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Benchmarking the Emissions from Queensland Alumina Limited and Rio Tinto Yarwun Alumina Refineries to Australian, Canadian, Irish and USA Alumina Refineries

Dave Campin Department of Environment and Resource Management March 2010

Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining

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Contents Abbreviations Glossary of terms Executive summary

1 Introduction 2 Information management 2.1 Hazardous air pollutants 2.2 Odour emissions 2.3 Data management 3 Comparative alumina refining emission estimates, based on Queensland

Alumina Limited’s plant (QAL) operating at 3,950,000 tonnes per annum and Rio Tinto Yarwun’s plant (RTAY) operating at 1,400,000 tonnes per annum.

3.1 Data presentation Figures 1 to 37 4 NPI emission estimation method Table 1 World summary of alumina refining and emission recording Table 2 Pollutant release and transfer register and reporting information for alumina refining Table 3 Industry classification schemes and alumina refining identification Table 4 Comprehensive atmospheric contaminant list for the Gladstone/Calliope Air-shed Table 5 Full list of contaminants reported to pollutant release and transfer

registers for alumina refining and reported facility average emission rates

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Abbreviations

AAEET Approved alternate emission estimation techniqueANZSIC Australia and New Zealand Standard Industrial

Classification DM Direct measurement EC European Union ECAL Engineering calculation EF Emission factor EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPER European Pollutant Emission Register ERA Environmentally relevant activity g/yr Grams per year kg/yr Kilograms per year MB Mass balance M.tonnes Millions of tonnes NACE Nomenclature statistique des Activites

economiques dans la Communaute Europienne NPI National Pollutant Inventory NPRI National Pollutant Release Inventory PRTR Pollutant Release and Transfer Register SI Système International: international system of

units of measurement SIC Standard Industry Classification TRI Toxics Release Inventory USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

Glossary of terms

1st quartile The value in a set of numbers below which occurs a quarter (25%) of those numbers

3rd quartile The value in a set of numbers below which occurs three quarters (75%) of those numbers

Addinsoft XlStat A proprietary statistical computer program that runs as an adjunct to Microsoft Excel

Air quality modelling Mathematical modelling of air quality (for this study, identifying ground level concentrations) using a digital elevation model of the terrain, actual weather data and values for air-borne contaminants, derived from emission estimates or real-time values from monitoring equipment

Airshed A defined space of the atmosphere with factors of common interest such as topographical constraints or emission sources

Alumina The form of aluminium oxide used to produce aluminium metal in an electrometallurgical smelter

Analyte suite A suite of elementally related compounds (eg. cadmium and compounds) or a suite of compounds that have common characteristics (eg. volatile organic compounds)

Approved alternate emission estimation technique

A method approved by the Environmental Protection Agency to estimate the emission of a certain contaminant based on specific testing undertaken at the site in question

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Arithmetic mean The sum of all the numbers in a population divided by the total number of the population

Australia and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification

The industry classification system operated by the Commonwealth of Australia to describe economic activity and used to characterise activities under the NPI

Black coal High thermal value, low moisture coal, ideally suited for power generation, common in northern Australia, USA and some parts of Europe. It is distinct from brown coal (or lignite) which has much lower thermal value and commonly has a very high moisture content requiring significant pre-drying before use as fuel. This is more prevalent in Victorian coal fields and in Europe.

Box plot A statistical and graphical representation of a population

Bunkering The supply of bulk oil as fuel for shipping Burden The load of contaminants emitted to a sector of

the environment: air, land or water Clean and Healthy Air for Gladstone A joint Environmental Protection Agency &

Queensland Health Program established by the Premier of Queensland in 2007 to investigate links between atmospheric emissions and health outcomes in the Gladstone/Calliope region

Compound A chemical comprising various elements Contaminant Contaminant is defined in the Environmental

Protection Act 1994 as (a) a gas, liquid or solid; or (b) an odour; or (c) an organism (whether alive or dead),

including a virus; or (d) energy, including noise, heat,

radioactivity and electromagnetic radiation; or

(e) a combination of contaminants. Contaminant suite Some contaminants are defined by their common

characteristics such as volatile organic compounds (organic chemicals that readily enter the atmosphere at 25oC)

Diffuse In respect to air contaminants, sources such as motor vehicles are described as diffuse. They tend to be area based sources rather than point sources

Direct measurement Direct measurement is a method of estimating emissions based on the actual measurement of gas flows and the analysis of contaminant concentration levels in that gas stream such that the emission rate can be calculated.

Emission The release of contaminants Emission estimate A method of estimating the rate of release of

contaminants Emission factor Emission factors are sector based method used

to estimate emissions based on a factor (derived from testing undertaken elsewhere) relative to units of production (eg. grams per giga-watt.hour or grams per tonne).

Emission rate The annual emission rate given in kilogram per year

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Engineering calculation Engineering calculations are a method of estimating emissions based on standard conditions related to the process for example the generation of nitrous oxides relative to the fuel load and process conditions of a furnace

European Pollutant Emission Register The pollutant release and transfer register administered by the European Environment Agency for the European Union

Facility A description covering the entire site and all the activities of an operation such as a power station or smelter

Fugitive In respect to air contaminants, these are emissions from a facility that may enter the atmosphere from uncontrolled sources such as roof vents, tank vents, drains, vehicle, stockpiles, doors etc

Health outcome An adverse response requiring clinical attention Inorganics Chemicals other than organic chemicals Mass balance A mass balance is a method of estimating

emissions based on known behaviour of chemicals as they move through a process. The application may be useful where the contaminant of interest may be present at low concentrations but where the mass throughput is high. For example some metals present at trace levels in coal are entirely vaporised in combustion, hence if the input (grams per tonne and millions of tonnes of coal per year) can be measured, the emission rate can be calculated (grams per year).

Mean The arithmetic mean of the population Median The mid point of a population when ranked from

low to high Metalloid An element that demonstrates some properties

similar to metals such as arsenic or cobalt Microsoft Excel A proprietary computer program used to sort and

calculate data Nameplate capacity Nameplate capacity is the maximum continuous

rated grid-supply capacity of a electrical generating system and usually given as megawatts

National Pollutant Inventory The pollutant release and transfer register operated by the Commonwealth of Australia

National Pollutant Release Inventory The pollutant release and transfer register operated by the Government of Canada

Nomenclature statistique des Activites economiques dans la Communaute Europienne

The industry classification system operated by the European Union to describe economic activity and used to characterise activities under the EPER

Number of observations Refers to the total number of records for that contaminant

Other estimation method An emission estimation method other than direct measurement

Organics Chemicals with the common characteristic of containing carbon (eg. sugar, petrol, timber, LPG)

Organohalogen Chemicals with the common characteristic of containing carbon and a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine etc)

Point source A fixed point at a facility from where contaminants are released

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Pollutant A contaminant Pollutant release and transfer register A pollutant release and transfer register is a

publicly available register maintained by a government to record hazardous pollutant releases to the environment and other movements of contaminants. Data is usually recorded on an annual basis. The emission sources may be specifically identified activities (eg power station) or area based emissions such as road transport

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are organic compounds (carbon based) which include only carbon and hydrogen with a structure of fused rings. They contain at least two fused benzene (six sided) rings. They may contain other rings of carbon that are not six sided. Most do not dissolve easily into water, but some readily evaporate into the air. Most do not burn easily [Source NPI]. Common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are materials such as bitumen tars and mothballs

Population A related collection of values Primary aluminium smelting The manufacture of aluminium from alumina as

distinct from the secondary manufacture of aluminium from scrap

Primary fuel The principal fuel used in the process Specific emission An emission value related to a unit of production

such as grams per tonne or grams per gigawatt.hour

Stack A vent which is a point source. Collectively, for a PRTR, “Stack” encompasses all such point sources for a given facility

Standard Industrial Classification Scheme The industry classification system operated by the United States of America and Canada, used to describe economic activity and used to characterise activities under the TRI and NPRI

Toxics Release Inventory The pollutant release and transfer register operated by the United States of America by the USEPA

Transfer In respect to PRTRs, a transfer occurs when the contaminant changes ownership

Unit operation A unit operation is a chemical engineering term referring to a basic step in a process. It could refer to steps such as combustion, distillation, casting, cooling etc. The combination of each step makes up a process but each step has a different emission profile.

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Benchmarking Queensland Alumina Limited (QAL) and Rio Tinto

Yarwun (RTAY) Alumina Refineries’ Emissions to Australian, Canadian, Irish and USA Alumina Refineries

Executive Summary

• In 2007, the Queensland Premier initiated a major study titled Clean and Healthy Air for

Gladstone examining possible health impacts related to atmospheric emissions of contaminants from activities in the Gladstone/Calliope Shires. This report contributes to that study.

• This report provides atmospheric contaminant emission estimates (as both kilograms per year

and grams per tonne of product) for alumina refineries, drawing on publicly accessible data from Australia, Canada, Ireland and USA.

• Both QAL and RTAY at Gladstone rely substantially on direct measurement as the basis for

their reporting of emissions to the National Pollutant Inventory. Such estimates have the highest level of confidence when compared to other methods such as the use of emission factors.

• This benchmarking document groups pollutants into four broad types: metals and metalloids;

organics; organohalogens; and inorganics.

• For metals and metalloids, emissions reporting appear to be consistent with reports from comparable facilities. However, further assessment of mercury emissions, is warranted.

• In respect to organics, a number of contaminants are identified in reports by QAL and RTAY.

Acetaldehyde is a contaminant particularly associated with odorous emissions from alumina refining activities. No data is reported for RTAY for acetaldehyde.

• In respect to organohalogens, only one contaminant suite (polychlorinated dioxins and furans)

is identified in reports by QAL and RTAY.

• In respect to inorganics, the reported values are generally within expected bounds. The values reported by RTAY for oxides of nitrogen are low due to the use of low-NOx technology.

• Information from this report has been used by Queensland Health to inform the selection of a

list of hazardous air pollutants that are more likely to give rise to adverse health outcomes in the general population.

Dave Campin Department of Environment and Resource Management

March 2010

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1 Introduction This analysis compares publicly available data from the QAL and RTAY refineries (the refineries) to similar emission data reported to Australian and other national pollutant release and transfer registers. It presents detailed comparative information across a wide range of contaminants1, not all of these are reported nor are they currently required to be reported, by the refineries to the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI). The analysis provides information for the development of a priority list of hazardous air pollutants and an input to air quality models, as a precursor to a formal health impact risk assessment of industrial emissions to the Gladstone air-shed. National pollutant release and transfer registers2 provide the only readily available source of information upon which international benchmarking of a range of industry types can be based. Each system is not without its individual problems but we live in an age of uncertainty and we have to exploit the information mindful of this fact, and step forward clearly identifying the constraints. Alumina is the precursor material used for the manufacture of aluminium and as a high temperature, relatively inert refractory material. Alumina is also used as a specialist material for other industrial operations. The manufacture of alumina in Australia is based on the “Bayer Process” where in simple terms, raw bauxite is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) under elevated temperature and pressure. The alumina solution is clarified and precipitated. The precipitate is then roasted at high temperature in a calciner to produce the pure, fine white powder known as alumina. Emissions may arise from the storage and burning of fuels to provide energy to the process operations, from the digestion operations involving sodium hydroxide solution, the clarification and precipitation processes and emissions from the final calcining process. Due to the very large quantities of bauxite that is processed in these two world-scale operations, low concentrations of contaminants in the bauxite (for example soil) may be released at levels that can become of concern, particularly where the contaminants may be concentrated as a result of recirculation in the process and due to their chemical transformation into highly odorous compounds. Precipitated contaminants, that are predominantly iron compounds, are pumped to major waste dam facilities and are known as “red mud”. It is noted that RTAY utilise a different digestion process whereby organic non-condensible gases are delivered to the boilers for destruction, thus lowering the specific emissions of odorous volatile organics in particular. Refining of alumina is largely restricted to those countries that hold resources of bauxite given that the market value of alumina is relatively low (~US$320 tonne-Chalco. Jakarta Times, 20/1/09,). The following table provides a summary of world alumina production3. Values for outputs are from the open information source Wikipedia and also the International Aluminium Institute, however, neither sets of data provide a complete picture of output. Table 1 World summary of alumina refining and emission recording

Country Number of refineries

National output

tonnes per annum

Aggregated reported

production for 20084

Pollutant release and transfer register?

Australia 7 21,232,000 19,728,000 Yes, NPI Guinea 1 755,000 595,000 No

USA 4 5,455,000 6,160,000 Yes, TRI

1 Contaminant is defined in the Environmental Protection Act 1994 as

(a) a gas, liquid or solid; or (b) an odour; or (c) an organism (whether alive or dead), including a virus; or (d) energy, including noise, heat, radioactivity and electromagnetic radiation; or (e) a combination of contaminants.

2 A pollutant release and transfer register is a publicly available register maintained by a government to record hazardous pollutant releases to the environment and other movements of pollutants. Data is usually recorded on an annual basis. The emission sources may be specifically identified activities (eg power station) or area based emissions such as road transport. 3 Wikipedia, sighted 15th January 2009, calling on a variety of corporate and UN data sources 4 International Aluminium Institute statistics,

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Canada 3 1,600,000 Yes, NPRI Brazil 4 2,970,000 No

Jamaica 4 4,400,000 No Suriname 1 2,200,000 No Venezuela 1 2,000,000

15,768,000

No China 23 21,673,000 No Japan No data No data Yes

South Korea No data No data No data Azerbaijan No data No data No data

India 6 3,317,000 No Iran 1 280,000 No

Kazakhstan 1 1,540,000 No Turkey 1 200,000

5,993,000

Yes, EPER France 4 1,144,000 Yes, EPER

Germany 2 678,000 Yes, EPER Greece 1 830,000 Yes, EPER Ireland 1 1,900,000 Yes, EPER

Italy 1 1,100,000 Yes, EPER Spain 1 1,530,000

6,951,000

Yes, EPER Bosnia Herzegovina 1 600,000 No

Hungary 2 375,000 Yes, EPER Montenegro No data No data No data

Romania 1 400,000 No Russia 7 5,104,000 No Ukraine 2 1,691,000

5,301,000

No Bahrain 1 850,000 No data No Slovakia 1 180,000 No data Yes, EPER

The two major producers of Australia and China dwarf other producing countries. Aside from Australia, there is modest production in countries where there is strong support of a pollutant release and transfer register. Despite the indication that many of the countries are in the European Union and are subject to reporting to the European Pollutant Emission Register, limited or no evidence within the 2001 or 2004 EPER datasets indicates that this requirement has been met by the refineries. Information was sought from the major Russian manufacturing company Rusal (who hold significant interests in refineries across the world including Australia) but no response was received5. Emission data from Australia, Canada, Ireland and United States were compared. The pollutant release and transfer registers, numbers of alumina refineries and years of data shown in Table 2, were included: Table 2 Pollutant release and transfer register and reporting information for alumina

refining

Jurisdiction Pollutant release and transfer register Alumina refineries

Reporting years

Australia National Pollutant Inventory6 7 2001-2007 (7) Canada National Pollutant Release Inventory7 1 1994-2006 (13) Ireland European Pollutant Emissions Register8 1 2004 (1) USA Toxics Release Inventory9 4 1988-2005 (18)

Under each register, the reporting facility has a degree of flexibility in its derivation of emissions estimates. Usually, when an industry sector is included under a register, the coordinating organisation

5 Email to Rusal from EPA, 9/9/2008 6 http://npi.gov.au 7 http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri/npri_home_e.cfm 8 http://eper.eea.europa.eu/eper/ 9 http://www.epa.gov/tri/

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http://npi.gov.au/

http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri/npri_home_e.cfm

http://eper.eea.europa.eu/eper/

http://www.epa.gov/tri/

Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining develops reporting manuals that provide emission estimation methodology, including emission factors10 for each of the unit operations11 employed by the industry. Alternatively the administering authority may develop manuals for particular compounds or groups of compounds. These emission factors have been derived from original research, usually undertaken by a government entity12 or industry research group13. Emission estimation factors tend to be transferred from one organisation to another, across international borders, and may prevail, somewhat independent of technology advances. The factors may also contain errors (measurements are expensive) not readily identified when only comparing data within the same national jurisdiction. International benchmarking, however, provides an opportunity to expose such anomalies. Reporting thresholds under the NPI are based on the usage of the pollutant by the facility. Usage is defined as meaning “the handling, manufacture, import, processing, coincidental production or other uses of the substances”. Substances have been allocated to different categories depending on their risk to health or environment with “use” levels varying through 10 tonnes (Category 1) and 25 tonnes (Category 1a) down to 5 kilograms (Category 1b). Under this broad meaning, if a pollutant is inadvertently produced in one part of the process and subsequently removed by another process (for example by incinerating) the activity must report that substance, even though the actual loss to the environment may be very low. The reason for this reporting is to cover the potential situation that could arise if that secondary (mitigating) process were not available (for example if a primary air pollution control device is disabled and there is no process redundancy14). Each jurisdiction has an industry classification scheme used to uniquely identify industry sectors. The classes shown in Table 3 were used to identify alumina refineries reporting to the related database. Table 3 Industry classification schemes and alumina refining identification

Jurisdiction System Activity Number

Australia Australia and New Zealand Standard Industry Classification (ANZSIC)15

213116

Alumina production

European Union (EC) Nomenclature statistique des Activities economiques dans la Communaute Europienne (NACE)17

24.42 Production of aluminium oxide

(alumina)

Canada and USA Standard Industrial Classification scheme (SIC)18

2819 Industrial inorganic chemicals

nec. The presentation of information in these registers for alumina refining is somewhat problematic. The data returns for alumina refineries lodged in the EPER, the NPRI and TRI are limited and provide poor coverage of the range of pollutants that are emitted and this has severely limited the analysis for this report. Another issue is the scale of the refineries found in different countries. Australia has by far the largest operations in the world with an average annual plant capacity greater than 3 M.tonnes whereas the majority of refineries elsewhere in the world have annual capacities of less than 1 M.tonnes. As a result, comparison with the non-Australian operations is quite restricted in this analysis. 10 Emission factors can be defined as the average emission rate of a given contaminant for a given source, relative to units of activity (eg. grams per giga-watt.hour) 11 Unit operation is a chemical engineering term referring to a basic step in a process. It could refer to steps such as combustion, distillation, casting, cooling etc. The combination of each step makes up a process but each step may have a different emission profile. 12 For example: Miller SJ et al, 1996, A comprehensive assessment of toxic emissions from coal-fired power plants: Phase 1 results from the US Department of Energy Study, US Department of Energy (Contract DE-FC21-93MC30097 (Subtask 2.3.3)) 13 For example: Ito S, Yokoyama T & Asakura K, 2006, Emissions of Mercury and other trace elements from coal-fired power plants in Japan, Science of the Total Environment, 368, 397-402 14 Redundancy in terms of process operations means to provide a backup facility that will be brought into operation when the primary device fails or is taken off line 15 http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/Previousproducts/1292.0Contents11993?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1292.0&issue=1993&num=&view 16 Note that the ANZSIC numbering changed in 2006 from the previous 1999 version. 17 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nomenclatures/index.cfm?TargetUrl=LST_NOM_DTL&StrNom=NACE_REV2&StrLanguageCode=EN&IntPcKey=&StrLayoutCode=HIERARCHIC&CFID=964635&CFTOKEN=9c071271613f4e2b-684D7DB3-9708-1F43-06667404A484EF41&jsessionid=ee307a6c9b026324e44118 http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/sic.html

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http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/Previousproducts/1292.0Contents11993?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1292.0&issue=1993&num=&view

http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/Previousproducts/1292.0Contents11993?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1292.0&issue=1993&num=&view

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nomenclatures/index.cfm?TargetUrl=LST_NOM_DTL&StrNom=NACE_REV2&StrLanguageCode=EN&IntPcKey=&StrLayoutCode=HIERARCHIC&CFID=964635&CFTOKEN=9c071271613f4e2b-684D7DB3-9708-1F43-06667404A484EF41&jsessionid=ee307a6c9b026324e441



http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/sic.html


2 Information Management

2.1 Hazardous air pollutants Currently the list of substances included under the NPI is limited to 93 contaminants and thresholds are based on use or storage. Each of the pollutant release and transfer registers includes different contaminant lists due to their individual history of development. This lack of direct correspondence provides some benefit in that a wider range of contaminants can be assessed and compared. Hence, a very wide contaminant list has been collated showing reported chemicals or chemical suites for the aluminium manufacturing sector, black-coal fired power stations, alumina refineries, cement clinker manufacture, chemical manufacturing, ship bunkering and other NPI reporting activities in the Gladstone/Calliope region. Over 230 contaminants have been identified that are released into this airshed. A joint Queensland Health/Environmental Protection Agency workshop was held in November 2007 to identify those contaminants within that list that may result in a higher likelihood of adverse health outcomes in the general public in the Gladstone/Calliope area. This was to ensure resources were applied to issues of substance and inform the ambient air quality monitoring program. This report, however, is not limited and examines all contaminants identified for alumina refining facilities. The comprehensive list of contaminants from all sources is shown in Table 4. The contaminants of concern due to potential public health outcomes are highlighted pink. For each contaminant, an X indicates that a report has been submitted in one of the pollutant release and transfer registers. It does not indicate quantity or any other attribute other than a report. Much more extensive detail is found in the individual contaminant pages in Section 3 including frequency of occurrence and quantified, comparative emission rates. Table 4 Comprehensive atmospheric contaminant list for the Gladstone/Calliope Air-shed Queensland Health contaminants of concern are highlighted with pink background

SUBSTANCE Alumina Aluminium Bunkering Cement Black-coal

power station

Cyanide & Ammonium

nitrate

Gladstone Calliope Airshed

Metals and metalloids

Aluminium fume or dust X X X Antimony and compounds X X X X X Arsenic and compounds X X X X X X X Barium and compounds X X X X Beryllium and compounds X X X X X X X Boron and compounds X X X X Cadmium and compounds X X X X X X X Chromium and compounds19 3 & 6 3 & 6 3 & 6 3 & 6 3 & 6 3 & 6 3 & 6 Cobalt and compounds X X X X X X Copper and compounds X X X X X X X Lead and compounds X X X X X X X Lithium carbonate X X Magnesium oxide fume X X X X Manganese and compounds X X X X X X X Mercury and compounds X X X X X X X Molybdenum trioxide X X X Nickel and compounds X X X X X X X Selenium and compounds X X X X X X Silver and compounds X X Thallium and compounds X X X X Vanadium and compounds X X X X Zinc and compounds X X X X X X X

Organics

19 Chromium may be present as either trivalent Chromium (Cr3+) or hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+). Hexavalent Chromium compounds have much more serious health outcomes.

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power station

Cyanide & Ammonium

nitrate


Acetaldehyde X X X X Acetone X X X Acetonitrile X X Acetophenone X X Acrolein X Acrylamide X X Acrylic acid X X Acrylonitrile X 4-Aminobiphenyl X X Aniline X X Benzene X X X X X X X Biphenyl X X Bis(chloromethyl) ether X X 1,3-Butadiene X X Butyl acrylate X X n-Butyl alcohol X X X Sec-Butyl alcohol X X Tert-Butyl alcohol X X 1,2-Butylene oxide X X Carbon tetrachloride X X Chlordane X X Chloroacetic acid X X p-Chloroaniline X X Chlorobenzene X X Chlorobenzilate X Chlorodifluoromethane X X Chloroethane X Chloroform X X X Chlormethane X X Chlorophenols X X Chloroprene X X Cresols X X Creosote X X Cumene X X X X X X Cyclohexane X X X X X Cyclohexanol X X Dibutyl phthalate X X 1,2-Dichlorobenzene X X 1,3-Dichlorobenzene X X 1,4-Dichlorobenzene X X Dichlorodifluoromethane X X 1,2-Dichlorethane X X Dichloromethane X X 1,2-Dichloropropane X X Trans-1,3-Dichloropropene X X Dicyclopentadiene X X Diethanolamine X X Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate X X Diethyl phthalate X X N,N-Dimethylaniline X X 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidene X X N,N-Dimethyl formamide X X 2,4-Dimethylphenol X X Dimethyl phthalate X X Dimethyl sulfate X X m-Dinitrobenzene X X 4,6-Dintro-o-cresol X X 2,4-Dinitrophenol X X 2,4-Dinitrotoluene X X 2,6-Dinitrotoluene X X N-Dioctyl phthalate X X 1,4-Dioxane X X Ethanol X X X 2-Ethoxyethanol X X Ethyl acrylate X X Ethylbenzene X X X X X X X Ethylene glycol X X X X Ethyleneimine X X

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power station

Cyanide & Ammonium

nitrate


Ethylidene dichloride X X Formaldehyde X X X X X X X Formic acid X Freon 113 X X Certain glycol ethers X X X Heptachlor X Hexachlorobenzene X X Hexachlorocyclopentadiene X X Hexachloroethane X X n-Hexane X X X X X X X Isopropyl alcohol X X Isosafrole X X Methanol X X X Methoxychlor X X 2-Methoxyethanol X X Methyl acrylate X X Methylene chloride X Methyl ethyl ketone X X X X X Methyl isobutyl ketone X X X X Methyl methacrylate X X N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone X X Methyl tert-butyl ether X X N-Nitroaniline X X Nitrobenzene X X 2-Nitropropane X X N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine X X N-Nitrosodiphenylamine X X N-Nitrosomorpholine X Pentachlorobenzene X X Pentachlorophenol X X Perfluorocarbons X X Phenol X X X X Phthalic anhydride X X Polychlorinated alkanes X X Polychlorinated biphenyls X X X Polychlorinated dioxin and dioxin-like compounds

X X X X X

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons X X X X X X X Acenaphthylene X X Anthracene X X X Benzo(a)anthracene X X Benzo(b)fluoranthene X X Benzo(k)fluoranthene X X Benzo(g,h,i)perylene X X X X Benzo(a)pyrene X X Benzo(e)pyrene X X Dibenz(a,i,j)acridine X X Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene X X 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole X X Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene X X Fluoranthene X X Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene X X 2-Methyl naphthalene X Naphthalene X X X X Phenanthrene X X X Pyrene X X Propylene oxide X X Pyridine X X Quintozene X X Styrene X X X Styrene oxide X X 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane X X Tetrachloroethylene X X Tetrachlorvinphos X X Toluene X X X X X X X Toluene diisocyanate X X Toxaphene X X 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene X X

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power station

Cyanide & Ammonium

nitrate


1,1,1-Trichloroethane X X X 1,1,2-Trichloroethane X X Trichloroethylene X X X X Trichlorofluromethane X X Triethylamine X X X 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene X X X X 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene X Vinyl acetate X X X Vinyl chloride X Volatile Organic Compounds X X X X X X X Xylenes X X X X X X X

Inorganics Ammonia X X X X X X Carbon dioxide X X X X Carbon disulfide X X X Carbon monoxide X X X X X X Carbonyl sulphide X X Chlorine X X X X X Chlorine dioxide X X Cyanides X X X X Fluoride compounds X X X X X X Hydrochloric acid X X X X X X X Hydrogen sulfide X Nitric acid X X Oxides of nitrogen X X X X X X X PM - Total Particulate Matter X X PM10 - Particulate Matter X X X X X X X PM2.5 - Particulate Matter X X X Potassium bromate X X Phosphoric acid X X Sulfuric acid X X X X X Sulfur dioxide X X X X X X X Coal dust X

Radionuclides Thorium X X Uranium X X 2.2 Odour emissions One of the more pronounced aspects of alumina refining is the emission of odours from various locations through the process. Odours are generated in the digestion process through the interactions of organic constituents (natural materials that are imported with the raw bauxite) with the sodium hydroxide solution, under elevated temperatures and pressures. Odour complaints have been long asserted by residents adjacent to alumina refining operations. The harsh aldehyde smell is distinct to alumina refining. QAL has undertaken odour surveys over several years but published information20 does not identify process sources or emission rates. QAL has implemented engineering changes to reduce odour emissions from the digestion area through incineration. Their estimate was that a 40% reduction was achieved. The processes used by RTAY separate odour sources and directs a major portion of these to incineration. Due to ongoing impacts upon small communities in Western Australia from the Alcoa operation at Wagerup, extremely detailed surveys of odours before and after engineering changes in the plant, were commissioned by Alcoa and published in peer reviewed literature21. Some 17 process sources were assessed for over 600 individual components falling within 17 classes of compounds. As well as assessing the odour strength through the use of dynamic olfactometry the studies also measured mass emission rates of the compounds. Sources identified by the Wagerup study included the following: 20 Tomlins M et al, 2007, Source apportionment of odour impacts from Queensland Alumina Limited, Gladstone, 14th IUAPPA conference, Brisbane. 21 Coffey PS & Ioppolo-Armanios M, 2004, Identification of the odour and chemical composition of alumina refinery air emissions, Water Science and Teechnology, V50, No 4 pp39-47

16


• Digester vacuum pumps • Digestion stack blow off • Digestion seal water • Mud thickeners • Mud washer overflow • Calciner vacuum pumps • Calciner stacks • Cooling towers • Clarified green liquor storage • Causticisation tanks • Liquor burning stack • Oxalate stack • Slurry storage tank

The majority of these sources would be regarded as fugitive emission sources and, unless specifically requested, emissions would be estimated rather than measured (if at all). The principal odour causing substance identified in the Wagerup study was acetaldehyde, which was attributed with over 98% of the odour emission measured as odour units (dynamic olfactometry). Other constituents contributing to the emission of odours include various aldehydes such as propenal, acrolein, and formaldehyde and other species such as ammonia and mercaptans. QAL and RTAY have undertaken odour surveys and developed solutions to reduce odour emissions by burning those gas streams at high temperatures, however, substantial emissions of odours are continuing to be emitted from the refineries. Acetaldehyde, acrolein, formaldehyde and ammonia are compounds of concern in this study. 2.3 Data management Each of the emission release and transfer registers presents its data in a different manner with specific attributes and constraints. National Pollutant Inventory – Australia Data is available in Microsoft Excel format and can be directly searched for ANZSIC class and the data downloaded. The emission data is aggregated into total burdens22 to air, land or water. Both point source and fugitive emission estimates are segregated at the facility level. Transfers (eg. movements of waste) are to be reported for the 2008 year. The method used for estimating emission values is provided at the individual facility level in the database. Emissions are all reported as kilograms per year. National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) – Canada This data is held in Microsoft Access databases and requires considerable manipulation to get it into a useful format. Some transfer data is included. The emission data is reported variously in tonnes or kilograms per year. The methodology used for developing emission estimates cannot be readily identified. European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) – European Union The EPER presently collates information from 25 member states whereas the 2001 report reported only 16 states. The data format is similar to the NPI, downloadable as .csv files. The data is in the total burden form (air, land & water) with no transfer data. The files include primary and secondary industry type (NACE) identification. The method used for determining emission values is presented with the main download of data. Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) – USA The TRI website has a search facility called TRI Explorer23 that allows for SIC activity number searches and the download of individual facility data, somewhat more convoluted than the NPI but necessary due to the size of the files. Included on each XML file are a large number of reports on

22 For example, the air emissions will include both emissions from the plants principal exhaust stacks and other emissions classed as fugitive. 23 http://www.epa.gov/triexplorer/

17

http://www.epa.gov/triexplorer/

Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining transfers to a range of destinations and details of both stack and fugitive emissions. The detailed data is reported in pounds per year requiring conversion to SI units. A word of warning, the summary dioxin data (only) is reported in the TRI downloads as grams whereas data for each year is reported as pounds. The method used for estimating emission values cannot be readily identified but it can be inferred from number rounding (eg, 250 lbs or 500 lbs) whereas direct measurement is usually represented by odd numbers (eg. 457). Table 5 shows the full range of contaminants for alumina refining reported under all of the pollutant release and transfer registers. The reporting is current at 2007 specifications (ie. The contaminant list posted by the agency responsible for the PRTR). Various contaminants have had changes to definitions and new contaminants have been included or modified, responding to re-evaluation of environmental effects. This is particularly influencing the scope of the TRI, which has been in operation since 1988. The contaminants are grouped under similar characteristics. Table 5 also indicates reference to the figures given in Section 3. Absence of a Figure reference is due to a low number of reports, usually 4 or less, where statistical analysis is not appropriate. The jurisdictions are indicated with corresponding data extending across the page to the right. The number of observations refers to the data reports in the respective pollutant release and transfer register. The mean specific emission for each contaminant (grams per tonne of product) has been calculated based upon the average emission divided by the average plant capacity in that jurisdiction. The mean annual emission (kilograms per year) is a derivative of the mean specific emission on an equivalent basis relative to the plant capacity for QAL and RTAY respectively.

18

Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining Table 5 Full list of contaminants reported to pollutant release and transfer registers for alumina refining and reported facility average emission rates Measured Queensland Health contaminants of concern are highlighted with pink background Additional contaminants to be measured in the Gladstone Calliope airshed, are posted in brown.

Substance Figure Country Number of observations

Mean specific

emission (g/tonne)

Mean annual emission

kg/yr

Metals and metalloids Antimony and compounds QAL 1 0.001 Arsenic and compounds 4 QAL

RTAY Aus

6 3

30

0.006 0.006 0.031

25 9

44-120 Beryllium and compounds 5 QAL

RTAY Aus

6 2

30

0.00013 0.00025 0.00087

1 3

0-1 Boron and compounds 6 QAL

RTAY Aus

6 2 3

1.1 0.24

0.034

4,200 332

47-133 Cadmium and compounds 7 QAL

RTAY Aus

6 3

30

0.004 0.002 0.016

16 3

65-182 Chromium (III) and compounds 10 QAL

RTAY Aus

6 3

30

0.045 0.081 0.14

180 110

190-550 Chromium (VI) and compounds 11 QAL

RTAY Aus

6 3

30

0.00039 0.00030 0.0023

2 0.42

14-41 Cobalt and compounds 12 QAL

RTAY Aus

6 3

30

0.011 0.011 0.024

45 16

34-97 Copper and compounds 13 QAL

RTAY Aus

6 2

29

0.022 0.025 0.029

88 35

41-115 Lead and compounds 19 QAL

RTAY Aus USA

6 3

30 12

0.012 0.012 0.020 0.002

49 17

28-79

Magnesium oxide fume 20 Aus 5 0.004-0.24 Manganese and compounds 21 QAL

RTAY Aus

6 2

30

0.14 0.003 0.16

540 5

220-2,500 Mercury and compounds 22 QAL

RTAY Aus USA

6 3

30 23

0.052 0.001 0.11

0.082

210 2

150-420

Mercury emission values reported for RTAY appear very low relative to QAL and other Australian operations. Nickel and compounds 26 QAL

RTAY Aus

6 3

30

0.024 0.064 0.33

93 90

460-1,300 Selenium and compounds 31 RTAY

Aus 1

18 0.0045 0.011

1 15

Zinc and compounds 37 QAL RTAY Aus

6 3

30

0.11 0.17

0.096

440 230

130-380 Organics

Acetaldehyde 1 QAL Aus

2 23

4.9 7.0

19,000 9,800-28,000

Absence of acetaldehyde data for RTAY is of concern due to extreme odour characteristic and typical emission values for alumina refineries. Acetone 2 QAL

Aus 3

23 3.7 20

15,000 15,000-79,000

Benzene Aus 4 0-7.5 Cumene Aus 4 0.0007-0.0038 Cyclohexane 14 Aus 4 0.003-0.26 Ethanol 15 QAL 3 0.027-6.2 Ethyl benzene Aus 4 0.0026-0.054

19


Substance Figure Country Number of observations

Mean specific

emission (g/tonne)

Mean annual emission

kg/yr

Formaldehyde 17 QAL RTAY Aus

2 3

21

1.7 1.1 7.2

6,600 1,600

10,000-28,000 n-Hexane 25 Aus 8 2.7 11,000 Methanol 23 Aus 4 4.0-6.0 Methyl ethyl ketone 24 Aus 13 6.5 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

30 QAL RTAY Aus Can

6 3

30 8

0.036 0.022 0.059

22

140 27

110-320

Toluene 34 RTAY Aus

3 7

0.70 1.5

Volatile organic compounds 35 QAL RTAY Aus Can

6 3

30 6

35 92 47 22

140,000 130,000

65,000-180,000

Xylenes (mixed isomers) 36 RTAY Aus

3 7

0.090 0.16

Organohalogens Polychlorinated dioxins and furans (NOTE data is in grams)

29 QAL RTAY Aus

6 3

30

0.00021 0.000046 0.00013

0.82 0.065

0.18-0.50 Inorganics

Ammonia (total) 3 Aus 21 9.1 30,000-86,000 Carbon monoxide 8 QAL

RTAY Aus Can

6 3

30 6

470 34

380 6,400

1,900,000 1,200,000

440,000-1,900,000

Chlorine 9 Can USA

4 9

0.46 0.033

Fluorides 16 QAL RTAY Aus Can USA

6 3

30 13 19

14 11 2.2 15 5.7

55,000 15,000

3,100-8,700

Hydrochloric acid 18 QAL RTAY Aus Can USA

6 2

27 6 8

6.4 0.049 0.004

5.6 0.094

25,000 69

5-15

Oxides of nitrogen 27 QAL RTAY Aus

6 3

30

2,400 360 700

9,500,000 510,000

980,000-2,800,000 Particulate matter (PM10) 28 QAL

RTAY Aus Can

6 3

30 5

320 53

200 150

1,300,000 75,000

270,000-770,000

Sulfur dioxide 32 QAL RTAY Aus Can

6 3

30 6

1,100 350

2,400 710

4,400,000 490,000

3,300,000-9,400,000

Sulfuric acid 33 QAL RTAY Aus USA

3 1

23 6

9.7 0.0000 0.0011

38

38,000 0

2-4

20


3 Comparative alumina refining emission estimates, based on Queensland Alumina Limited’s plant (QAL) operating at 3,950,000 tonnes per annum and Rio Tinto Yarwun’s plant (RTAY) operating at 1,400,000 tonnes per annum.

3.1 Data presentation Detailed analyses of each contaminant are included in Figures 1 to 37, with tabular and graphical presentations. Contaminants are listed in alphabetical order. For each contaminant there are three representations of the data. A table describes the numerical ranges of actual emissions in kg/year calculated on the annual capacity of the refinery operation for each of the national jurisdictions and the number of alumina refineries. The ranges extend from the best performer (lowest number) up to the worst. Comparative Australian emissions are given at the rates of each plant (ie. Aus-QAL and Aus-RTAY). The box plot in the middle of the page is based on the same underlying data but is given as a specific rate of grams per tonne of alumina produced. Explanation of the box plot is presented below. The plots main use is to easily compare sets of data. The bar chart at the bottom of the page shows just the Australian data also at the specific emission rate. It shows all the individual data points and the how the value was estimated. A clear bar indicates the value was determined through actual direct measurement whereas the maroon bars indicate values were generated using one of a number of other methods. Actual measurements tend to be less represented as they are inherently more expensive to achieve but confidence in their representation of the truth is somewhat higher. If a bar chart shows clear bars scattered across the range of data (such as Figure 4 for Arsenic and compounds) then it is reasonable to assume the two estimation techniques are fairly well aligned. Atmospheric emission data from each pollutant release and transfer register was extracted and placed in Microsoft Excel files. Data from these files were then merged into a single file. Individual pollutants were analysed using the statistical program XlStat 2008 (Addinsoft) on a Hewlitt Packard xw 4400 workstation. For this benchmarking study, population comparison statistics were derived with both simple population descriptive values (as tables) and accompanying box-plots. Specific emissions (grams per tonne) for each plant were derived using publicly report annual production rates. For each particular contaminant the following information is given:

• Emission rate – the annual emission rate given in kg/yr • Analyte suite – this may be a single compound (eg magnesium oxide), cover a suite of

elementally related compounds (eg. cadmium and compounds) or cover a suite of compounds that have common characteristics (eg. volatile organic compounds)

• Number of observations – refers to the total number of entries for that analyte suite in the register (for each country), where an estimate of 0 is recorded, this is assessed as an observation and included when used to determine the various statistics

• Minimum and maximum value – the minimum and maximum estimates • 1st quartile, median and 3rd quartile – these are values reflecting the 25%ile, 50%ile

and 75%ile values of the population • Mean – the arithmetic mean of the population • Range - minimum to maximum value

Box plots provide similar information to the table but in a visual form and allow rapid comparison of different populations. The following is given on the plot:

• Minimum and maximum – are shown as small blue dots at the bottom and top of the range

• 3rd quartile – the top of the enclosed rectangular box is the 3rd quartile limit (ie 75% of the population is below that value and 25% above that value)

• Median - the line within the box is the median, 50% of the population is above and 50% below this value

• 1st quartile – the bottom of the box is the 25%ile

21


• Whisker – a whisker line extends both upward and downward from the box with a small horizontal line at the ends. These lines represent the statistical limits beyond which values are considered anomalous24

• Mean – is the red cross For contaminant suites such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, detailed lists of individual compounds are given and those that are listed under all the pollutant release and transfer registers are highlighted in yellow for information only. Where there is competent data from the NPI25, bar graphs are provided indicating the spread of data. Emission estimation techniques are indicated on the graph with a hollow bar showing direct measurement and filled bars representing other techniques. For some box plots upper extremes are excluded as they may be so far off the plot as to diminish representation of other populations. Similarly with some of the bar charts, some data is off scale. Both of these extreme sets of value are usually outside expected limits and are probably not valid. Queensland Health Contaminants of concern are highlighted with pink

24 Lower limit: Linf = X(i) such that {X(i) – [Q1 - 1.5 (Q3 – Q1)]} is minimum and X(i) ≥ Q1 – (Q3 – Q1); and for the upper limit: Lsup = X(i) such that {X(i) – [Q3 + 1.5 (Q3 – Q1)]} is minimum and X(i) ≤ Q3 + (Q3 – Q1). 25 More than five data point are deemed a competent set of data.

22

Department of Environment and Resource Management Benchmarking Bayer-process alumina refining Figure 1 Acetaldehyde

kg/yr Source QAL26 Aus - QAL27 Aus - RTAY27

Number of observations

2 23 0

Minimum 11,000 4 2 1st quartile 15,000 23,000 8,100 Median 19,000 27,000 9,500 3rd quartile 23,000 34,000 12,000 Maximum 27,000 63,000 22,000 Arithmetic mean 19,000 28,000 9,800 Range 16,000 63,000 22,000

A cetaldehydeA lumina ref ining

Aus QAL0

5

10

15

20

NPI reported emissions - AcetaldehydeAlumina refining

0

5

10

15

20

Gove 07

QAL 06

Worsley 05

Wagerup 03

Worsley 04

Worsley 07

Wagerup 04

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 05

Wagerup 05

Wagerup 07

Worsley 06

QAL 07

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 05

Wagerup 06

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 07

Wagerup 02

Pinjarra 07

Pinjarra 02

Pinjarra 06

Kwinana 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)

EF

Unfilled column – direct measurement; Filled column – some other estimation method

26 This column reflects data reported by the refinery over several years. 27 This column reflects data reported by other Australian refineries but adjusted to reflect the production capacity of each of the Gladstone refineries. Hence, the two values are quite different due to production capacities of 1,400,000 and 3,950,000 t/yr.

23


Figure 2 Acetone

kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL Aus - RTAY Number of observations

3 23 0

Minimum 13,000 22,000 7,600 1st quartile 14,000 50,000 18,000 Median 16,000 64,000 23,000 3rd quartile 16,000 109,000 39,000 Maximum 16,000 170,000 61,000 Arithmetic mean 15,000 79,000 28,000 Range 3,400 150,000 53,000

A ceto neA lumina ref ining

Aus QAL0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

NPI reported emissions - AcetoneAlumina refining

0

10

20

30

40

50

QAL 02

QAL 06

QAL 07

Worsley 05

Worsley 06

Worsley 07

Pinjarra 07

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 07

Kwinana 03

Worsley 04

Pinjarra 06

Pinjarra 02

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 05

Pinjarra 03

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 06

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 05

Wagerup 04

Wagerup 02

Kwinana 02

Worsley 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


24


Figure 3 Ammonia (total) kg/yr Source Aus - QAL Aus - RTAY Number of observations 0 0 Minimum 12,000 4,100 1st quartile 29,000 10,000 Median 36,000 13,000 3rd quartile 40,000 14,000 Maximum 97,000 34,000 Arithmetic mean 36,000 13,000 Range 86,000 30,000

A mmo nia ( to tal)A lumina ref ining

0

5

10

15

20

25

Spec

ific e

mis

sion

(g/to

nne)

NPI reported emissions - Ammonia (total)

Alumina refining

0

10

20

30

40

50

Pinjarra 07

Wagerup 04

Wagerup 05

Worsley 05

Kwinana 07

Wagerup 02

Wagerup 03

Worsley 06

Wagerup 06

Pinjarra 02

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 02

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 05

Pinjarra 06

Worsley 07

Wagerup 07

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


25


Figure 4 Arsenic and compounds

kg/yr Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations

6 30 3 30

Minimum 5 29 6 10 1st quartile 7 92 7 32 Median 14 122 8 43 3rd quartile 44 163 10 58 Maximum 60 204 12 72 Arithmetic mean 25 123 9 44 Range 55 175 6 62

A rsenic and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

NPI reported emissions - Arsenic & compoundsAlumina refining

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

QAL 07

QAL 05

QAL 04

Yarwun 05

QAL 06

Yarwun 06

Worsley 07

Yarwun 07

Worsley 05

QAL 02

Worsley 04

QAL 03

Pinjarra 07

Wagerup 03

Gove 07

Pinjarra 05

Gove 06

Wagerup 02

Wagerup 04

Gove 05

Gove 02

Gove 03

Gove 04

Worsley 03

Pinjarra 06

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 06

Worsley 02

Kwinana 02

Kwinana 04

Worsley 06

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 02

Kwinana 03

Wagerup 05

Kwinana 07

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 06

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


26


Figure 5 Beryllium and compounds


6 30 2 30


B eryllium and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

NPI reported emissions - Beryllium & compoundsAlumina refining

0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

Yarwun 05

Kwinana 02

Pinjarra 03

QAL 03

QAL 05

QAL 06

Wagerup 05

QAL 04

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 06

Worsley 07

QAL 07

Pinjarra 07

Wagerup 02

Pinjarra 02

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 06

Pinjarra 05

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 07

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 04

QAL 02

Kwinana 04

Gove 07

Gove 06

Yarwun 07

Kwinana 03

Gove 05

Gove 04

Gove 02

Gove 03

Kwinana 05

Worsley 04

Worsley 06

Worsley 05

Worsley 03

Worsley 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)

EC or EF


27


Figure 6 Boron and compounds

Source QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations

6 3 2 3

Minimum 3 68 0 24 1st quartile 1,100 68 170 24 Median 4,300 68 330 24 3rd quartile 6,800 165 500 59 Maximum 8,600 260 660 93 Arithmetic mean 4,100 130 330 47 Range 8,600 190 660 69

B o ro n and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

NPI reported emissions - Boron & compoundsAlumina refining

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Yarwun 05

QAL 06

QAL 02

Worsley 05

Worsley 06

Worsley 04

Yarwun 07

QAL 07

QAL 05

QAL 04

QAL 03

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)

EF


28


Figure 7 Cadmium and compounds


6 30 3 30


C admium and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

NPI reported emissions - Cadmium & compoundsAlumina refining

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

QAL 05

QAL 03

QAL 02

QAL 04

Yarwun 07

Yarwun 05

Yarwun 06

Worsley 04

Wagerup 02

Worsley 06

Gove 07

Gove 06

Worsley 07

Gove 02

Gove 03

Gove 05

Gove 04

QAL 07

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 05

Worsley 02

Worsley 03

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 04

QAL 06

Kwinana 02

Wagerup 05

Pinjarra 02

Pinjarra 06

Pinjarra 05

Worsley 05

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 07

Wagerup 06

Kwinana 07

Wagerup 07

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)

EF


29


Figure 8 Carbon monoxide


6 30 3 30

Minimum 1,400,000 360,000 32,000 130,000 1st quartile 1,500,000 810,000 39,000 290,000 Median 1,700,000 930,000 45,000 330,000 3rd quartile 2,200,000 1,500,000 56,000 540,000 Maximum 2,500,000 3,600,000 67,000 1,300,000 Arithmetic mean 1,900,000 1,200,000 48,000 440,000 Range 1,100,000 3,200,000 34,000 1,100,000

C arbo n mo no xideA lumina ref ining

CanAus RTY QAL0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

NPI reported emissions - Carbon monoxideAlumina refining

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Yarwun 05

Yarwun 06

Yarwun 07

Gove 02

Gove 03

Gove 04

Gove 05

Gove 06

Wagerup 02

Wagerup 03

Pinjarra 07

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 05

Wagerup 07

Gove 07

Wagerup 05

Wagerup 04

Worsley 04

Pinjarra 02

Worsley 03

Worsley 07

Worsley 05

Pinjarra 06

Wagerup 06

Pinjarra 03

QAL 07

QAL 06

Kwinana 03

QAL 05

QAL 04

Worsley 02

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 07

Worsley 06

QAL 03

QAL 02

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


30


Figure 9 Chlorine

C hlo rineA lumina ref ining

USACan0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)

NPI reported emissions - ChlorineAlumina refining

0

1

2

3

4

5

Yarwun 05 Yarwun 06 Yarwun 07

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


31


Figure 10 Chromium (III) and compounds


6 30 3 30

Minimum 96 86 76 31 1st quartile 110 360 91 130 Median 170 440 110 160 3rd quartile 230 640 130 230 Maximum 290 1,500 160 520 Arithmetic mean 180 550 110 190 Range 200 1,400 82 490

C hro mium III and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

NPI reported emissions - Chromium (III) and compoundsAlumina refining

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Gove 03

QAL 07

Gove 04

QAL 02

QAL 03

Gove 07

Gove 06

Gove 05

Gove 02

Yarwun 05

QAL 05

QAL 04

QAL 06

Yarwun 06

Wagerup 05

Wagerup 03

Pinjarra 06

Kwinana 05

Wagerup 02

Pinjarra 03

Kwinana 02

Kwinana 06

Wagerup 04

Pinjarra 04

Yarwun 07

Wagerup 06

Pinjarra 02

Wagerup 07

Pinjarra 07

Pinjarra 05

Kwinana 07

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 03

Worsley 02

Worsley 04

Worsley 05

Worsley 07

Worsley 03

Worsley 06

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


32


Figure 11 Chromium (VI) and compounds


6 30 3 30


C hro mium VI and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

NPI reported emissions - Chromium (VI) and compoundsAlumina refining

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

Pinjarra 07

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 05

Pinjarra 06

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 06

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 07

QAL 07

Yarwun 05

Pinjarra 02

QAL 03

Wagerup 02

Yarwun 06

QAL 05

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 04

Wagerup 05

Yarwun 07

QAL 06

QAL 04

Kwinana 02

QAL 02

Worsley 06

Worsley 07

Worsley 02

Gove 07

Gove 06

Gove 05

Gove 04

Gove 02

Gove 03

Worsley 03

Worsley 04

Worsley 05

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)

EF


33


Figure 12 Cobalt and compounds


6 10 3 10


C o balt and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

NPI reported emissions - Cobalt & compoundsAlumina refining

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

Pinjarra 06

Pinjarra 05

QAL 05

QAL 07

Pinjarra 02

Worsley 07

QAL 04

Kwinana 07

QAL 02

Yarwun 05

Worsley 06

Yarwun 06

Yarwun 07

QAL 03

QAL 06

Worsley 02

Worsley 04

Worsley 05

Worsley 03

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)

EC


34


Figure 13 Copper and compounds


6 29 2 29


C o pper and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

NPI reported emissions - Copper & compoundsAlumina refining

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

Yarwun 05

QAL 05

QAL 07

QAL 02

Wagerup 03

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 05

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Wagerup 04

Wagerup 02

Kwinana 02

Pinjarra 02

QAL 06

Pinjarra 05

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 07

QAL 04

Kwinana 03

Gove 07

Gove 06

Wagerup 05

Gove 02

Gove 03

Pinjarra 07

Gove 04

Worsley 07

Wagerup 06

Worsley 03

Wagerup 07

Worsley 04

Pinjarra 06

Worsley 05

Yarwun 07

Worsley 02

Worsley 06

QAL 03

Spe

cific

em

issi

on (g

/tonn

e)

EC


35


Figure 14 Cyclohexane

NPI reported emissions - Cyclohexane

Alumina refining

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Yarwun 05 Gove 07 Yarwun 06 Yarwun 07

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)

EF or EC


36


Figure 15 Ethanol

NPI reported emissions - Ethanol

Alumina refining

0

2

4

6

8

10

QAL 02 QAL 04 QAL 03

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


37


Figure 16 Fluoride and compounds


6 30 3 30

Minimum 31,000 230 10,000 81 1st quartile 37,000 440 12,000 160 Median 54,000 710 14,000 250 3rd quartile 76,000 3,000 17,000 1,100 Maximum 79,000 73,000 21,000 26,000 Arithmetic mean 55,000 8,700 15,000 3,100 Range 49,000 72,000 11,000 26,000

F luo ride co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

USACanAus RTY QAL0

5

10

15

20

25

NPI reported emissions - Fluoride compoundsAlumina refining

0

5

10

15

20

25

Wagerup 05

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 06

Pinjarra 06

Wagerup 04

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Kwinana 05

Wagerup 02

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 02

Pinjarra 05

Pinjarra 02

Pinjarra 07

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 07

Kwinana 03

Gove 07

Gove 06

Gove 03

Gove 05

Gove 04

Gove 02

Worsley 07

Worsley 04

Worsley 05

Worsley 06

Yarwun 05

QAL 05

QAL 06

QAL 04

Yarwun 06

Yarwun 07

QAL 07

Worsley 03

Worsley 02

QAL 03

QAL 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


38


Figure 17 Formaldehyde


2 21 3 21

Minimum 3,700 13,000 0 4,600 1st quartile 5,100 18,000 870 6,200 Median 6,600 30,000 1,700 11,000 3rd quartile 8,100 34,000 2,400 12,000 Maximum 9,600 56,000 3,100 20,000 Arithmetic mean 6,600 28,000 1,600 10,000 Range 5,800 43,000 3,100 15,000

F o rmaldehydeA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

5

10

15

20

NPI reported emissions - FormaldehydeAlumina refining

0

5

10

15

20

Yarwun 05

QAL 05

Yarwun 06

Yarwun 07

QAL 06

Worsley 06

Worsley 07

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 05

Wagerup 07

Pinjarra 06

Worsley 04

Wagerup 05

Wagerup 04

Wagerup 06

Kwinana 07

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 06

Pinjarra 02

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 02

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 02

Pinjarra 07

Spe

cific

em

issi

on (g

/tonn

e)

EF/EC


39


Figure 18 Hydrochloric acid


6 27 2 27


H ydro chlo ric acidA lumina ref ining

USACanAus RTY QAL0

5

10

15

20

NPI reported emissions - Hydrochloric acidAlumina refining

0

5

10

15

20

Yarwun 05

Kwinana 07

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 02

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 06

Pinjarra 07

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 02

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 05

Pinjarra 06

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 02

Wagerup 04

Wagerup 05

Wagerup 06

Gove 04

Gove 05

Gove 06

Worsley 02

Worsley 03

Worsley 07

QAL 06

Worsley 05

Worsley 06

Worsley 04

Yarwun 07

QAL 02

QAL 05

QAL 03

QAL 04

QAL 07

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)

EC or EF


40


Figure 19 Lead and compounds


6 30 3 30


Lead and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

USAAus RTY QAL0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

NPI reported emissions - Lead & compoundsAlumina refining

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

QAL 07

Worsley 07

QAL 05

QAL 02

Pinjarra 03

QAL 04

Yarwun 05

Pinjarra 06

Wagerup 05

Pinjarra 04

Kwinana 05

Yarwun 06

Kwinana 06

Pinjarra 05

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 06

Pinjarra 07

Kwinana 02

Worsley 05

Wagerup 04

Yarwun 07

Pinjarra 02

Kwinana 07

Kwinana 04

QAL 03

Kwinana 03

Wagerup 02

Gove 07

Gove 06

Gove 03

Gove 05

Worsley 04

Gove 04

Gove 02

QAL 06

Worsley 06

Worsley 03

Worsley 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


41


Figure 20 Magnesium oxide fume

NPI reported emissions - Magnesium oxide fume

Alumina refining

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

QAL 07

QAL 04

QAL 05

QAL 06

QAL 02

Yarwun 06

Yarwun 07

Kwinana 07

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 02

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 06

Pinjarra 07

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 02

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 05

Pinjarra 06

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 02

Wagerup 04

Wagerup 05

Wagerup 06

Worsley 07

Gove 04

Gove 05

Gove 06

Worsley 06

Worsley 04

Worsley 05

Worsley 03

Worsley 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


42


Figure 21 Manganese and compounds


6 30 2 30

Minimum 360 5 0 2 1st quartile 420 280 2 100 Median 470 650 5 230 3rd quartile 680 780 7 280 Maximum 800 2,500 10 890 Arithmetic mean 540 640 5 230 Range 440 2,500 10 890

M anganese and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

NPI reported emissions - Manganese & compoundsAlumina refining

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Yarwun 05

Gove 07

Gove 06

Gove 05

Gove 04

Gove 03

Gove 02

Yarwun 07

Worsley 04

Wagerup 02

Worsley 02

Worsley 05

QAL 07

QAL 04

Kwinana 07

QAL 06

Pinjarra 06

QAL 05

Worsley 06

Wagerup 03

Kwinana 05

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 02

Kwinana 02

Kwinana 06

QAL 02

Wagerup 05

Wagerup 04

Pinjarra 05

QAL 03

Kwinana 04

Wagerup 06

Worsley 07

Kwinana 03

Pinjarra 07

Wagerup 07

Worsley 03

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


43


Figure 22 Mercury and compounds


6 30 3 30


M ercury and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

USAAus RTY QAL0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

NPI reported emissions - Mercury & compoundsAlumina refining

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

Yarwun 05

Yarwun 06

Yarwun 07

Gove 04

Gove 02

Gove 03

Gove 07

QAL 02

QAL 06

QAL 07

Gove 06

QAL 04

QAL 05

QAL 03

Gove 05

Pinjarra 02

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 05

Wagerup 02

Wagerup 05

Worsley 05

Pinjarra 07

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 04

Wagerup 06

Worsley 04

Wagerup 07

Pinjarra 06

Worsley 06

Worsley 03

Kwinana 07

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 02

Kwinana 06

Worsley 07

Worsley 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


44


Figure 23 Methanol

NPI reported emissions - MethanolAlumina refining

0

2

4

6

8

10

Worsley 04 Worsley 06 Worsley 05 Worsley 07

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


45


Figure 24 Methyl ethyl ketone

M ethyl e thyl keto neA lumina ref ining

0

5

10

15

20

NPI reported emissions - Methyl ethyl ketoneAlumina refining

0

5

10

15

20

25

Wagerup 07

Pinjarra 05

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 03

Wagerup 06

Pinjarra 02

Kwinana 03

Wagerup 05

Wagerup 04

Kwinana 02

Worsley 02

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


46


Figure 25 n-Hexane

n-H exaneA lumina ref ining

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

NPI reported emissions - n-HexaneAlumina refining

0

2

4

6

8

10

Worsley 06

Kwinana 02

Wagerup 02

Worsley 07

Worsley 04

Worsley 05

Worsley 02

Worsley 03

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


47


Figure 26 Nickel and compounds


6 30 3 30

Minimum 30 11 60 4 1st quartile 53 55 72 20 Median 84 120 84 43 3rd quartile 110 420 100 150 Maximum 200 6,200 130 2,200 Arithmetic mean 93 1,300 90 460 Range 170 6,200 65 2,200

N ickel and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

NPI reported emissions - Nickel & compoundsAlumina refining

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 04

QAL 02

Wagerup 02

Pinjarra 02

QAL 07

Wagerup 03

Kwinana 02

Pinjarra 05

Wagerup 04

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Kwinana 07

QAL 03

Pinjarra 06

Pinjarra 07

QAL 05

QAL 06

Worsley 07

Yarwun 05

Worsley 04

QAL 04

Worsley 06

Yarwun 06

Worsley 05

Worsley 02

Wagerup 05

Yarwun 07

Wagerup 06

Worsley 03

Wagerup 07

Gove 07

Gove 06

Gove 02

Gove 03

Gove 05

Gove 04

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)

EF/EC


48


Figure 27 Oxides of nitrogen

kg/yr QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations

6 30 3 30

Minimum 7,900,000 1,000,000 340,000 370,000 1st quartile 8,900,000 1,600,000 410,000 570,000 Median 9,400,000 2,400,000 480,000 860,000 3rd quartile 10,000,000 3,100,000 590,000 1,100,000 Maximum 11,000,000 7,900,000 700,000 2,800,000 Arithmetic mean 9,500,000 2,800,000 510,000 980,000 Range 3,100,000 6,900,000 360,000 2,400,000

Oxides o f nitro genA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

NPI reported emissions - Oxides of NitrogenAlumina refining

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

Yarwun 05

Wagerup 05

Pinjarra 07

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 06

Yarwun 06

Pinjarra 02

Pinjarra 05

Pinjarra 03

Wagerup 03

Pinjarra 06

Wagerup 04

Pinjarra 04

Yarwun 07

Wagerup 02

Gove 02

Gove 03

Kwinana 02

Gove 04

Gove 05

Gove 06

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 05

Gove 07

Kwinana 07

Kwinana 06

Worsley 02

Worsley 03

Worsley 05

Worsley 04

Worsley 06

QAL 05

Worsley 07

QAL 07

QAL 06

QAL 03

QAL 04

QAL 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


49


Figure 28 Particulates (PM10)


6 30 3 30

Minimum 450,000 310,000 50,000 110,000 1st quartile 590,000 500,000 60,000 180,000 Median 1,100,000 690,000 70,000 240,000 3rd quartile 1,700,000 940,000 87,000 330,000 Maximum 2,600,000 1,900,000 100,000 670,000 Arithmetic mean 1,300,000 770,000 75,000 270,000 Range 2,100,000 1,600,000 54,000 560,000

P M 10A lumina ref ining

CanAus RTY QAL0

200

400

600

800

1000

NPI reported emissions - Particulate Matter 10.0 umAlumina refining

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

Yarwun 05

Yarwun 06

Yarwun 07

Wagerup 05

Gove 06

Gove 05

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 03

Gove 07

QAL 06

Wagerup 06

Wagerup 04

QAL 07

Pinjarra 03

Wagerup 02

Pinjarra 06

Pinjarra 04

Gove 02

Gove 03

Kwinana 06

Gove 04

Kwinana 02

Pinjarra 02

QAL 05

Pinjarra 07

Kwinana 05

Pinjarra 05

Kwinana 07

Kwinana 04

Worsley 05

Worsley 03

Kwinana 03

Worsley 02

Worsley 06

QAL 04

Worsley 04

QAL 02

Worsley 07

QAL 03

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


50


Figure 29 Polychlorinated dioxins and furans

g/yr QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations

6 30 3 30

Minimum 0.090 0.000 0.055 0.000 1st quartile 0.85 0.094 0.055 0.033 Median 1.0 0.36 0.055 0.13 3rd quartile 1.0 0.50 0.070 0.18 Maximum 1.0 5.0 0.084 1.8 Arithmetic mean 0.82 0.50 0.065 0.18 Range 0.91 5.0 0.029 1.8

P o lychlo rinated dio xins and furansA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.0000001

0.0000002

0.0000003

0.0000004

0.0000005

NPI reported emissions - Polychlorinated dioxins and furansAlumina refining

0.0000000

0.0000005

0.0000010

0.0000015

0.0000020

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


51


Figure 30 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons


6 30 3 30

Minimum 15 11 18 4 1st quartile 48 57 22 20 Median 79 140 25 48 3rd quartile 200 230 31 82 Maximum 410 3,000 37 1,100 Arithmetic mean 140 320 27 110 Range 400 3,000 19 1,000

P o lycyclic aro matic hydro carbo nsA lumina ref ining

CanAus RTY QAL0

5

10

15

20

25

30

NPI reported emissions - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsAlumina refining

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Gove 07

QAL 03

Worsley 02

Worsley 03

Gove 06

QAL 05

Gove 05

Yarwun 05

Gove 04

Gove 02

Gove 03

Yarwun 06

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 05

QAL 07

QAL 06

Yarwun 07

Pinjarra 07

Wagerup 03

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 05

Pinjarra 06

Worsley 07

Pinjarra 02

Pinjarra 04

Worsley 04

Worsley 05

QAL 04

Kwinana 07

Worsley 06

Wagerup 02

QAL 02

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 06

Wagerup 04

Wagerup 05

Kwinana 02

Spe

cific

em

issi

on (g

/tonn

e)


52


Figure 31 Selenium and compounds

kg/yr Source RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations 1 18 Minimum 1 2 1st quartile 1 5 Median 1 10 3rd quartile 1 13 Maximum 1 100 Arithmetic mean 1 15 Range 1 99

Selenium and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY0

0.01

0.02

NPI reported emissions - Selenium & compoundsAlumina refining

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

Yarwun 07

Wagerup 02

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 05

Pinjarra 06

Pinjarra 07

Pinjarra 05

Wagerup 05

Pinjarra 02

Wagerup 06

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 04

Kwinana 02

Kwinana 07

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


53


Figure 32 Sulfur dioxide


6 30 3 30

Minimum 3,200,000 25,000 330,000 8,9000 1st quartile 3,600,000 80,000 390,000 29,000 Median 4,200,000 130,000 460,000 47,000 3rd quartile 5,100,000 12,000,000 570,000 4,400,000 Maximum 6,200,000 36,000,000 680,000 13,000,000 Arithmetic mean 4,400,000 9,400,000 490,000 3,300,000 Range 3,000,000 36,000,000 360,000 13,000,000

Sulfur dio xideA luminina ref ining

CanAus RTY QAL0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

NPI reported emissions - Sulfur dioxideAlumina refining

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

Pinjarra 07

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 02

Wagerup 07

Wagerup 04

Wagerup 06

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 02

Kwinana 03

Yarwun 05

Yarwun 07

QAL 06

QAL 05

QAL 02

Worsley 04

Worsley 06

Worsley 02

Gove 07

Gove 04

Gove 03

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


54


Figure 33 Sulfuric acid

kg/yr QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY Number of observations

3 23 1 23


Sulfuric acidA lumina ref ining

USAAus RTY QAL0

50

100

150

200

250

NPI reported emissions - Sulfuric acidAlumina refining

0

5

10

15

20

Yarwun 05

Kwinana 07

Kwinana 03

Kwinana 02

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 06

Pinjarra 07

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 02

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 05

Pinjarra 06

Worsley 04

Worsley 05

Worsley 06

Worsley 02

Worsley 03

Gove 06

Gove 05

Gove 04

Gove 02

Gove 03

Gove 07

QAL 05

QAL 07

QAL 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


55


Figure 34 Toluene

T o lueneA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY0

1

2

3

4

5

NPI reported emissions - TolueneAlumina refining

0

1

2

3

4

5

Yarwun 05

Yarwun 06

Gove 07

Gove 06

Gove 05

Pinjarra 05

Yarwun 07

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 03

Worsley 02

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


56


Figure 35 Volatile organic compounds


6 30 3 30

Minimum 85,000 17,000 87,000 6,100 1st quartile 120,000 150,000 100,000 55,000 Median 150,000 180,000 120,000 63,000 3rd quartile 160,000 220,000 150,000 77,000 Maximum 170,000 400,000 180,000 140,000 Arithmetic mean 140,000 180,000 130,000 65,000 Range 90,000 390,000 93,000 140,000

Vo lat ile Organic C o mpo undsA lumina ref ining

CanAus RTY QAL0

50

100

150

200

NPI reported emissions - Total Volatile Organic CompoundsAlumina refining

0

50

100

150

200

Gove 02

Gove 03

Gove 04

QAL 07

Worsley 03

QAL 02

Worsley 04

QAL 03

Gove 05

Gove 06

Kwinana 07

QAL 05

Kwinana 04

Gove 07

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 06

QAL 06

Pinjarra 07

Pinjarra 02

QAL 04

Wagerup 07

Kwinana 03

Worsley 07

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 06

Pinjarra 05

Wagerup 06

Wagerup 05

Wagerup 04

Worsley 05

Yarwun 05

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 02

Worsley 06

Kwinana 02

Yarwun 06

Worsley 02

Yarwun 07

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


57


Figure 36 Xylenes

XylenesA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

NPI reported emissions - Xylenes (individual or mixed isomers)Alumina refining

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Gove 05

Gove 06

Gove 07

Yarwun 05

Yarwun 06

Yarwun 07

Worsley 06

Worsley 02

Worsley 04

Worsley 03

Spec

ific

emis

sion

(g/to

nne)


58


Figure 37 Zinc and compounds

kg/yr QAL Aus - QAL RTAY Aus - RTAY

Number of observations

6 30 3 30


Z inc and co mpo undsA lumina ref ining

Aus RTY QAL0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

NPI reported emissions - Zinc and compoundsAlumina refining

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

Gove 07

Gove 06

Gove 05

Gove 04

Gove 03

Gove 02

QAL 02

Pinjarra 06

QAL 05

Pinjarra 03

Pinjarra 04

Pinjarra 05

Kwinana 05

Kwinana 04

Kwinana 06

Kwinana 03

QAL 07

Kwinana 07

Worsley 06

Yarwun 05

Wagerup 03

Wagerup 02

Wagerup 04

Pinjarra 02

Worsley 03

Wagerup 05

QAL 06

Worsley 07

Pinjarra 07

Wagerup 06

Yarwun 06

Wagerup 07

Kwinana 02

Worsley 05

QAL 03

QAL 04

Worsley 04

Yarwun 07

Worsley 02

Spe

cific

em

issi

on (g

/tonn

e)


59


4 NPI emission estimation technique The following tables indicate for each Australian operation, the emission estimation technique used for each contaminant for each year of reporting to the NPI. Contaminant listing order is consistent with the previous tables. The adjunct “stack” refers to stack emissions and the adjunct “fugitive” refers to fugitive emissions. The following list of abbreviations indicates the selected technique used to develop the emission estimate:

DM direct measurement, involves actual sampling, analysis and flow measurement AAEET approved alternate emission estimation technique, method approved by the state agency

MB mass balance, utilises process input/output mass flow rates and contaminant concentrations

ECAL engineering calculation, based on process conditions of the plant EF emission factor, utilises standard calculations and factors

Direct measurement is highlighted as this represents the application of engineering measurement of gas emissions and analysis of the gas stream as opposed to a less accurate calculation approach.

Station Year Acetaldehyde

stack Acetaldehyde

fugitive Acetone

stack Acetone fugitive

Ammonia stack

Ammonia fugitive

Gove 2002 Gove 2003 Gove 2004 Gove 2005 Gove 2006 Gove 2007 EF Kwinana 2002 EC EC EC EC EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2002 EC EC EC EC Pinjarra 2003 DM/EF/EC DM/EC EC EC Pinjarra 2004 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM Pinjarra 2005 DM/EF DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM Pinjarra 2006 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EF QAL 2002 EF/EC MB QAL 2003 QAL 2004 QAL 2005 QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF/MB Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM AAEET/DM AAEET/DM Wagerup 2004 DM DM EF DM Wagerup 2005 DM/EC DM/EC EC DM/EC Wagerup 2006 DM DM/EF DM Wagerup 2007 DM DM/EF DM Worsley 2002 DM Worsley 2003 Worsley 2004 DM EF DM Worsley 2005 DM EF DM DM Worsley 2006 DM EF DM DM Worsley 2007 DM EF DM EF DM Yarwun 2005 Yarwun 2006 Yarwun 2007

60


Station Year Antimony & compounds

stack

Antimony & compounds

fugitive

Arsenic & compounds

stack

Arsenic & compounds

fugitive

Benzene stack

Benzene fugitive

Gove 2002 EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF/EC EF EF Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2004 EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EF/EC/MB EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC/MB EC Pinjarra 2004 EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 EF DM/EF QAL 2003 DM EF/MB QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/MB QAL 2005 DM/EC EF/MB QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF/MB QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF/MB

Wagerup 2002 DM/EF/EC/M

B DM/EC Wagerup

2003 AAEET/DM/

EF/MB DM/EC/MB Wagerup 2004 EF/EC EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 EF/EC EC Wagerup 2007 EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF DM/EF Yarwun 2005 DM EF/EC EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM EF/EC

61


Station Year Boron & compounds

stack

Boron & compounds

fugitive

Beryllium & compounds

stack

Beryllium & compounds

fugitive

Cadmium & compounds

stack

Cadmium & compounds

fugitive Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF EF EF Gove 2007 EF EF/EC EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 EC DM/EF/EC Kwinana 2004 EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DMEF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EF/EC AAEET/EC EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 EF DM/EF EF DM/EF EF DM/EF QAL 2003 DM EF EF EF QAL 2004 DM/EC DM/EF DM/EF/EC DM/EF EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2006 EF/EC EF DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF Wagerup 2002 DM/EF/EC DM/EC EF Wagerup

2003 AAEET/DM/

EC DM/EC AAEET/DM/

EF DM/EC Wagerup 2004 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Wagerup 2007 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 EF DM/EF EF DM/EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Yarwun 2005 EF EF/EC EC EF/EC DM EF/MB Yarwun 2006 DM EF/MB Yarwun 2007 DM EF/EC DM EF/EC DM EF/MB

62


Station Year Carbon monoxide

stack

Carbon monoxide

fugitive

Chlorine stack

Chlorine fugitive

Chromium (III) compounds

stack

Chromium (III) compounds

fugitive Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 DM/EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC DM/EC EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EC EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 DMEC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2003 DM/EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 DM/EF/EC DM/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC EF/MB DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 EF EF DM/EF QAL 2003 DM/EF DM/EF EF QAL 2004 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup

2003 DM/EF DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM/

EF DM/EC Wagerup 2004 DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC EC Wagerup 2007 DM/EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Yarwun 2005 DM/EF EF EC DM EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM/EF EF/EC DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM/EF EF/EC DM EF/EC

63


Station Year Chromium (VI) compounds

stack

Chromium (VI) compounds

fugitive

Cobalt & compounds

stack

Cobalt & compounds

fugitive

Copper & compounds

stack

Copper & compounds

fugitive Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF EF EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 DM EF/EC EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 EC EC Kwinana 2004 EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 EF/EC AAEET/EC EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EC AAEET/EC EC AAEET/EC EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EC MB DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 EF DM/EF DM DM/EF DM DM/EF QAL 2003 EF DM EF DM EF QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF DM/EF/EC DM/EF DM/EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF DM/EC QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF Wagerup 2002 EF DM/EF/EC DM/EC Wagerup

2003 AAEET/DM/

EF AAEET/DM

/EF DM/EC Wagerup 2004 EF EF/EC EC Wagerup 2005 EF DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 EC EC EF/EC EC Wagerup 2007 EC EC EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 DMEF EF DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Yarwun 2005 DM EC EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM DM/EC EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM DM/EC EF/EC DM EF/EC

64


Station Year Cumene stack

Cumene fugitive

Cyclohexane stack

Cyclohexane fugitive

Ethanol stack

Ethanol fugitive

Gove 2002 Gove 2003 Gove 2004 Gove 2005 EF Gove 2006 EC Gove 2007 EF EF Kwinana 2002 Kwinana 2003 Kwinana 2004 Kwinana 2005 Kwinana 2006 Kwinana 2007 Pinjarra 2002 Pinjarra 2003 Pinjarra 2004 Pinjarra 2005 Pinjarra 2006 Pinjarra 2007 QAL 2002 EC MB QAL 2003 MB QAL 2004 EC MB QAL 2005 QAL 2006 QAL 2007 Wagerup 2002 Wagerup 2003 Wagerup 2004 Wagerup 2005 Wagerup 2006 Wagerup 2007 Worsley 2002 EF Worsley 2003 Worsley 2004 Worsley 2005 Worsley 2006 Worsley 2007 Yarwun 2005 EF/EC EC Yarwun 2006 DM Yarwun 2007 DM EC

65


Station Year Ethylbenzene

stack Ethylbenzene

fugitive Fluoride

compounds stack

Fluoride compounds

fugitive

Formaldehyde stack

Formaldehyde fugitive

Gove 2002 EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC Gove 2005 EF EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EC EC DM/EF/EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EC EC DM/EF/EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC Pinjarra 2002 EC EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EC EC DM/EF/EC Pinjarra 2004 DM/EC EC DM/EF/EC Pinjarra 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC EF QAL 2002 DM DM/EF QAL 2003 DM EF QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF/MB QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF/MB QAL 2007 DM/EC EF Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM DM/EC AAEET/DM Wagerup 2004 EC EC DM EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC EF/EC Wagerup 2006 EC EC DM EC Wagerup 2007 EC EC DM EC Worsley 2002 EF EF DM/EF Worsley 2003 EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2007 DM DM/EF DM/EF EF Yarwun 2005 DM EF/EC EF/EC EC Yarwun 2006 EC EF/EC DM Yarwun 2007 DM EF/EC DM EF

66


Station Year Hydrochloric

acid stack

Hydrochloric acid

fugitive

Lead & compounds

stack

Lead & compounds

fugitive

Magnesium oxide fume

stack

Magnesium oxide fume

fugitive Gove 2002 EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC Gove 2004 EF EF/EC EF Gove 2005 EF EF/EC EF/EC EF Gove 2006 MB MB EF/EC EF/EC MB MB Gove 2007 EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EC EF/EC EC EC Kwinana 2003 EC DM/EF EC EC Kwinana 2004 EC DM/EF/EC EC EC Kwinana 2005 EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC EC Kwinana 2006 EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC EC Kwinana 2007 EC EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC EC EC Pinjarra 2002 EC EF/EC EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EC EF/EC EC EC Pinjarra 2004 EC EF/EC EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EC EF/EC AAEET/EC EC Pinjarra 2006 MB DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC MB Pinjarra 2007 EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC EC QAL 2002 EF DM DM/EF EF QAL 2003 DM DM EF QAL 2004 DM/EC DM/EF/EC DM/EF EC QAL 2005 DM/EC MB DM/EC EF EC QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF EC EF Wagerup 2002 EF EF DM/EC EF Wagerup

2003 EF

EF AAEET/DM

EF DM/EC EF

EF Wagerup 2004 EC EC EF/EC EC EC EC Wagerup 2005 EC EC DM/EC AAEET/EC EC EC Wagerup 2006 EC EC EF/EC EC EC EC Wagerup 2007 EC EC EF/EC EC EC EC Worsley 2002 EF DM/EF EF EF Worsley 2003 DM EF DM/EF EF DM Worsley 2004 DM EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Worsley 2005 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2007 DM EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Yarwun 2005 EC EC DM EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM DM EF/EC DM EF

67


Station Year Manganese & compounds

stack

Manganese & compounds

fugitive

Mercury & compounds

stack

Mercury & compounds

fugitive

Methanol stack

Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/MB Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/MB Gove 2007 EF/EC EF/MB Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC EF/EC/MB AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC/MB AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/MB AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB EC Pinjarra 2004 EF/EC EC EF/EC/MB EC Pinjarra 2005 EF/EC AAEET/EC EF/EC/MB AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC MB AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 AAEET/EC MB QAL 2002 DM DM/EF DM/MB DM/EF/MB QAL 2003 DM EF DM EF/MB QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF MB QAL 2005 DM/EC EF EC EF/MB QAL 2006 DM/EC EF EC EFMB QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF EC EF/MB

Wagerup 2002 EF

DM/EC DM/EF/EC/M

B

Wagerup 2003

AAEET/DM/EF DM/EC MB

Wagerup 2004 EF/EC EC EC/MB EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC EC/MB AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 EF/EC EC EC EC Wagerup 2007 EF/EC EC EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF/MB EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF/MB DM/EF DM Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Worsley 2006 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Worsley 2007 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Yarwun 2005 EC EF/EC DM/EC EF/EC Yarwun 2006 MB DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 EC EF/EC DM/EC EF/EC

68


Station Year Methyl ethyl ketone stack

Methyl ethyl ketone fugitive

n-Hexane stack

n-Hexane fugitive

Nickel & compounds

stack

Nickel & compounds

fugitive Gove 2002 EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC DM Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC EF/EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EC EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 DM EC EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 DM AAEET/EC EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 DM DM/EF QAL 2003 DM EF QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF QAL 2006 DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC DM/EF/EC DM/EC Wagerup

2003 AAEET/DM

DM/EC AAEET/DM/

EF DM/EC Wagerup 2004 DM/EC EC EF/EC EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC EC DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 DM/EC EC DM/EC EC Wagerup 2007 DM/EC EC DM/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Yarwun 2005 DM EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM EF/EC

69


Station Year Oxides of

nitrogen stack

Oxides of nitrogen fugitive

Particulate matter 10Φm

stack

Particulate matter 10Φm

fugitive

Polychlorinated dioxins and

furans stack

Polychlorinated dioxins and

furans fugitive

Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF EF/EC EF Kwinana 2002 DM/EC DM/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2002 DM/EC DM/EC AAEET/DM EC Pinjarra 2003 DM/EC AAEET/DM AAEET/DM DM/EC Pinjarra 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC Pinjarra 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EF/EC AAEET/EF/EC DM/EC QAL 2002 DM DM DM/EF DM QAL 2003 DM/EF DM/EF EF EF QAL 2004 DM/EC EF DM/EC DM/EF EF/EC QAL 2005 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF EF/EC QAL 2006 DM/EC EF DM/EC EF EF/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF EF/EC EF Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM Wagerup 2004 DM/EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC EC Wagerup

2005 DM/EC EF/EC DM/EC AAEET/DM/

EF DM/EC

EC Wagerup 2006 DM/EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC EC Wagerup 2007 DM/EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF DM Worsley 2007 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF DM Yarwun 2005 DM EF DM/EC EF/EC DM Yarwun 2006 DM EF DM/EC EF/EC DM Yarwun 2007 DM EF DM/EC EF/EC DM

70


Station Year Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons stack

Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons fugitive

Selenium & compounds

stack

Selenium & compounds

fugitive

Sulfur dioxide stack

Sulfur dioxide fugitive

Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/EC EC/MB Gove 2007 EF EF EC/MB Kwinana 2002 EC EF/EC EC DM/EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC/MB Kwinana 2006 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/MB Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/MB Pinjarra 2002 EC EF/EC EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC EF/EC EC DM/EC Pinjarra 2004 DM/EF/EC EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB Pinjarra 2005 DM/EF/EC EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC/MB Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/MB MB Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC EF/EC DM/MB EF QAL 2002 DM EF QAL 2003 EF DM/EF QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF/EC/MB EF QAL 2005 DM/EF/EC EF/MB DM/EF/EC/MB QAL 2006 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EC EF QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF DM/EC/MB EF Wagerup 2002 DM/EC EF DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM AAEET/DM DM/EC AAEET/DM DM/EC Wagerup 2004 DM/EC EC EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB EC/MB Wagerup 2005 DM/EC EC DM/EC AAEET/EC DM/EC EC Wagerup 2006 DM/EC EC EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB EC/MB Wagerup 2007 DM/EC EC EF/EC EC DM/EC/MB EC Worsley 2002 EF EF MB EF Worsley 2003 EF EF MB EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Yarwun 2005 DM EC DM EF Yarwun 2006 DM EC DM EF Yarwun 2007 DM EC DM EF/EC DM EF

71


Station Year Sulfuric acid stack

Sulfuric acid fugitive

Toluene stack

Toluene fugitive

Total volatile organic

compounds stack

Total volatile organic

compounds fugitive

Gove 2002 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2005 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EC EF EF EF EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EC EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 EC DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2004 EC EC DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 EC DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2006 EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 EC DM/EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2002 EC EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 EC EC DM/EF/EC EC DM/EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 MB DM/EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2007 EC DM/EF/EC EF/EC QAL 2002 DM DM/EF/EC MB QAL 2003 DM/EF MB QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC EF/MB QAL 2005 DM/EC MB DM/EF/EC EF/MB QAL 2006 DM/EF/EC EFMB QAL 2007 DM/EC EF DM/EF/EC EF/MB Wagerup 2002 DM/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM DM/EF/EC Wagerup 2004 DM/EC EF/EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC EF/EC Wagerup 2006 DM/EC EF/EC Wagerup 2007 DM/EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 EF DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2005 EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2006 EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF EF Yarwun 2005 EF/EC EC EC DM/EC EF/EC Yarwun 2006 EC EC DM/EC EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM/EC EC DM/EC EF/EC

72


Station Year Xylenes (individual or

mixed isomers) stack

Xylenes (individual or

mixed isomers) fugitive

Zinc and compounds

Zinc and compounds

fugitive stack

Gove 2002 EF/EC Gove 2003 EF/EC Gove 2004 EF/EC Gove 2005 EF EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2006 EF/EC EF/EC EF/EC Gove 2007 EF EF/EC EF/EC Kwinana 2002 EF/EC EC Kwinana 2003 DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2004 DM/EF/EC EC Kwinana 2005 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Kwinana 2006 AAEET/EC Kwinana 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2002 EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2003 EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2004 EF/EC EC Pinjarra 2005 EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2006 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC Pinjarra 2007 DM/EF/EC AAEET/EC QAL 2002 DM DM/EF QAL 2003 EF EF QAL 2004 DM/EF/EC DM/EF QAL 2005 DM/EC EF/MB QAL 2006 DM/EF/EC EF/MB QAL 2007 DM/EF/EC EF Wagerup 2002 EF DM/EC Wagerup 2003 AAEET/DM DM/EC Wagerup 2004 EF/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2005 DM/EC AAEET/EC Wagerup 2006 EF/EC DM/EC Wagerup 2007 DM/EF/EC EC Worsley 2002 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2003 DM/EF EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2004 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Worsley 2005 DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2006 DM/EF EF DM/EF DM/EF Worsley 2007 DM/EF DM/EF DM/EF EF Yarwun 2005 DM DM EF/EC Yarwun 2006 DM DM EF/EC Yarwun 2007 DM DM EF/EC

END

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benchmarking the emissions from queensland alumina limited ... · benchmarking bayer-process...

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