #s F0

"r$+%e &rossBse&"$o+' pr%%e% !or

ppro$m"e%( ",o "#$r)s o! $"s %e+"#' "#e+

"per$+ "o,r)s "#e po$+". T#e "#ree !&es re)oub%eB&u" +) "#e e)es s#rp. T#$s !$%e $s

use) !or &or+ers be",ee+ F0o +) 0' +u%r

#o%es +) re&esses.

Rou, F.#

T#e( re rou+) $+ &rossBse&"$o+ +) usu%%(

"pere) ,#e+ "#e( re "erme) r"B"$%e).

#e+ pr%%e%' "#e( re )es&r$be) s pr%%e%

rou+). T#$s !$%e $s use) !or e+%r$+ rou+)#o%es' e%o+"$+ s%o"s +) !$+$s#$+ $+"er+%

rou+) &or+ers. Fig 29

Fig 28

H0./ Rou, F.#


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T#e #%!Brou+) !$%e #s o+e !%" +) o+e &ure)

s$)e. " $s pr%%e% !or ppro$m"e%( ",oB"#$r)s

o! $"s %e+"#' "#e+ "pers $+ ,$)"# +) "#$&-+ess

"o,r)s "#e po$+". "s &rossBse&"$o+ $s +o" #%!&$r&%e bu" o+%( bou" o+eB"#$r) o! &$r&%e. T#$s

$s + e"reme%( use!u% )oub%eBpurpose !$%e !or

!%" sur!&es +) !or &ure) sur!&es "oo %re

!or "#e rou+) !$%e. T#e !%" s$)e $s )oub%e &u".

T#e &ure) s$)e $s s$+%e &u" +) r)e)smoo"# or se&o+) &u".

Fig 30

R01p F.#

" $s !%" o+ o+e s$)e +) &ure) o+ "#eo"#er. " $s use) o+ so!" me"%s' ,oo)

+) o"#er so!"' +o+Bme"%%$& subs"+&es

9see !$ 2.


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r"$&%es ,#$ res$s" remo% ,$"# !$%e &r) &+ o!"e+ be )$s%o)e ,$"#

"#$+ p$e&e o! so!" me"%9see !$ . 5or !$+$s#$+ ,or-' so!" %- rubbe)

$+"o "#e sp&es be",ee+ "#e "ee"# o! "#e !$%e #e%ps "o pree+" p$++$+.

Fig 39Fig 38


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S+or0*# o/ /.#1

To o$) b%u+"$+ "#e "ee"# or bre-$+ "#e !$%es'T#e( s#ou%) be s"ore) &re!u%%( $+ "oo% bo or r&-Ou" o! &o+"&" ,$"# e o"#er or o"#er "oo%s.5re8ue+"%( use o! !$%e &r)s o+ "#e !$%es.7o +o" use "#e !$%es o+ #r)e+e) s"ee%.T#e( s#ou%) be -ep" ,( !rom &$) "o o$) &orros$o+.

HACKSAWSA #&-s, $s #+) s, !or &u""$+ me"%. #ere %re mou+"s o! ,s"e

me"% #e "o be remoe)' "#$s $s more es$%( )o+e b( #&-s,$+ ,(

"#e surp%us r"#er "#+ b( !$%$+. " &o+s$s"s o! !rme +) b%)e. T#e

b%)e $s !$""e) $+"o "#e !rme ,$"# "#e "ee"# po$+"$+ ,( !rom "#e #+)%e.

T#e "e+s$o+ o! "#e b%)e &+ be )3us"b%e us$+ "#e ,$+ +u".


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A %oose b%)e ,$%% ",$s" or bu&-%e +) +o" &u" s"r$#"' ,#$%e + oer

"$#"e+e) b%)e &ou%) pu%% ou" "#e e+)s o! "#e b%)e. T#e s"+)r) #&-s,

b%)e $s 00mm %o+1mm ,$)e 0.F>mm "#$&- +) $s $%b%e ,$"#

1@'1?' 2@ +) 2 "ee"# per 2>mm* $.e. !or eer( 2>mm %e+"# o! b%)e "#ere

re 1@ "ee"#' 1? "ee"# +) so o+.

F* 56

Types of saws Ju+$or H&-s, $er&$+ 6, 6#ee" 6,

Juor H0'$10w1T#e( re +o" )3us"b%e +) "#e b%)e $s "e+s$o+e) b( "#e spr$+ o! "#e !rme


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T#e( re +o" )3us"b%e +) "#e b%)e $s "e+s$o+e) b( "#e spr$+ o! "#e !rme.

T#e b%)es re &rbo+ s"ee% +) !%e$b%e o! bou" 1>0mm %o+ Fmm ,$)e.

T#e( re use) !or sm%% ,or- ,#ere &o+e+"$o+% #&-s, ,ou%) be

u+,$e%)(.

P#r'* S0w

$s use) !or &u""$+ )e&or"$e p""er+s or !or &u""$+ &$r&%es $+ be"e+

me"%,or-.

S"##+ 10w

s use) !or &u""$+ %re s#ee"s o! me"% or o"#er m"er$%s' +) $s !$""e) ,$"#

"#e s"+)r) #&-s, b%)e92 "ee"# per 2>mm

F* 52

F* 57


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Bimetallic I "#$s "(pe o! b%)e &o+s$s"s o! +rro, &u""$+Be)e s"r$p o!


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Bimetallic "#$s "(pe o! b%)e &o+s$s"s o! +rro, &u""$+ e)e s"r$p o!

#r)e+e) #$#Bspee) s"ee% 3o$+e) "o "ou# %%o(Bs"ee% b&- b( e%e&"ro+

bem ,e%)$+. T#$s b%)e &omb$+es "#e 8u%$"$es o! #r)+ess o! "#e %%B#r)

b%)e +) "#e u+bre-b%e 8u%$"$es o! "#e !%e$b%e b%)e' resu%"$+ $+

s#""erproo! b%)e ,$"# %o+ %$!e +) !s"B&u""$+ proper"$es.

T#e ,( "ee"# re pos$"$o+e) o+ b%)e $s

&%%e) se". T#e "ee"# re se" so "#" "#e

b%)e &u"s s%o" ,$)er "#+ $"se%!9see !$ @F.

Fig 46


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Chosen of Hacksaw BladesA #&-s, b%)e s#ou%) be ose+ "o su$" "#e "(pe o! m"er$% be$+ &u"'


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A #&-s, b%)e s#ou%) be ose+ "o su$" "#e "(pe o! m"er$% be$+ &u"'

,#e"#er #r) or so!"' +) "#e +"ure o! "#e &u"' ,#e"#er "#$&- se&"$o+ or "#$+.

T,o $mpor"+" !&"ors $+ "#e o$&e o! b%)e re "#e p$"' or )$s"+&e

be",ee+ e "oo"# +) "#e m"er$% !rom ,#$ "#e b%)e $s m)e. #e+

&u""$+ so!" me"%s' use b%)e ,#$ $s 1@ "ee"# per 2>mm. #e+ &u""$+

#r)er me"%s' use b%)e ,$"# 2 "ee"# per 2>mm. #e+ &u""$+ "#$+

se&"$o+s su s p%"e' " %es" "#ree &o+se&u"$e "ee"# mus" %,(s be $+

&o+"&" ,$"# "#e me"% or "#e "ee"# ,$%% s"r))%e "#e "#$+ se&"$o+. T#e "ee"#

,$%% "#ere!ore #e "o be &%oser "oe"#er' ,#$ me+s more "ee"# $+ "#eb%)e' $.e..9see "b%e be%o,SAW TEETH FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS

M0+#r0. +"'$#11 () No; o/ +##+" p#r 29

Hard materials Soft materials

Up "o 2 2 "o F 2@ 2@

F "o 1 2@ 1?

1 "o 2> 1? 1@

!SING A HACKSAW

T# - $ # %) b !$ % # %) $


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T#e ,or-p$e&e s#ou%) be !$rm%( #e%) $+

$&e. Ho%) "#e #&-s, " + +%e o! bou"

0o +) m-e !e, b&-,r) +) !or,r)

s"ro-es o+ "#e ,or-p$e&e "o s"r" "#e &u".T#e+' us$+ bo"# #+)s o+ "#e s, s

$%%us"r"e)' &o+"$+ue ,$"# s"e)( r#("#m

us$+ !u%% %e+"# s"ro-es.9!$ @ F* 5


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HAMMERS


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HAMMERS

A #mmer $s use) "o s"r$-e 3ob or "oo%. A

#mmer &o+s$s"s o! #e) +) s#!". T#e #e)

usu%%( m)e o! &s" s"ee% ,$"# "#e s"r$-$+ !&e +)

"#e pee+ #r)e+e) +) "empere). T#e s#!" &+ be

e$"#er ,oo) or s"ee% +) #+) r$p o! rubber or

p%s"$& m( be !$""e).9see !$ >2

T#e s#!" mus" be o! + ppropr$"e s$e !or "#e

#e). " mus" !$" "#e #e) +) be )e8u"e%(

se&ure). oo)e+ s#!"s s#ou%) be se&ure) ,$"# o+e

or more ,e)es. A #mmer ,$"# %oose #e)'

$ppe) !&e' or sp%$" s#!" mus" +eer be use).

Fig 52

TYPSBall Peen Hammers


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T#$s $s "#e mos" &ommo+ !orm o! #mmer +) $s

some"$mes &%%e) e+$+eer=s #mmer or $pp$+

#mmer. T#e pee+ #s s#pe o! b%% ,#$ $s

#r)e+e) +) po%$s#e).9see !$ >

Cross Peen Hammer

T#$s $s s$m$%r "o b%% pee+ #mmer $+ s#pe +)

s$e e&ep" "#" "#e pee+ ,#$ $s &ross "#e s#!"

or e(e. T#$s $s m$+%( use) !or be+)$+'

s"re"$+' #mmer$+ $+"o s#ou%)ers $+s$)e

&ures. e"&.9see !$ >@

Strai!ht Peen Hammer

T#$s #mmer #s pee+ s"r$#" ,$"# "#e s#!".$.e. pr%%e% "o "#e $s o! "#e s#!". T#$s $s use)

!or s"re"$+ or pee+$+ me"%. 9see !$ >>

/* 97

/* 95

/* 99

Soft Hammer

#ere $" $s +e&essr( "o s"r$-e "#e me"%


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#ere $" $s +e&essr( "o s"r$-e "#e me"%

b%o, ,$"# m$+$mum )me "o "#e sur!&e.

so!" #mmer &%%e) m%%e" $s use). M%%e"s

#e)s o b( "#e +umbers or b( "#e )$me"er o!"#e #e).9see !$ >F

"sin! Hammers

A #mmer s#ou%) be #e%) $+ !$rm r$p

" "#e e+) o! "#e s#!".9see !$ >

A #mmer &+ be use) $+ &o+3u+&"$o+

,$"# +o"#er "oo% su s &e+"erpu+ or $se%.9see !$ >?

/* 9>

/* 9?

/* 9@


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CH#S$ SHAPF.0+ C"1#.

T#$ $ % ""$ " % ) $


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T#$s $s e+er% purpose &u""$+ "oo% +) $s

"#e "(pe mos" o!"e+ use). T#e !%" $se%

s#ou%) be #e%) !$rm%( bu" %$#"%( " + +%e

o! 0o "o @0o "o "#e &u""$+ p%+e. os$"$o+(ourse%! so "#" (ou &+ ," "#e &u""$+

e)e. #e+ "#e $se% $s use) "o &u" s#ee"

me"% (ou s#ou%) pu" ,oo) or o"#er so!"

m"er$% u+)er "#e s#ee" be$+ &u". Ho%es

m( be &u" $+ "#e ,s"e pr" o! "#e m"er$%s

"o re%$ee "#e pressure o+ "#e ou"er e)e.

T#e &u""$+ e)e o! "#e $se% s#ou%) be

+%e)o+"o "#e ,or- sur!&e "o ob"$+

&o+"$+uous %$+e o! &u". T#e !%" $se% &+%so be use) "o &u" ro)s +) brs' "o $p

e&ess me"% !rom %re sur!&es +) "o &u"

o!! r$e" #e)s +) rus"e) +u" +) bo%"

#e)s. see !$ F>

/* >9

CROSSC!T CHISELT#$s $s use) "o &u" pr%%e% rooes +) "o bre- up

% $ $ #$ # # b


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%re res $+"o +rro, se&"$o+s ,#$ &+ "#e+ be

&u" ,( ,$"# !%" $se%. T#e ,or- s#ou%) be

reerse) ,#e+ e""$+ +er "#e !r e)e "o pree+"

"#e e)e !rom bre-$+ ,(.9see !$ FF

T#e &u""$+ e)e $s s%$#"%( ,$)er "#+ "#e res" o!

"#e bo)( "o pree+" "#e bo)( !rom b$+)$+ $+ "#e

rooe ,#$ #s bee+ &u".

RO!ND NOSE CHISEL

T#$s $s use) "o &u" rooes +) o$% ++e%s $+ ber$+s

+) bus#es.9see !$ F

DIAMOND POINT CHISELT#$s $s use) "o &u" ee rooes $+ me"%' "o

$p "#rou# p%"e' "o &%e+ ou" $+"er+% +%es

+) "o s8ure up &or+ers o! s%o"s.9see !$ F?/* >@

/* >?

/* >>

C"1#..* L0r*# Ar#01

# % # " b #$ % ) !$ " " $"# " #$ %


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#e+ %re re #s "o be $se%e)' !$rs" &u" rooes ,$"# &ross&u" $se%'

"#e+ remoe "#e s"r$ps $+Bbe",ee+ "#e rooes us$+ !%" $se%.

T#e ,or- s#ou%) be reerse) ,#e+ e""$+ +er "#e !r e)e "o s"op e)ebe$+ bro-e+ ,(.9see !$ F

/* >7


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( (

!rom "#e bo)(.Neer use $se% ,$"# mus#roome) #e) I

p$e&es o! me"% m( !%( o!! ,#e+ "#e $se% $s s"ru&-,$"# #mmer.9see !$ FNeer $p "o,r)s +o"#er perso+.Go%es +) $pp$+ s&ree+ mus" %,(s be

use).

C#$se% po$+" +%es r( be",ee+ 0o +) F0o. T#e

s#rper +%e) "oo%s re use) !or $pp$+ so!"er

me"%s.9see !$ F@

/* >5


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SCREWDRIERS

6&re,)r$ers re m)e $+ r$ous %e+"#s +)


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)es$+s9!$ . 6&re,s re )r$e+ b( "ur+$+ "#e

s&re,)r$er #+)%e ,#$%e pp%($+ !or&e o+"o

"#e s&re, #e).

Tyes o! "cre#dri$er

ENGINEERS SCREWDRIERS

ELECTRICIANS SCREWDRIERS

/* ?5

/* ?7


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CROSSPOINT SCREWDRIERST#ese re %so &%%e) &ru&$!orm

s&re,)r$ers T#ere re seer% "(pes o!


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s&re,)r$ers. T#ere re seer% "(pes o!

&ross#e) s&re, $+ useB"#e ",o mos"

&ommo+ re #$%%$ps +) o$)r$.

T#ese s&re,)r$ers re m)e $+ r+e

o! !our po$+" s$e !rom No. 1 "o No.

@9s$e No. @ be$+ "#e %res"see !$ >

" $s $mpor"+" "#" (ou use "#e &orre&"

"(pe +) s$e o! s&re,)r$er po$+" !or "#e

s&re,s $+ use' o"#er,$se )me $s %$-e%(

"o be &use) "o bo"# "#e s&re, +) "#e

s&re,)r$er po$+". No"e "#" )me)

&ross#e) s&re,s re pr"$&u%r%( )$!!$&u%""o remoe.

NEER"r( "o "ur+ &ross#e) s&re,

,$"# s"r$#" "$p s&re,)r$er

/* ?9


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S#1 o/ Sp0#rMe"r$& sp++ers re s$e) b( "#e )$me+s$o+ $+ m$%%$me"ers &ross "#e !%"s o!

"#e +u" "#e( re m)e "o !$". T#e +umber $s mr-e) )3&e+" "o "#e #e) o!


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( 3

"#e sp++er. " m( be s#o,+ 3us" s +umber' or $" m( #e M or mm ,$"#

"#e +umber.9see !$

6ome sp++ers m)e $+ $mper$%s9$+ s$es re %so s$e) b( "#e )$me+s$o+

&ross "#e !%"s o! "#e ppropr$"e +u". T#$s $s usu%%( s#o,+ s !r&"$o+9o!

+ $+ +) $s !o%%o,e) b( e$"#er A5 or A/5 .9see !$ ?

/* ?@

/* ??

Types of Spanner

Ope+Be+)e) 6p++er


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T#$s $s "#e e+er% purpose sp++er ,$)e%( use)

"#rou#ou" e+$+eer$+. Mos" ope+Be+)e)sp++ers re )oub%eBe+)e)' "#e ",o #e)s o+ "#e

sp++er e !$""$+ )$!!ere+" s$e o! #eo+.

9see !$ ?0

DO NOT use sp++ers ,#$ #e )me)3,sB"#ese &+ s%$p o!! "#e #eo+ u+)er

pressure +) m( &use $+3ur( "o (ou +) )me

"o "#e ,or-p$e&e. C#e&- "#" "#e !&es o! "#e 3,s

re !%" +) pr%%e% "o e o"#er. 6ee !$ ?1

/* @=

/* @6

R* Sp0#r1


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T#ese re r)u%%( rep%&$+ "#e ope+Be+)e)

"(pe o! sp++er s e+er% purpose "oo%. " $s

es$er +) more &o+e+$e+" "o use ,#e+ "#es,$+ o! "#e sp++er $s res"r$&"e). Ho,eer' $"

,$%% o+%( !$" +u"s +) bo%" #e)s ,#$ re $+

oo) &o+)$"$o+. ! "#e &or+ers o! "#e #eo+

re )me) $" m( be +e&essr( "o use +

ope+Be+)e) sp++er.

T#e s#!" o! r$+ sp++er m( be $+ %$+e ,$"#

"#e #e)' " s%$#" +%e' or &r+-e) s s#o,+

$+ "#e %o,er $%%us"r"$o+. E #s )+"es!or pr"$&u%r pp%$&"$o+s.9see !$ ?2

/* @2

Co%0+o Sp0#r1


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T#ese #e + ope+Be+)e) sp++er " o+e

e+) o! "#e s#!" +) r$+ sp++er " "#e

o"#er e+). T#e ",o e+)s usu%%( !$"#eo+s o! "#e sme s$e.9see !$ ?

A,u1+0%.# Sp0#r1

T#$s &+ be use) $+s"e) o! + ope+Be+)e)

sp++er or r$+ sp++er. T#e 3,s re

)3us"b%e "o &&ommo)"e r$ous s$es o!

+u"s +) bo%"s #e)s ,$"#$+ &er"$+ r+e.9see !$ ?@

/* @7

/* @5


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SAFETY ,#e+ us$+ sp++ers


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A&&$)e+"s ,$"# sp++ers re +er%( %% &use) b( "#e sp++er

s%$pp$+ !rom "#e +u". A&&$)e+"s &+ be pree+"e) b( us$+ sp++ers

&orre&"%(:

. Use "#e &orre&" s$e o! sp++er !or "#e 3ob

b. Neer p&- "#e p ,$"# ,s#ers or o"#er m"er$%s.

&. Use r$$) sp++er r"#er "#+ + )3us"b%e sp++er I "#ere $s

%ess +&e o! $" s%$pp$+.

). u%% "o,r)s (our bo)( ,#e+eer poss$b%e

e. 7o +o" e"e+) "#e sp++er ,$"# %e+"#s o! "ube "o ob"$+ e"r

%eere.

!. Use s"e)( pu%%' +o" 3er-( &"$o+

. 7o +o" #$" "#e sp++er ,$"# #mmer

#. E+sure "#" (our #+)s ,$%% +o" s"r$-e + obs"ru&"$o+ $! "#e +u"

"ur+s u+epe&"e)%(.


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Co%0+o P.#r1T#ese re more ers"$%e "oo%s "#+ !%" +ose) p%$ers +) #e re"er

+umber o! pp%$&"$o+s. T#e( $+&orpor"e s$)e &u""ers' 3o$+" &u""ers +)


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pp ( p ' 3

p$pe r$p9see !$ 0.

T#e s$)e &u""ers re use!u% !or &u""$+ %o&-$+ ,$re +) sp$%" p$+s "o%e+"#9see !$ 1.

/*


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(

,$"#s"+) #$# o%"es. E%e&"r$&% p%$ers

re usu%%( "es"e) "o ,$"#s"+) 10'000

o%"s9see !$ .

Sp# No1#, P.#r1

T#ese re more )e%$&"e p%$ers !or #o%)$+

sm%% &ompo+e+"s9see !$ @.

Rou, No1#, P.#r1

M$+%( use) !or !orm$+ %oops o+ "#e e+)so! ,$res.9see !$ >

/*


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F

1##


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WRENCHESA ,re+ $s use) !or r$pp$+ +) "ur+$+ p$pes +)

s$m$%r ob3e&"s. re+es #e )eep%( serr"e) 3,s


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,#$ b$"e $+"o "#e ,or-p$e&e I "#e( s#ou%) +o" be

use) o+ sur!&es ,#ere mr-$+ $s u+&&ep"b%e.

Types of %rench

Pp# Wr#'"

A p$pe ,re+ &o+s$s" o! ",o #e%) "oe"#er ,$"#

p$o" p$+ se&ure) b( +u". T#e p$e&e ,$"# "#e %o,er

3, $s "$#" U s#pe $+ se&"$o+ +) e+!o%)s "#e s"em

o! "#e upper 3,. T#e p$o" p$+ &+ be pu" $+"o +(

o+e o! +umber o! #o%es o+ "#e $++er p$e&e o! "#e

,re+see !$ 100 +) "#$s e+b%es "#e )$s"+&ebe",ee+ "#e 3,s "o be r$e) !or r$pp$+ )$!!ere+"

s$es o! p$pe.fig 100

S+..1o Wr#'"T#e re m)e !rom )rop !ore) s"ee% ,$"#

spe&$% "re"me+" "o "#e 3,s "o m-e "#em


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"ou# +) #r). T#e !%o"$+ #e) pr$+&$p%e

o! "#e )es$+ pro$)es re" r$pp$+ !or&e

s "#e "ur+$+ !or&e $s pp%$e) "o "#e #+)%e.

6"$%%so+ ,re+es re m)e $+ r$ous s$es

up "o 00mm oer%% %e+"# +) re b%e "o

r$p rou+) ob3e&"s o! more "#+ 100mm

)$me"er.9see !$ 101

/* 6=6

Mo.# wr#'"Mo%e ,re+es re m)e !rom presse) s"ee% +) &)m$um p%"e). T#e(

#e serr"e) 3,s ,#$ &+ be %o&-e) o+"o "#e ,or-p$e&e ,$"# !$r%(

! % $ T# % - $ % ) b $ - % %


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po,er!u% r$p. T#e %o&- $s re%ese) b( 8u$&- re%ese %eer.

T#e ,re+ &+ be )3us"b%e "o r$p )$!!ere+" s$es o! ob3e&" b( "ur+$++ )3us"$+ s&re,.9see !$ 102

/* 6=2


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Hand'Held &rills

THE HAND DRILL


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T#e )r$%% $s #e%) $+ u&- &o++e&"e) "o

p$+$o+. T#$s $s "ur+e) b( er ,#ee% ro""e)

b( #+). H+) pressure o+ "#e "op #+)%e $s

use) "o -eep "#e )r$%% b$" &u""$+ $+"o "#e

,or-p$e&e.9see !$ 10

T#e #+) )r$%% $s su$"b%e !or )r$%%$+ #o%es up "o

?mm )$me"er/* 6=7

Br#01+ Dr..T#$s $s s$m$%r "o "#e )r$%% e&ep" "#" "#ere $s bres"p%"e $+s"e) o!

"op #+)%e +) $" $s usu%%( %o,er ere). ressure $s pp%$e) "o "#e )r$%%


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b$" b( %e+$+ o+"o "#e bres"p%"e9see !$ 10@. T#e b$%$"( "o pp%(

re"er pressure "o "#e )r$%% b$" +) "#e %o,er er$+ m-e "#e bres"

)r$%% su$"b%e !or )r$%%$+ %rer #o%es.

T#e bres" )r$%% $s su$"b%e !or )r$%%$+ #o%es up "o bou" 1mm )$me"er.

/* 6=5


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B#'" Dr..* M0'"#As $"s +me $mp%$es' "#$s "(pe o! )r$%%$+

m$+e $s mou+"e) o+ be+. " #s

%$m$"e) &p&$"( bo"# $+ "#e )$me"er o!


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%$m$"e) &p&$"(' bo"# $+ "#e )$me"er o!

#o%e ,#$ &+ be )r$%%e).9see !$ 10

T#e sp$+)%e $s e+er%%( be%" )r$e+ +)

"#e spee) $s +e) b( %"er$+ "#e

pos$"$o+ o! "#e )r$e be%" o+ p$r o!

s"eppe) pu%%e(s. T#e )r$%% $s !e) $+"o "#e

,or- b( #+) pressure o+ "#e !ee)#+)%e. T#e pressure mus" be !$r%(

e+"%e +) "#e oper"or &+ !ee% "#e )r$%%

&u""$+.. T#e "(pe o! #+) !ee) $s o!"e+

&%%e) se+s$"$e !ee).

Mos" be+ )r$%%$+ m$+e re b%e "o

)r$%% #o%es up "o 1mm )$me"er

/* 6=?


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THE DRILL SHANKT#ere re m+( )$!!ere+" "(pes o! )r$%% mou+"$+ !or spe&$% pp%$&"$o+s bu"

"#e ",o "(pes $+ e+er% use re "#e pr%%e% s#+- +) "#e morse "per s#+-.


82/161

P0r0..#. S"0$ Dr..1

T#ese re "#e mos" &ommo+ )r$%%s' pr"$&u%r%( !or sm%% )$me"ers. T#e(

&+ be use) $+ )r$%%$+ m$+es' #+)B#e%) )r$%%s +) m$+e "oo%s.9see !$

10

/* 6=o $+ "#e &se o! s"+)r)

po$+" +e% +) o! e8u% %e+"#.

! "#e %$p re o! )$!!ere+" %e+"#s

or " )$!!ere+" +%es' "#e )r$%%

,$%% pro)u&e +) oers$e

#o%e9see !$ 121.

Chisel d!e An!le

T#e $se% e)e +%e $s "#e +%e

be",ee+ "#e %$+e o! "#e $se%

e)e +) %$+e o! "#e %$p9&u""$+e)e. " s#ou%) be be",ee+ 12>o

+) 10o9see !$ 122

/* 626

/* 622


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&rill Si)esr%%e% s#+- )r$%% re e+er%%( $%b%e $+ )$me"ers !rom 0.2mm "o 1>mm

+) "per s#+- )r$%%s mm "o 100mm or more. 6$es #e bee+ e+re) o+

"#e +e&-s bu" sm%% )r$%% ,$"# pr%%e% s#+-s #e "#e$r s$es o+ "#e s#+-9see


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"#e +e&-s bu" sm%% )r$%% ,$"# pr%%e% s#+-s #e "#e$r s$es o+ "#e s#+-9see

!$ 12@. 7r$%% ue &+ be use) "o )e"erm$+e s$e o! )r$%% $! "#e mr-$+

$s +o" $s$b%e9see !$ 12>.

/* 625 /* 629

6#or" )r$%%s re s"ro+er +) more r$$) "#+ %o+er )r$%%s. A s#or" )r$%% ,$%%"#ere!ore pro)u&e more &&ur"e #o%e +) be %ess %$-e%( "o bre- "#+

%o+er )r$%% o! "#e sme )$me"er. Ho,eer' %o+er )r$%% mus" be use) ,#e+

A )eep #o%e $s re8u$re) or %o+ re $s +e&essr(.


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p 8 (

MO!NTING DRILLS

SAFTY

Gre"er &re mus" be "-e+ ,#e+ mou+"$+ )r$%%s or us$+ )r$%%$+ m$+es

. T#e u&- -e( mus" %,(s be remoe) +) %% ur) $+ p%&e be!ore "#e

m$+e $s s"r"e)

b. T#ere mus" be +o %oose &%o"#$+ or %o+ #$r ,#$ &ou%) e" &u#" up $+

#e )r$%%.

&. " $s se+s$b%e "o ,er pro"e&"$e %oes ,#e+ #+)%$+ )r$%%s s "#e( &+be&ome er( #o" $+ use. G%oes ,$%% %so pree+" (our #+)s !rom e""$+

&u" b( s,r! ,#$ m( be o+ "#e )r$%%.

*+",T#,- A PA.A$$$ SHA,/&.#$$S

r%%e% s#+- )r$%%s s#ou%) o+%( be

mou+"e) $+ )r$%% u&-9see !$ 12F.


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6e%e&" "#e re8u$re) s$e o! )r$%%.

C#e&- "#" $" $s s"r$#"' "#" "#e )r$%%po$+" $s +o" ,or+ or $ppe) +) "#"

"#e s#+- $s +o" s&ore).

C%e+ "#e )r$%% $+&%u)$+ "#e s#+-. Ope+ ou" "#e )r$%% u&- u+"$% "#e )r$%%

s#+- ,$%% s%$)e up be",ee+ "#e u&-

3,s.

Ho%) "#e )r$%% &e+"r%%( $+ pos$"$o+

be",ee+ "#e 3,s ,$"# m$+$mum

+e&essr( mou+" o! "#e s#+-

pro"ru)$+ +) "$#"e+ "#e u&-

us$+ "#e u&- -e(.

E+sure "#" "#e $s #e%) se&ure%(.

/* 62>

C#e&- "#" "#e u&- -e( #s bee+ remoe)

+) "#" "#e ur)s re $+ pos$"$o+


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+) "#" "#e ur)s re $+ pos$"$o+.

6"r" "#e )r$%%$+ m$+e +) e&- "#" "#e

)r$%% $s ru++$+ "rue.

! "#e )r$%% $s ou" o! "rue s"op "#e m$+e'

remoe "#e )r$%% +) e&- "#" "#e s#+- +)"#e u&- 3,s re &%e+ +) u+)me).

Remou+" "#e )r$%%. ! $" s"$%% ru+s ou" o! "rue'

)$s&r) "#e )r$%% +) use +o"#er9see !$ 12.

/* 62?


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+ser" "#e )r$%% 9,$"# )p"or $!

!$""e) $+"o "#e sp$+)%e "per o! "#e

m$+e +) "ur+ $" u+"$% (ou !ee%


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m$+e +) "ur+ $" u+"$% (ou !ee%

"#e "+ #s %o&"e) s%o". ress "#e )r$%% $+"o pos$"$o+ b(

"pp$+ "#e e+) ,$"# #$)e m%%e"

or %o,er$+ "#e sp$+)%e so "#" "#e

)r$%% presses o+"o ,oo)e+

b%o&-9see !$ 12. Obsere %% "#e s!e"( pre&u"$o+s'

"#e+ s"r" "#e m$+e +) e&-

"#e )r$%% $s ru++$+ "rue.

/* 620.

A s"r$#" remer $+ e+er% ,$%% $e "#e re"es"

&&ur&( +) #$#er s"+)r) o! !$+$s# bu"


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&&ur&( +) #$#er s"+)r) o! !$+$s#' bu"

sp$r% remer ,$%% &u" more !ree%( +) %ess %$-e%(

"o ""er or &" $! "#ere $s s%o" or -e(,( $+ "#e

#o%e.

No"e "#" "#e ",$s" o+ sp$r% remer $s %e!"B#+)e)' "#e oppos$"e "o "#" o+ )r$%%. T#$s

pree+" "#e remer be$+ pu%%e) $+"o "#e #o%e b(

"#e ro""$o+.

S#1T#e s$es o! remer $s usu%%( e+re) o+ "#e

s#+- or "#e +e&- o! "#e remer "oe"#er ,$"# +

$+)$&"$o+ o! "#e "o%er+&e see !$ 1>1 .

/* 69=

/* 696

!1* R#0#r1

#e+ #$# )eree o! &&ur&( +) !$+$s# $s re8u$re)' "#e rem$+ oper"$o+$s bes" )o+e us$+ #+) remer. M$+e remers re er( mu !s"er bu"

"#e( re +o" &pb%e o! $$+ "#e &&ur&( +) !$+$s# "#" s-$%%e) &r!"sm+

&+ $ee ,$"# #+) "oo%. 5or some ,or-' "#e bes" ppro $s "o m$+e

rem "#e #o%e "o ,$"#$+ 0 1mm or %ess u+)ers$e +) "#e+ !$+$s# ,$"# #+)


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rem "#e #o%e "o ,$"#$+ 0.1mm or %ess u+)ers$e +) "#e+ !$+$s# ,$"# #+)

remer.

.eamin! Allowance

#e+ m-$+ reme) #o%e' "#e !$rs" s"ep $s "o )r$%% #o%e ,#$ $s sm%%er

"#+ "#e !$+$s#e) s$e re8u$re) ,#$ $s -+o,+ s rem$+ %%o,+&e.

T#e %%o,+&e re8u$re) $s )$!!ere+" !or #+) rem$+ +) m$+e rem$+'

+) r$es ,$"# "#e )$me"er o! "#e #o%e +) !or )$!!ere+" m"er$%s. " mus" be

su!!$&$e+" "o %%o, "#e remer "o &u" " %% "$mes. ! "#e %%o,+&e $s "oo sm%%'

"#e remer ,$%% "e+) "o rub $+ "#e #o%e +) "#e !$+$s# +) &&ur&( ,$%% bepoor. M$+e rem$+ m$%) s"ee% ,$%% #e + %%o,+&e o! bou" bu" !or

#+) rem$+' + %%o,+&e o! bou" #%! or ",oB"#$r)s o! m$+e rem$+

%%o,+&e.

Remers m+u!&"urers supp%( "b%es o! re&omme+)e) %%o,+&e !or

)$!!ere+" s$es +) m"er$%s. 6ee "b%e 2 be%o,


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Allowance fo ea!ing !ild s"eel #Mac$ine%

Diameter o!ole"mm#

Reamin$%llo&an'e"mm#

(p ) 5 0.15 ) 0.20

5 * 10 0.3

10 * 25 0.5

+ver 25 0.8

T0%.# 2

Hand .eamin!

T#e remer s#ou%) be "ur+e) s%o,%( +) smoo"#%(' +) e&ess$e !ee) s#ou%)

be o$)e)9see !$ 1>2. Obsere "#e !o%%o,$+ po$+" ,#e+ #+) rem$+.

T#e ,or-p$e&e mus" be proper%( suppor"e) +) !$rm%( #e%) $+ su$"b%e


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pos$"$o+. " $s %,(s bes" "o #e "#e #o%e er"$&% $! "#$s $s pos$"$o+. A burr o+ "oo"# o! #+) remer ,$%% spo$% "#e #o%e. Use "p ,re+ o! ppropr$"e s$e !or "#e remer. 7o +o" ""emp" "o s"r" remer o+ + u+ee+ sur!&e. Neer u+)er +( &$r&ums"+&es s#ou%) remer be "ur+e) b&-,r)' ee+

,#e+ remo$+ "#e remer !rom "#e ,or-p$e&e

/* 692


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*achine .eamin!T#e( re use) $+ e$"#er )r$%%$+ m$+e or %"#e m$+e. #e+

pro)u&$+ m$+e reme) #o%es o+ )r$%%$+ m$+e' $" $s &us"omr( "o

rem e #o%e $mme)$"e%( !"er )r$%%$+. T#$s $s "#e bes" ,( "o e+sure

&orre&" %$+me+" o! "#e remer $+ "#e #o%e.


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&orre&" %$+me+" o! "#e remer $+ "#e #o%e.

T#e spee) o! "#e remer $s mos" $mpor"+". A e+er% u$)e $s "#" "#e remer

&+ be use) " up "o bou" #%! "#e spee) "#" ,s use) !or )r$%%$+. +

pr&"$&e' remers s#ou%) use %o,er spee).

T#e !ee) r"e use) !or remer $s e+er%%( bou" ",$&e "#e !ee) r"e o! )r$%%

o! &omprb%e s$e' bu" "#e !ee) s#ou%) +o" be !or&e) or "#e remer m( "er

"#e sur!&e o! "#e #o%e $+s"e) o! &u""$+.

Cop$ous 8u+"$"$es o! su$"b%e &u""$+ !%u$) s#ou%) %,(s be use) ,#e+rem$+. ! "#e #o%e $s b%$+)' $" $s $mpor"+" "o !%us# ou" $ps reu%r%( +)

pr"$&u%r%( 3us" be!ore !$+$s#$+ "o "#e !u%% )ep"#.9see !$ 1>

A 4 C


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/* 697

A; !1# o/ 'u++* /.u,;B; /.01"* o/ '"p1

C; /1"* o/ r#0*

Chatterin!

C#""er$+ $s reu%r $br"$o+ $+ "#e ,or-p$e&e +) "oo%. " &uses "#e

!$+$s#e) #o%e "o #e poor sur!&e ,$"# ,eB%$-e u+ee++ess. 4e%o, re

some o! "#e more usu% &uses:


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or+ ber$+s o+ "#e m$+e sp$+)%e L&- o! r$$)"( $+ "#e "oo% or "#e ,or-p$e&e +)e8u"e #o%)$+ o! "#e ,or-p$e&e A rem$+ %%o,+&e ,#$ $s e$"#er "oo %re or "oo sm%% +su!!$&$e+" or u+su$"b%e &u""$+ !%u$)

A b%u+" remer U+su$"b%e spee) or !ee)

No"e "#" sp$r% remers re %ess %$-e%( "o ""er "#+ s"r$#" remers

Si!ns of !ood c(ttin!9see !$ 1>@6EE "#" "#e $ps re sm%% ee+ s%$"#ers' +o" rou+) +ee)%es.

HEAR "#" "#e sou+) o! "#e &u""$+ $s s"e)( %o, p$"e) +o"e' +o"

$br"$+ ,#$+e.


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/* 695

Taper .eamers

Tper remers re !or pro)u&$+ "pere) #o%es. T#e( re m)e !or %%s"+)r) s$es o! "per +) "#ere re rou#$+ remers +) !$+$s#$+

remers9see !$ 1>@. T#ere re m$+e +) #+) +) ,$"# e$"#er s"r$#" or

sp$r% !%u"es.


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To pro)u&e "pere) #o%e' !$rs" )r$%% pr%%e% #o%e ,#$ #s )$me"er

s%$#"%( sm%%er "#+ "#e sm%% e+) o! "#e "per re8u$re). Use "#e rou#$+

remer "o &u" "#e "per $+"o "#e #o%e +) "#e+ !$+$s# ,$"# "#e !$+$s#$+

remer.

Tper rem$+ usu%%( re8u$res %o" o! m"er$% "o be remoe) +) "#$s $s +o"

es$%( )$sre) !rom "#e #o%e. T#e remer s#ou%) be "-e+ ou" !re8ue+"%(

"o remoe $ps.

TAPPING INTERNAL THREADING

A "p $s &u""$+ "oo% use) !or m-$+

$+"er+% s&re, "#re)s. " $s m)e o! #r)e+e)

s"ee% +) #s !%u"es %o+ $"s bo)( "o !orm

&u""$+ e)es. Tps $+"e+)e) "o be use) b(


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#+) #e s8ure !orme) o+ "#e e+) o! "#es#+- "o !$" $+"o "p ,re+.

Tps re $%b%e !or e s$e o! %%

)$!!ere+" s"+)r) "#re) !orms. T#ere re %so

r+es o! "ps $%b%e !or &u""$+ %e!"B

#+)e) "#re)s.Cre mus" be "-e+ "o -eep "ps $+ oo)

&o+)$"$o+9see !$ 1>. T#e( re er( br$""%e

+) es$%( )me). A!"er use "p s#ou%) be

&%e+e) &re!u%%( +) pu" $+"o su$"b%e r&-

!or s"ore.4e!ore us$+ "p em$+e $" &re!u%%( I

"p "#" $s $ppe) s#ou%) +o" be use).

/* 69


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Tap %rench

H+) "ps re "ur+e) us$+ "p ,re+. A "p ,re+ #s ",o #+)%es' o+e

o+ e$"#er s$)e. T#e ",o #+)%es e+b%e "#e "ur+$+ !or&e "o be pp%$e) ,#$%e

#o%)$+ "#e "p $+ %$+e ,$"# "#e #o%e. Neer "r( "o "p #o%e us$+ sp++er or

some o"#er s$+%e #+)%e) "oo% "o "ur+ "#e "p u+%ess "#e "p $s #e%) $+ %$+e b(


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some o"#er me+s.

T#e s8ure e+) o! "#e "p $s !$""e) be",ee+ "#e 3,s o! "#e "p ,re+ +) "#e

3,s "$#"e+e) b( "ur+$+ "#e "#re) #+)%e9see !$ 1F. M-e sure "#" "#e

3,s se" !$rm%( o+"o "#e &or+ers o! "#e s8ure.

Tps re br$""%e +) es$%( bro-e+. ! "p bre-s o!! $+ ,or-p$e&e $" $s er(

)$!!$&u%" "o remoe +) o!"e+ resu%" $+ "#e ,or-p$e&e be$+ s&rpe). " $s

"#ere!or $mpor"+" "#" "#e &orre&" s$e o! ,re+ $s use) !or +( pr"$&u%r "p

so "#" $" &+ be s"$s!&"or( &o+"ro%%e).

F* 6>7

Tappin! a Hole

T#e ,or-p$e&e mus" be #e%) se&ure%(

6"r" ,$"# "per "p. Use o$% "o %ubr$&"e "#e "er$%s. E+sure "#" "#e "p $s #e%) " 0o "o "#e


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,or-p$e&e9see !$ 1F@. Tur+ "#e "p &%o&-,$se ,#$%e pp%($+

)o,+,r) pressure u+"$% (ou &+ !ee% "#e "p

s"r" "o &u".

O+&e "#e "per "p #s &u" ",o or "#ree !u%%

"ur+s $+"o "#e #o%e' "#e &u""$+ s#ou%) be&o+"$+ue) b( $$+ "#e "p ppro$m"e%(

#%! "ur+ !or,r) !o%%o,e) b( bou"

8ur"er "ur+ b&-,r)s.

Repe" "#$s !or,r) +) b&-,r) "ur+$+

mo"$o+ u+"$% "#e "p psses "#rou# "#e,or-p$e&e.

/* 6>5

Hand Tappin! (sin! a &rillin! *achineA )r$%%$+ m$+e ,$"# &e+"er mou+"e) $+ "#e u&- &+ be use) "o

%$+ +) s"e)( "#e "p s $" $s "ur+e) b( #+). 5o%%o, "#e "p ,$"# "#e

&e+"er bu" )o +o" pp%( +( )o,+,r) !or&e* %e" "#e "p s&re, $"se%! $+"o

"#e #o%e. ! "#e #o%e #s 3us" bee+ )r$%%e) o+ "#e )r$%%$+ m$+e +) "#e


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,or-p$e&e $s s"$%% &%mpe) $+ pos$"$o+' "#$s "e+$8ue ,$%% $e e&"%$+me+" o! "#e "p.

ETERNAL THREADING

A )$e $s use) "o &u" e"er+% "#re)s9see !$ 1F> b( #+).T#e mos" usu% "(pe o! )$es $s bu""o+ )$e9see !$ 1F>.

T#ese re m)e o! #$# 8u%$"( s"ee%' su$"b%( #e"

"re"e).


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7$es re $%b%e !or e s$e o! %% "#e)$!!ere+&e s"+)r) "#re) !orm. T#ese re

%so )$es $%b%e !or &u""$+ %e!"B#+) "#re)s.

O+e s$)e o! "#e )$e #s "#e &u""$+ "#re)s "pere) %$""%e

"o pro$)e %e). T#$s ss$s"s ,$"# s"r"$+ "#e )$e.

Cre mus" be "-e+ "o -eep )$es $+ oo) &o+)$"$o+.

T#e( re er( br$""%e +) &+ be )me) es$%(.

A!"er use' )$e s#ou%) be &re!u%%( &%e+e)+) s"ore) $+ su$"b%( pr"$"$o+ bo9see !$ 1FF.

/* 6>9

/* 6>>

&ie Stock

4u""o+ )$es re #e%) $+ )$e s"o&-. A )$e s"o&-9see !$ 1F' %$-e "p ,re+'#s ",o #+)%es ,#$ e+b%e "#e "ur+$+ !or&e "o be pp%$e) ,#$%e #o%)$+

"#e )$e $+ %$+e ,$"# "#e ,or-p$e&e. T#e )$e s#ou%) be $+ser"e) $+ "#e s"o&- ,$"#

"#e "pere) %e) ,( !rom "#e s#ou%)er o! "#e s"o&-.


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T#e )$e s"o&- #s "#ree s&re,s ,#$ re use) "o spr$+ "#e )$e ope+ or s#u"

b( sm%% mou+". ! "#e ",o ou"er s&re,s o+ "#e s"o&- re s%&-e+e) +) "#e

&e+"r% s&re, $s "$#"e+e)' "#e )$e ,$%% be !or&e) ope+. ! "#e &e+"r% s&re, $s

s%&-e+e) +) "#e ",o ou"er s&re,s "$#"e+e)' "#e )$e ,$%% &%ose s%$#"%(.

T#e bu""o+ )$e s#ou%) be !u%%( ope+ !or "#e !$rs" &u" +) "#e+ re)u&e) "o "#e

!$+$s#$+ s$e. 5or %rer )$me"er "#re)s $" m( be )es$rb%e "o )o !$rs" &u"'

!o%%o,e) b( o+e or more $+"erme)$"e &u"s' +) "#e+ !$+$s#$+ &u"

/* 6>?

"sin! &ies

C#e&- "#" "#e ,or-p$e&e "o be "#re)e) $s "#e&orre&" )$me"er. T#e e+) o! "#e b%+- s#ou%)

be m!ere) s%$#"%( "o $e "#e )$e

s"r"9see !$ 1F?.

Ho%) "#e ,or-p$e&e se&ure%( $+ $&e.


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Use "#e )3us"$+ s&re,s o+ "#e s"o&- "o ope+up "#e )$e "o $e s,%%o, &u".

%&e "#e "pere) s$)e o! "#e )$e s8ure%( o+

"#e m!ere) e+) o! "#e ,or-p$e&e +) ro""e

$" $+ &%o&-,$se )$re&"$o+.

Ho%) "#e s"o&- " 0o 9see !$ 1F. App%( %ubr$&"$o+. Tur+ "#e )$e b&- "o "#e s"r" o! "#e "#re) +)

use "#e )3us"$+ s&re,s o+ "#e s"o&- "o

"$#"e+ "#e )$e "o $e )eeper &u". Co+"$+ue "#e pro&ess' "$#"e+ "#e )$e +) re&u"

"#e "#re)' u+"$% "#e "#re) $s o! re8u$re)

)$me"er.

/* 6>@

/* 6>

Vee Blocks


142/161

An!le PlateA+ +%e p%"e 9!$ 1re use) !or suppor"$+ or

se""$+ up ,or- er"$&%%(' +) re pro$)e) ,$"# #o%es

+) s%o"s "#rou# ,#$ se&ur$+ bo%"s &+ be %o&"e).

" $s m)e o! &s" $ro+ +) rou+) "o #$# )eree o!

&&ur&(.

A+%e p%"es %so m( be use) "o #o%) "#e ,or-p$e&e

s8ure "o "#e "b%e )ur$+ mr-$+ ou" oper"$o+s.

A,u1+0%.# 0*.# p.0+#19!$ 1?0)re %so $%b%e !or

,or-p$e&es "#" +ee) "o be $+&%$+e)' usu%%( "o,r)s

m$%%$+ &u""er

/* 6?mm.9see !$ 12

Ne"$e ero error re!ers "o "#e !&" "#" ,#e+ "#e 3,s o! "#e

m$&rome"er re 3us" &%ose)' "#e re)$+ $s +e"$e re)$+ ,( !rom "#e

&"u% re)$+ o! 0.00mm. ! "#e re)$+ $s B0.0mm' "#e ero error $sre!erre) "o s B0.0mm9see !$ 1

F* 6


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#e+ %e+"# $s mesure) "#e ero po$+" o+ "#e $+)$&"$+ s&%e $s "#e &"u%

po$+" o! mesureme+"' #o,eer "#$s $s %$-e%( "o be be",ee+ ",o )" s&%e

po$+"s. T#e $+)$&"or s&%e mesureme+" ,#$ &orrespo+)s "o "#e bes"B

%$+e) p$r o! $+)$&"or +) )" r)u"$o+s ($e%)s "#e %ue o! "#e !$+er

))$"$o+% pre&$s$o+ )$$".

F* 6.

MATHEMATICAL METHOD

A. T#e m$+ me"r$& s&%e $s re) !$rs" +) "#$s s#o,s "#" "#ere re 1 ,#o%e

)$$s$o+s be!ore "#e 0 o+ "#e #u+)re)"#s s&%e. T#ere!ore' "#e !$rs" +umber $s

1.


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1.4. T#e; #u+)re)"#s o! mm; s&%e $s "#e+ re). T#e bes" ,( "o )o "#$s $s "o

&ou+" "#e +umber o! )$$s$o+s u+"$% (ou e" "o "#e )$$s$o+ "#" %$+es up ,$"#

"#e m$+ me"r$& s&%e. T#$s $s 21 )$$s$o+s o+ "#e #u+)re)"#s s&%e.

C. T#$s 21 $s mu%"$p%$e) b( 0.02 $$+ 0.@2 s "#e +s,er 9e )$$s$o+ o+

"#e #u+)re)"#s s&%e $s e8u$%e+" "o 0.02mm.

7. T#e 1 +) "#e 0.@2 re ))e) "oe"#er "o $e "#e !$+% mesureme+" o!

1.@2mm 9"#e )$me"er o! "#e p$e&e o! rou+) se&"$o+ s"ee%

COMMONSENSE METHODA.+#r0+:#.- + 1 u1+ 01 #01- +o r#0, +"# 67 o +"# 0 1'0.# 0, 52 o

+"# "u,r#,+"1 1'0.#; T"# 'orr#'+ #01ur##+ %#* 67;52;

E0p.# 6


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E0p.# 2

F* 6


153/161

F* 6

DIAL INDICATORS

7$% $+)$&"ors re pre&$s$o+ mesur$+ "oo%s ,$"# m(r$) o! pp%$&"$o+s $+

"#e m$+e s#op9see !$ 1F.

7$% $+)$&"ors m+$!( sm%% moeme+"s o! p%u+er or %eer +) s#o, "#$s

m+$!$e) moeme+" b( me+s o! po$+"er o+ r)u"e) )$%. T#$s )$re&"


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( p re)$+ !rom "#e po$+"er +) r)u"e) )$% $es "#e oper"or 8u$&-'

&omp%e"e +) &&ur"e p$&"ure o! &o+)$"$o+ o! "#e $"em u+)er "es". 7$%

$+)$&"ors re use) "o e&- "#e )$me+s$o+% &&ur&(' o! ,or-p$e&es $+

&o+3u+&"$o+ ,$"# o"#er e8u$pme+" su s ue b%o&-s' "o e&- s"r$#"+ess

+) %$+me+"s o! m$+es +) e8u$pme+"' "o se" ,or-p$e&es $+ m$+es

"o e+sure pr%%e%$sm +) &o+&e+"r$&$"( +) !or #os" o! o"#er uses "oo

+umerous "o %$s" &omp%e"e%(. T#e me+$sm o! )$% $+)$&"or $s s$m$%r "o

"#" o! ," +)' %"#ou# m)e !or ,or-s#op use' &re s#ou%) be "-e+ "o

o$) )ropp$+ or -+o&-$+ $" $+ +( ,(. 6%$#" )me "o "#e me+$sm

&+ %e) "o s"$&-$+ ,#$ m( resu%" $+ $+&orre&" or $+&o+s$s"e+" re)$+s.

T-p#1 o/ D0. I,'0+or1

L#:#r T-p# 0, P.u*#r T-p#


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F* 6

PL!NGER TYPE DIAL INDICATOR

A p%u+er moes $+ +) ou" !rom "#e bo)( o!

"#e $+)$&"or +) ro""es "#e mesur$+ +ee)%eo+ )$% !&e. %u+er "(pe 7 usu%%( #e

e$"#er 1S or 2S r+e +) re &%$br"e) $+

$+&reme+"s o! .001S. A sm%%er )$% re)s e

reo%u"$o+ o! "#e %rer )$% $+ $+&reme+"s o!

0.100S. T#e ou"er bee% ro""es +) "ur+s "#e+umer$& s&%e ,$"# $" so "#" (ou &+ se" "#e

$+)$&"or "o ero " +( p%u+er pos$"$o+.

Here re some "#$+s (ou &+ use p%u+er "(pe $+)$&"or !or:

Ce+"er$+ &(%$+)r$&% s"o&- $+ @B3, u&- 7e"erm$+$+ &&ur&( o! %"#e or m$%% %$+me+" 7e"erm$+$+ ru+ou" o! %"#e sp$+)%e +) u&-s A%$+$+ s"o&- !or m$%%$+ Mo+$"or$+ )ep"# o! )r$%%e) #o%es

Mo+$"or$+ er"$&% moeme+" o! m$%%$+ #e)


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7e"erm$+$+ $! e)es o! re&"+u%r ,or-p$e&e re pr%%e%

A 7 p%u+er $+)$&"or se" up "o &e+"er

bo%" $+ @B3, u&-. ! "#e bo%" $s o!!B

&e+"er' "#e p%u+er ,$%% moe $+ +) ou" s

"#e u&- ro""es. #e+ "#e bo%" $s

proper%( &e+"ere) "#ere ,$%% be %$""%e or +o

moeme+" o! "#e p%u+er +) "#e +ee)%e

o! "#e p%u+er ,$%% moe o+%( .001 or %ess.

9see !$ 1

F* 6


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9

F* 6


158/161

F* 6


159/161

)$s"+&e !rom e+) o! ,or-p$e&e.No )3us"me+" !or ,er.

M$&rome"er Reso%u"$o+ 0.01 mm or'

,$"# er+$er 0.002 mmor LC7 mo)e% 0.001mm. A)3us"b%e !or,er. R"e" or !r$&"$o+"#$mb%e $%b%e "o $)

&o+s"+" !ee%;

M$&rome"er #e) %$m$"e) "o

2> mm r+e. 6epr"e$+s"rume+"s re8u$re) $+s"eps o! 2> mm or b( us$+$+"er+eb%e +$%s

CONCL!SION+ &o+&%us$o+' ,e;e %er+" bou" "#e r$ous oper"$o+s be$+ per!orme)

o+ "#e be+ su s C#$pp$+' 5$%%$+' 6&rp$+' Gr$+)$+' 6,$+'

Mr-$+ ou"' 7r$%%$+' Rem$+' Tpp$+' 7$es e"&.


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e #e %so %er+" bou" "#e s!e +) e!!e&"$e ,(s o! us$+ "#e

r$ous #+) "oo%s

e %so %er+" bou" #o, "o mesure ,$"# m$&rome"er' er+$er ue')$% ues +) %eer "(pe "es" $+)$&"ors.

REFERENCE

A+ +"ro)u&"$o+ "o 4e+ 5$""$+

Roer L. T$m$+s

Ke$"# 5r+&$s

Lo+m+ Group


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1@ 9E+"r ub%$&"$o+s

#""p://mmu.$&.po%(u.e)u.#-/#+)ou"/0101/0101.#"m or-s#op ro&esses' r&"$&es +) M"er$%s

5our"# e)$"$o+

94ru&e J. 4%&-

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