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Lessons Learned fromCharlestons Hurricane Hugo:

20 Years Later

Craig Bennett4SE, Inc. - Charleston, South Carolina

12th US / ICOMOS International Symposium Preservation in Peril: Disaster Preparedness, RapidResponse, and Sustainable Recovery in the 21st Century

Friday, March 13, 2009New Orleans, Louisiana

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Introduction

Hurricane Hugo Charleston, SC 1989 What lessons have we learned?

Other disasters have hit the same city, andwill again

Pre-disaster planning

Immediate responseExtended recovery and restoration

Recent example of applying the lessons

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Hurricane Hugo

Winds

135

MPHCat 4

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Hurricane Hugo

Marine damage

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage on the beaches

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage on

the barrierislands

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage

in thesmall

towns

north ofthe city

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage in

the City of

Charleston

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage in

the City of

Charleston

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage in

the City of

Charleston

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage in the City of Charleston

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage in the City of Charleston

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Hurricane Hugo

Immediately obvious damage from water

and wind

Roofs damaged or destroyed on the majority ofbuildings, particularly historic structures

Structural damage to some historic structuresWater damage throughout almost all interiors

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage which becomes apparent later

Long term water damage to finishes,particularly plaster and paint

Mold

Vibration Stucco failures, structural damage

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage which becomes

apparent later

Vibration Stucco failures,structural damage

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage which

becomes apparent

later

3 years after Hugo

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage which

becomes apparent

later

3 years later

Netting to catchstucco

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage which becomes apparent later

Vibration Stuccofailures,

structuraldamage

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage which becomes apparent later

Damagebecomingapparent

10 yearsafter Hugo

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage which becomes apparent later

Vibration Stuccofailure

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage which becomes apparent later

Vibration Stuccofailure

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Hurricane Hugo

Damage which becomes apparent later

Major stuccoloss 20years later

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Hurricane Hugo

Effect on people

Living is a struggle

Inability to deal with finances

Depression

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Hurricane Hugo

Effect on people

No electricity, no heat, no air conditioning, no

refrigeration

No water, no sanitary sewer

No transportation

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Hurricane Hugo

Effect on people

Life as you know it comes to a halt

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Hurricane Hugo

Effect on people

Inability to deal with finances

Depression

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Hurricane Hugo

But this wasnt Charlestons first disaster, and it

wont be its last

Nine recorded hurricanes, including 1751, 1890s,1911, 1959, 1989

We can expect a major hurricane every 30 to 50years

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Hurricane Hugo

But this wasnt Charlestons first disaster, and it

wont be its last

Five great city fires, including 1836, 1839, 1861

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Hurricane Hugo

But this wasnt Charlestons first disaster, and it

wont be its last

Tornado of 1937

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Hurricane Hugo

But this wasnt Charlestons first disaster, and it

wont be its last

Earthquake of 1886

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Hurricane Hugo

But this wasnt Charlestons first disaster, and it

wont be its last

Earthquake of 1886

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Hurricane Hugo

But this wasnt Charlestons first disaster, and it

wont be its last

The Civil War1861-1865

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What lessons have we learned?

Other disasters have hit the city, and more willhit in the future.

Next, well look at:

Pre-disaster planning

Immediate responseExtended recovery and restoration

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What lessons have we learned?

Pre-disaster planning

You need good documentation of structures and of

their condition Historic Structures Reports

Photographs

Videos

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What lessons have we learned?

Immediate response

Take care of the people.

They wont repair historic structures when they dont havea roof or meal.

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What lessons have we learned?

Immediate response

Arrest damage with temporary, relatively

inexpensive work. Shore to prevent collapse

Rapid draining, slow drying

A roof of cheap 90 lb rolled roofing is a much better roofthan having no roof. Its even a better roof than a poorlyinstalled expensive roof. The slate and standing seamcopper can come in 3 to 5 years.

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What lessons have we learned?

Immediate response

Get the finances right.

People wont recover from a disaster when they cant payfor anything.

Avoid the temptation to accept an early insurance

settlements.

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What lessons have we learned?

Immediate response

Dont forget historic preservation.

Avoid the temptation to throw the rules of good historicpreservation out of the window in the interest ofexpediency.

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What lessons have we learned?

Extended recovery and restoration

Get the finances right, particularly with insurance

settlements.

Get on with permanent repairs.

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What lessons have we learned?

Extended recovery and restoration

Insurance settlements: a fair procedure

Have a lawyer advise on insurance settlements.

Have all design work done by architects, conservatorsand engineers skilled in historic preservation.

Have the design team prepare biddable contractdocumentsfor only the repair and restoration workneeded as a result of the disaster.

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What lessons have we learned?

Extended recovery and restoration

Insurance settlements: a fair procedure

Have the insurance company agree that the repairdocuments cover only disaster repair.

Get bids from pre-qualified contractors on biddable

contract documents to determine the costs of the repairs.Dont allow anyone other than a craftsman skilled in histrade to do permanent work.

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What lessons have we learned?

Extended recovery and restoration

Insurance settlements: a fair procedure

With the low bid in hand, settle or, if need be, litigate theinsurance claim.

Only then, should you proceed with permanentrecovery and restoration work.

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What lessons have we learned?

Successful approach

St. Michaels Church

1751, National Historic

LandmarkSpire knocked out of

position

Slate roof damaged

Significant interior plaster

damage

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What lessons have we learned?

Successful approach

St. Philips Church

1835, National Historic

LandmarkSpire knocked out of

position

Standing seam metal roofdamaged

Significant interior plasterdamage

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Recent example on applying thelessons learned

Damage to a National Historic Landmark

churchInstallation of a trenchbox using a trackhoe severe vibration

Settlement of portions of buildingCracking of masonry, stucco and plaster

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Recent example on applying thelessons learned

Damage to a National Historic Landmark

churchPre-disaster planning

Immediate response

Extended recovery and restoration

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Recent example on applying thelessons learned

Pre-disaster planning

Construction across the street had caused theowners of the building under construction toprepare for problems.

A structural engineer had made videos and a reporton condition of the surrounding buildings, includingthis church, before construction began.

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Recent example on applying thelessons learned

Potential

problem:Heavyconstruction

machinery ina historicsetting

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Recent example on applying thelessons learned

Damage:

Installation of atrenchbox usinga trackhoe

Severe vibration

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Recent example on applying thelessons learned

Damage

Settlement ofportions ofbuilding

Cracking ofmasonry, stuccoand plaster

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Recent example on applying thelessons learned

Damage

Settlement ofportions ofbuilding

Cracking ofmasonry, stuccoand plaster

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Recent example on applying thelessons learned

Damage

Settlement ofportions ofbuilding

Cracking ofmasonry, stuccoand plaster

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Recent example on applying thelessons learned

Immediate response: stop

further damage

Keep the water out of thebuilding

Temporarily cover the cracksin the building skin

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Recent example on applying the

lessons learned

Immediate response: stop further damage

Dont let the trenchbox damage the foundationfurther

Dont extract the trenchbox!

Grout the loose soils around the box Install grouted piles under the box

Fill the box, including the hollow side walls

Abandon the box in place

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Recent example on applying the

lessons learned

Report on damage to the building

Documentation of pre-existing cracksDocumentation of post-damage cracks

Damage caused by installation of the trenchbox is

the difference between the two

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Recent example on applying the

lessons learned

Report:

Documentation of pre-existing cracks

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Recent example on applying the

lessons learned

Report:

Documentation of post-damage cracks

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Recent example on applying the

lessons learned

Report:

Damage caused by installation of the trenchbox isthe difference between the two

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Recent example on applying the

lessons learned

Drawings and specs for repair of damage

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Recent example on applying the

lessons learned

Next:

Settlement with insurersPossible additional fund raising

The laststep: Permanent repair

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Lessons learned

Disasters are common, and will recur

Our job is to ensure:Pre-disaster preparedness

Immediate response and

Extended recovery and restoration

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Lessons learned

Our historic structures canprofit from adversity

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Lessons Learned fromCharlestons Hurricane Hugo:

20 Years Later

Craig Bennett

4SE, Inc. - Charleston, South Carolina

12th US / ICOMOS International Symposium Preservation in Peril: Disaster Preparedness, RapidResponse, and Sustainable Recovery in the 21st Century

Friday, March 13, 2009New Orleans Louisiana