bentley index

8/2/2019 Bentley Index

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Note: entries printed in boldfacetype and followed by a small frefer to figures, by a small m tomaps, and by a small tto tables.Aachen, 385Abbasid empire, 312-314, 318, 322, 379,

411,418Abbas the Great, Shah of Persia

(1571-1629),678,682,685,687Abd al-Harnid II, Ottoman Sultan(1876-1909),822-823,824

Aboli tionism, 641-642, 746, 791. See alsoSlavery; Slave tradeAboriginal Australians, 120-121,493-494,614,862Absolutist state, 574,698-702

Abu al-Abbas (722-754), 312Abu Bakr (573-634),309Achaernenid empire, 132-138, 141, 146,

178,185,208,211Admonitions for Women (Ban Zhao), 170Aegean Sea, 201, 207Aeneas, 226Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.E.), 221Affonso I, King of Kongo (1506-1543),

626,629Afghanistan, 358,412,416,1016-1017Africa: Bantu migrations, 430-433;

contemporary status of women, 1053;decolonization and independence inpostwar era, 999-1004; economicdependency in 20th century, 1031;European imperialism and colonialempires, 858-860; Europe and tradein early modern era, 537; GreatDepression, 921; imperialism andlabor migrations, 868m; politics inpostcolonial era, 1021-1023;population growth in 20th century,1057, 1060t; slave trade, 524-525;urbanization in 20th century, 1061;World War I, 897-898. SeealsoCentral Africa; East Africa; NorthAfrica; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa---


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1-2--chronology of historical events: age of

revolution and industrialization, 725t,742t; complex societies, 4t, 5t; earlymodern era, 532t, 533t; late medievalperiod, 404t, 405t; 20th century,878t,879t

Amon-Re (god), 48--49,53Amundsen, Roald (1872-1928), 548Analects (Confucius), 155, 157Anarchy and anarchists, 829Anatolia: caravanserais, 503f; Greek

colonies, 137,207; Ottoman empire,674,685; Roman empire, 230; SaljuqTurks, 297, 411. See alsoTurkey

Ancestors, worship or veneration of, 90,337,445,628,655

Ancien rtfgime (old order), 733, 734al-Andalus, 319. Seealso SpainAndean region: early societies, 116-118;

Mochica state, 118-119; neolithic ageand agriculture, 20-21,116. See alsoInca empire; South America

Anderson, Jourdan, 808Angkor, kingdom of, 372m, 373Angkor Thom, 373Angkor Wat, 373, 374fAngles, 268,381,389Anglican Church, 565Angola, 627, 642,1001Animals, domestic: Andean cultures, 488;

Columbian exchange, 557; neolithicage and agriculture, 20; nomadicpeoples, 409; Olmec society, 105;Western Europe and agriculture inmedieval period, 458. See alsoAgriculture; Cattle; Horses; Poultry

An Lushan (703-757), 332Anticolonial movements, 872-873. See also

Colonialism; DecolonizationAntietam, Battle of (1862), 793fAntigonid empire, 212-213, 230Antigonus (382-301 B.C.E.), 212-213Antioch,253Anti-Semitism, 749-750, 772, 930-931,

961. See also Jews and JudaismAnti-Slavery Society for the Protection of

Human Rights, 642Antonian movement, 629-630Antony, Mark (c. 81-30 B.C.E.), 233-234Anzac Day (Australia), 898Ao,83Apartheid, in South Africa, 933, 1022Apollo (god), 220Apology, The (Socrates), 219Appeasement policy, and World War II,947-948Aqueducts, Roman, 238, 240f. See also

Water systemsArabia, 304, 308-309, 521. See also ArabsArabian Nights, The (The Thousand and

One Nights), 322Arabian Sea, 252, 253, 255Arabic language, 322Arabic numerals, 323-324Arab- Israeli War (1967), 1024Arab-Israeli War (1973), 995m,

1012-1013,1024,1033

INDEX

Arabs: contemporary status of women,1055; emergence ofIslam, 285;League of Nations and Mandatesystem, 906-907; national states andproblem of Palestine, 994-996;resistance to Ottoman rule, 825. SeealsoArabia; Palestine; Pan-Arabnationalism

Aragon, kingdom of, 456Aramaic language, 213Arawaks. SeeTainoArchaic period (Egypt, 3100-

2600 B.C.E.), 36Archangel, Russia, 713Architecture: Byzantine influence on

Russian, 300; gothic cathedrals ofmedieval Europe, 467f; Islamicempires, 687--688; Islam in India,359f; Polynesia, 496; post-World War Iperiod, 916-918; Renaissance, 519;Roman empire, 24lf; Russia, 714f

Arctic Ocean, 711Argentina: British investment, 805;

conflicts with indigenous peoples,796, 798; creole elites andindependence, 742; ethniciry, identity,and gender in society, 811-812;European immigration, 801, 805;military regimes, 1019-1021;Pan-American culture, 1050

Arianism, 292, 382-383Arikamedu, 255Aristophanes (c. 450-388 B.C.E.), 221Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.), 218, 220,324,

465--466,585Arius (250-336),292Arms race, and Cold War, 980. Seealso

Nuclear weaponsArmy: gunpowder, 511; monarchies of

early modern Europe, 572; Mongolempire, 414; state building in WesternEurope, 517. See alsoMilitaryArt: Byzantine empire, 293, 300; Chavincult, 118; experimentation in interwarperiod, 915-916; Harappan society,61; Hellenistic empires, 213; Japanand European, 670; Mochica state,118-119; neolithic pottery, 25;paleolithic culture, 17; Renaissance inWestern Europe, 518-519; Russia,300; Teotihuacan, 116. SeealsoCulture; Painting

Artha (Hindu principle), 195Arthashastra (Kautalya), 179Artisans, and China of Qing dynasty, 660.Seealso Craft industries and craftsmenAryans, 57,62--67,72-75, 145, 178,

183, 186Asante people, 625, 636Asceticism, and early Christianity, 260, 294Ashoka Maurya (268-232 B.C.E.),

180-182,191,213,257Asia: communism and democracy in 20th

century, 1027-1030; economicgrowth in 20th century, 1031-1033;European imperialism and colonialempires, 856m; nationalism and

independence in Cold War years,991-999; population growth in 20thcentury, 1057, 1060t; Russianempire, 709-711; struggles fornational identity in 20th century,932-938; trade and conflict in earlymodern era, 549-555; urbanization in20th century, 1061. See also CentralAsia; East Asia; South Asia; SoutheastAsia; Southwest Asia

--chronology of historical events: age ofrevolution and industrialization, 724t,725t; early modern era, 532t, 533t;late medieval societies, 404t, 405t;20th century, 878t, 879t;

Associated Powers, and World War 1,882Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), 1034-1035Assyrian empire, 40, 41, 42, 51, 52,133Astell, Mary (1666-1731), 746Astrakhan, 709, 713Astrolabe, 317, 539Astronomy, 26, 48,110,583-584,

585,670Aswan Dam (Egypt), 35Atahualpa, Inca Emperor (?-1533),

595f,597Aten (god), 49Athens,205-206,208,209,213Atlantic, battle of(1940s), 949, 952Atlantic Ocean, and European voyages of

exploration, 524-525, 539-545Atomic bombs, and World War II, 941,

955,958. Seealso Nuclear weaponsAttica, 205Attila, King of Huns (c. 406--453), 268Augustine, St. (354--430),446Augustus Caesar (63 B.C.E. - 14 C.E.),

233-234,261Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor

(1618-1707),681,683,686,689,690,854

Auschwitz concentration camp, 961-962Australia: aboriginal peoples, 120-121,

493--494,614,862; Cook's voyages,548; English settlement, 613--615;European imperialism, 860, 861;human evolutions and migrations, 13,104,119; World War I, 896, 898

Australopithecus, 9Austria: absolutist monarchy, 575; French

revolution, 736; Habsburg dynasty,570m, 576m; nationalist rebellions,751; Ottoman empire, 819;self-determination, 906; Seven Years'War, 555; voting rights for women,895; World War II, 947. See alsoAustro-Hungarian empire

Austro-Hungarian empire, 881-882, 883,889,903,906. See also Austria

Ausrronesians, 122,431Autarchy, and economic nationalism, 922Automobile industry, 767-768Avalokitesvara (Lord of Compassion), 193fAverroes. See Ibn RushdAvesta, 146, 148Avvakum (17th century), 697, 716


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Burton, Richard (1821-1890),858Bushido (way of the warrior), 350, 666Business and business organization: big

business oflate 19th century, 768;Byzantine empire, 289; China in Tangera, 341; corporations, 768; Islamicempire and trade, 317-318;joint-stock companies, 552; medievalEurope and trade, 461. S ee a ls o Banksand banking; Capitalism; Trade

Buzurg ibn Shahriyar (10th century),355,365Byron, Lord (1788-1824), 751

Byzantine empire: Abbasid dynasty, 312;China, 279; crusades, 473-474; earlyyears, 280-287; economy, 287-289;tall of Western empire, 268; influenceon Eastern Europe, 296-300; Islamicexpansion, 309; OrthodoxChristianity, 290-295; Russianempire, 700-701; Saljuq Turks,411-412; Sasanid empire, 140; urbanlite and society, 290

Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez (16thcentury), 603

Cabral, Pero Alvares (c. 1467-1520),600Cacao, 108Caesar, Julius (100-44 B.C.E.), 233"Caesaropapism," 282, 292, 293Cahokia, 487Caillaux, Joseph (1863-1944), 895Calendar: Maya, 110-111; Mexica, 484;

neolithic age, 26; Teotihuacan, 115Calico Acts of 1701 and 1721, 761California, 711, 790, 800Caliphs, 309-310, 314Calvin, John (1509-1564), 565-566Cambay,358Cambodia, 258, 372, 857-858Carnbyscs (530-522 B.C.E.), 134, 146Camel, 316, 434Canada: colonial government, 601;

cultural contrasts in 19th century,810-811; dominion of, 794, 795m,993; economic development in late19th and early 20th centuries, 804;establishment of state, 788-789;French and Indian War, 555;independence, 793; industrialization,767; North American Free TradeAgreement, 1036; War of 1812,793-794; World War I, 898Canadian Pacific Railroad, 804, 810, 811

Canary Islands, 524, 537, 542Candornble religion, 640Cannons, 338Canoes, sea-going, 121f, 122, 123Cape of Good Hope, 525Cape Town, South Africa, 627Cape Verde Islands, 524, 537Capitalism: Cold War and ideology, 976;

Europe in early modern era, 564,577-583; Great Depression, 923Capitulat ions, and Ottoman empire,820-821

INDEX

"Captive nations" resolution, 973Caravans: Anatolia and caravanserais, 503f;

classical Greece, 215; Islamic empires,316; Sahara Desert, 434, 437; silkroads, 255; Turkish peoples in CentralAsia, 409

Cardenas, Cuauhternoc, 1019Cardenas, Lazaro (1895-1970),1019Caribbean: European voyages of

exploration, 525, 544; slave trade,633, 638; Spanish and NativeAmericans, 595-596. S ee a ls o Cuba;HaitiCaroline Islands, 122

Carolingian empire, 381-390, 395-396Carrying capacity, and population

growth, 1057Carstenzs, Jan (17th century), 614Cartels, and business organization, 768Carthage, 230Cartwright, Edmund (1743-1823), 762Caspian Sea, 709Caste system, in India, 67-69, 73,

186-191,194,195,367,370,933Casti le, kingdom of, 456Castration, and eunuchs in classicalChina, 153

Castro, Fidel (1926-),982, 983fCatalan Atlas, 538f


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Han dynasty, 263-265; GreatDepression, 921 ; gunpowder, 511;imperialism and labor migrations,868m, 869; Japan and culturalinfluence of, 666; Japan and WorldWar II, 943-945; legalism, 160-161;Ming dynasty, 515-516; Mongolempire, 408, 415, 417-420, 421;nationalism, 934-936; Opium War,831-834; paper manufacture, 171,316; political stability in early modernera, 648-654; Polo's account oftravels, 451, 506-507; Qin dynasty,162m; reform in 19th century,836-838; republic of 1912, 934;Roman Catholic missionaries, 509,510; Sima Qian's history of 153;Sino-Japanese War, 865; TaipingRebellion, 817, 834-836; unificationunder Qin and Han dynasties, 154,161-169; World War I, 896-897;writ ing, 92-96, 164. S ee a ls o Chineselanguage-ancient: Indo- European migrations, 64;intluence on other cultures, 96-99;legends, 79-80; neolithic age, 80, 81,90; political organization, 80-86;society and family, 97-90

-People's Republic of: Cold War, 968;Cultural Revolution, 1018; Dengadministration, 1028-1029, 1033;development of communism,1027-1028; economic development,1033; gender equali ty, 895,1054-1055; internet , 1051; KoreanWar, 981; population control, 1060;Soviet Union, 1014-1015; U.S.relations with communist,1015-1016. See also ChineseCommunist Party-postclassical era: centralized imperialrule, 328-335; East Asia and influenceof, 346-350; trade, 365; travel,327-328

-Tang and Song dynasties: culturalchange, 341-345; economicdevelopment, 335-340; [in empire,334m; Sui dynasty, 329m-Trade: cultural exchanges and silk roads,249-250,252-253,254; Inrua, 185;medieval Europe, 460; postclassical era,365; silver and transoceanic, 558-559

Chinampa system, of agriculture,479-480,483Chinatowns, 80lf, 810Chinaware, 337Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 935,

936,937,938. See also China,People's Republic ofChinese language, 348-349Chinggis Khan (c. 1167-1227),413-416,511,683Chivalry, 462Chola Kingdom, 359-360, 363Christianity: Africa in early modern era,

628-630; Aristotle, 220; Byzantineempire, 295; China in Qing dynasty,

INDEX

662-664; early medieval Europe,395-399; Europe: during high middleages, 464-469; European voyages ofexploration, 537-538; fragmentationof in early modern Europe, 564-569;Germanic tribes, 382-383; Islam, 305;Japan, 669-670; Kongo, 626; nativereligions in Americas, 612-613; Persianempire, 149; postclassical era, 275;Roman empire, 225-226, 241-242,244-246,268-270;St.Cyprian,262;Scandinavia, 470; Siberia, 711; silkroads and spread, 257m, 259-260;Spanish colonialism in Philippines, 553;sub-Saharan Africa, 446, 448. S ee a ls oClergy; Missionaries; Monasteries;Roman Catholic Church; RussianOrthodox Church

C hristian T opograph y, T he (CosmasIndicopleustes), 362Chu, state of, 99Chucuito, kingdom of, 488Churchill , Winston (1874-1965), 898,951,966,967,977Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 S.C.E.),242,520Circumnavigation, of globe, 548Circuses and Circus Maximus, in Rome, 238Cities: early Andean, 118; industrialization

and increasing size of, 771; Islamicempires, 316, 687-689; Maya, 108;medieval Europe, 463; neolithic ageand emergence of: 27; Roman empire,235,238; Spanish Americas,598-599; Sumer, 33; Teotihuacan,114-116; trade in middle ages, 503,506. See also City-states; Urbanizationand urban life .

Citizenship, in classical Athens, 205. Se ealso Voting rightsCity of God, T he (St. Augustine), 270fCity-states: classical Greece, 203-206;

Italy, 456,517; Maya, 109; Sumer,33-35; Swahili, 439. S ee a ls o Cities;StateCivil Code (1804), 737Civilians, and World Wars, 893, 945,955,957Civil rights: American Revolution andEnlightenment, 732; 20th-centurymovement in U.S., 989-990;women's movement and influence of,1053. See also Equality; RaceCivil Rights Act (U.S., 1964), 1054

Civil service, examinations in Qing dynastyChina, 654. S ee a ls o BureaucracyCivil wars: Abbasid dynasty, 313;Byzantine empire, 297; China,936-938; Japan, 664, 840; Palestine,995; Roman empire, 232; Russia,702; Soviet Union, 924-925; Spain,946,947; U.S., 791-792

Cixi, dowager empress of China(1835-1908),837,838

Clark, William ( 1770-1838), 789Class, socioeconomic: ancient China, 88;

.ancienr Egypt and Mesopotamia,

42-44; Bantu peoples, 442-444;China of Han dynasty, 172; ChinaQing dynasty, 658, 660; complexsocieties, 3, 32; early Christianity,Inca empire, 491; industrialization773; Latin American society in 181741; Maya, 110; neolithic society,25-26; Persian empire, 142; Polyr496; Roman empire, 240, 246;Roman republic, 228-229; threeestates of medieval Europe, 461-4Vedic society of India, 67-69. SeeMiddle class; Nobility; Peasants;Society; Working class

Classical societies: characteristics of:126-127; China, 153-174;chronology, 128-129t; Greece,199-222; India, 177-196; legacy127; Persia, 131-149; Rome,225-246; trade and culturalexchanges, 249-271

C la ss ic o f F il ia l P ie ty (Confucius), 170Cleopatra (69-30 S.C.E.), 234Clergy, and class in medieval Europe, ~

S ee a ls o Monasteries; Priests andpriestesses; Roman Catholic ChunClermont, Council of (1095),473Cleveland, Grover (in office 1885-188

1893-1897),863Climate: Harappan society, 62; Monge

invasions of Solith cast Asia and Ia]417-418; Monsoons and IndianOcean, 252, 361; winds and curreof Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,539-542 . See also Environment;Flooding; Global warming; Ice ag'Clothing. Se e Dress; Textile productiorClotilda, St., Queen of Franks(c. 470-545), 383Clovis, King of Franks (c. 466-511),381-383,384,395

Club of Rome, 1057, 1059Coal mining, 759, 762f, 766m, 775fCoca leaves, 488Codex Borgia, 483fCoen, Ian Pieterszon (17th century), 5Coffee, 637, 684ColJ01!gs (Chinese business firms), 831Coinage: Achaernenid empire, 136;

Byzantine empire, 289; China, 335feudal society in Western Europe, :India in classical era, 185f; Romanempire, 254f. S ee a ls o CurrencyCold War: collapse of Soviet Union ancend of, 1042-lO47; colonialliberation, 984-985; counterculruiprotests, 1017-1018; Cuban rnissicrisis, 982-983; development ofstruggle between Soviet Union ar uU.S., 975-980; end of World Warand beginning of: 964-968; globapolitical transformations after WoriWar II, 877, 975; Korean War,980-981; society, 986-991

Collaboration, and World War 11,959.also Occupation; Resistance

C olle ctio n o f B oo ks (Kangxi), 661


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Collectivization, of agriculture in SovietUnion, 926-927

Colombia, 742, 796m, 865Colonialism: classical Greece, 206-208,

214; Cold War and independencemovements, 984-985; confl icts withsubject peoples, 869-870; crusadesand Baltic expansion, 470-471;English and French in North America,600-603; industrialization, 723;motives for, 849; nationalism andanticolonial movements, 872-873;Scandinavia and Atlantic expansion,470; society in the Americas,603-613; Spanish empires inAmericas, 598-600; Western Europeduring Renaissance, 520-525; WorldWar I, 884,908. S ee a ls oDecolonization; Empires; Imperialism;Neocolonialism

Colosseum, 238Columbian exchange, 555-558, 578, 684Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506),

517,525,526~544-545,595Comfort women, 964Communalism, and religious identity in

India, 992Communications: Achaemenid empire, 136;China in Tang dynasty, 331;cross-cultural exchanges in 20thcentury, 1047-1052; human evolution,11-12; imperialism and colonialempires, 853. S ee a ls o Postal systemCommunism: Bolshevik Revolution,900-902; China, 935-936; Chinese-Soviet rift, 1014-1015; Cold War andideology of, 976; Marx and Engels,777, 778. S ee a ls o SocialismCommunity, hunting and gatheringsocieties of paleolithic, 15-16; Romanempire, 241. S ee a ls o Towns; VillagesCommunity gods, 48Compass, 317, 338, 339, 509, 539

C om plete L ibrary of the Four T reasuries(Qianlong),661Complex societies: economic specializationand trade, 40-42; patriarchal societies,44-46; regions and time period ofdevelopment, 4t, 5t; rise andcharacteristics of, 2-3, 32; socialclasses, 42-44

Cornpostela, and pilgrimages, 467Concentration camps, and World War II,961-962, 963m. S ee a ls o Holocaust

Concepcion, Chile, 599Concordat (France), 737Concrete, 238Confession, sacrament of, 396Confucianism: Buddhism, 342;

Christianity, 663f; Confucius anddevelopment of school of philosophy,154-158; Daoism, 159-160;education, 331-332,654; Korea,346-347; legalism, 161; Ming dynastyof China, 515, 516,649; Mongols,419; post-Han China, 265; Qingdynasty of China, 652, 653, 661-664.S ee a ls o Neo-Confucianism

INDEX

Confucius (551-479 R.C.E.), 95, 154-156Congo, Republic of, 858,1023,1052Conquistadores, 596Conservatism, age of revolution and

ideology of, 744Constantine, Roman Emperor(c. 275-337), 266, 267f, 268, 280,

282,292Constantinople: crusades, 297, 473;economy, 287, 288, 291; founding of,266, 280; housing, 290; Islamic seige,285; Ottoman Turks, 412, 424, 425f;trade, 289, 291; Vikings, 388. S ee a ls oIstanbulConstitutions: absolutist states of earlymodern Europe, 572-575; Japan in1889,841-842; Mexico in 1917,799, 1019; Roman republic,228-229,232

Construction, in Roman empire, 238. Se ealso Architecture; Building materials

Consuls, of Rome, 228Consumer culture, 1049-1050Consumerism, 990-991Consumption, and global cultural

exchanges, 1049-1050Containment, and foreign policy, 976,

978,981-982,988Continental Congress (1774), 731, 732fConvents, 398Cook, Capt. James (1728-1779), 12lf,534f, 546-547m, 548, 614, 615,

616,861Cook, Thomas (1808-1892),1063Cooperation, and human evolution, 12Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543), 584Copper, 25, 41. S ee a ls o Metal workingCoptic script, 47Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Ieanneret,1887-1965),918Cordoba, 319, 320f, 472Corinth, 213Corporations, 768C orpus iuris civilis (B ody of the C ivil L aw )

(J ustinian), 283Cortes, Hernan (1485-1547)), 592f, 596Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century), 362Cossacks, 699-700, 707Cotton industry, 316, 510, 637, 761-762.

S ee a ls o Textile productionCouncil for Mutual Economic Assistance(COMECON), 967Counterinsurgency, and guerillawarfare, 985Counts, in medieval Europe, 385. S ee a ls oLords; NobilityCourier service, in Achaernenid empire, 136Court, of Byzantine empire, 283Cowboys, 812Cowries, as currency, 433, 559Craft industries and craftsmen: ancient

China, 88; Byzantine empire, 288;Inca empire, 491; Mexica society,483; Mongol empire and status offoreigners, 407, 420; neolithic society,24. See also Artisans; Metalworking;Pottery

Cranach, Lucas (16th century), 563f

Creole language, 640Creoles, 741, 744, 795-796Crete, 52, 200-202Crimea, 418, 422,709. S ee a ls o Crimean

WarCrimean War (1853-1856),826Croatia, 298Croesus, King of Lydia (c. 560-546S.C.E.), 131Cro-Magnon peoples, 17-19Crompton, Samuel (1753-1827), 761Cross-cultural interactions: as characteristic

of historical development,S 36; globalcommunications in late 20th century,1047-1052; transportation networksafter 1500, 530-531. S ee a ls o Culture

Cross staffs, 539Crusades: Albigensian, 469; Byzantine

empire, 296-297; expansion ofWestern Europe, 470, 473-474

Crystal Palace exhibition (1851), 769, 770fCresiphon, 139, 140Cuba,642,801,864,982-983Cultural nationalism, 749Cultural Revolution (China), 1018,

1027, 1028Culture: Bantu peoples, 442-448; ColdWar, 1017-1018; cultural nationalism,

749; global communications,1047-1052; imperialism, 850, 852;international organizations,1064-1066; Islamic and Hindutraditions in postclassical India,367-370; Islamic empires, 321-324,687-689,691-692; Japan in Hcianperiod, 348-349; migrantcommunities, 1063; Negritudemovement in Africa, 1000--1001;Oceania, 494; physics and psychology,914-915; postclassical era, 275;post-World War I pessimism, 912-914;Roman empire, 268-270; Russia,715-718; Seleucid empire, 213; silkroads, 256-263; tourism, 1063-1064;trade and travel in middle ages,502-512. See also Architecture; Art;Cross-cultural interactions; Literature;Multicultural societies; Music; Painting;Philosophy; Popular culture-Americas: African-America, 640; Canadain 19th century, 810-811; NativeAmericans and colonial society, 605;Teotihuacan, 116-ancient world: Achaernenid empire, 137;classical Greece, 217-222; classicalsocieties, 127; Harappan, 60-62;neolithic age, 26; paleolithic age,16-19; rise of complex societies, 3-China: Confucian tradition, 661-664;Ming dynasty, 516; post- Han period,264-265; Tang and Song eras,341-345; writing, 92-96

Cuneiform writing, 46-47,52Currency: cowrie shells in sub-SaharanAfrica, 559; India and Mauryanempire, 182; Kongo, 433; papermoney in China, 340, 421. See a l soCoinage


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Custer, Col. George Armstrong(1839-1876),789Cuzco, Peru, 490-491, 598Cybele (goddess), 243Cyprian, St. (3rd century), 262Cyprus, 201Cyril , St. (827-869), 298-299Cyrillic alphabet, 299Cyrus, King of Persia (c. 585-529 S.C.E.),131,133-134,137,146,178,208Czechoslovakia, 906, 947, 948, 960,

1014, 1043, 1044

Dadie, Bernard, 1001, 1002Dahomey people, 636, 637Daimyo ("great names"), 664-665,

666-667Dali, Salvador (1904-1989),1040-1041D'Aloboquerque, Afonso (16th

century), 549Damascus, 310, 311fDao (the way), 158-159,343D aodejing (C lassic of the W ay and of

Virtue), 158, 159, 160Daoguang, Emperor of China

(1906-1967),833Daoism, 154, 158-160,265,343-344D ar a l-I sla m (house ofIslam), 304, 321Darius, Emperor of Persia (521-486

S.C.E.), 134-135, 137, 143, 144,146-147,208Darwin, Charles (1809-1882), 870-871David (c. 1000-930 S.C.E.), 50,243Dead Sea Scrolls, 244Death: neolithic religion, 26; Socrates'

view of, 219. S ee a ls o Burials; Disease;Funerals

Declaration of Independence (1776),731-732,789Declaration of the Rights of Man and theCitizen (1789), 727, 735Declaration of the Rights of Woman andthe Female Citizen (Gouges,

1791),727Decline of the W est, T he (Spengler,1918-1922),913Decolonization: Africa in postwar era,999-1004,1021; global impact of in

late 20th century, 877; global poli ticaltransformation after World War II,974-975, 986-987m. S ee a ls oColonialism; NeocolonialismDeer Park of Sarnath, 190, 191

Deforestat ion, and Harappan society, 62.S ee a ls o EnvironmentDegas, Edgar (1834-1917), 916De Gaulle, Charles (1890-1970),1011Deism, 587De Klerk, F. W. (1936- ),1023Delacroix, Eugene (1798-1863), 726fDelhi, Sultanate of, 358-359, 360, 412,422,501,508Delian League, 209Delphic oracle, 131Delphi theater, 198fDemeter (goddess), 221

INDEX

Democracy: classical Athens, 205; India,1029-1030; postwar pessimism,913-914; pro-democracy movementin China, 1028

Democratic Revolutionary Party(PDR),1019

Demographic transition, 770-771Demotic script, 47, 52Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997),1028-

1029,1033Denmark, 470, 642, 949, 959Dependent clients, 44Detente policy, 1015Devotional cults, Hindu, 368-369D ev sh irm e, 6 75Dharma (Buddhist doctrine), 190,

195,343Dhimmi,686Dhows, 364Diamond mining, 847Dias, Bartolomeu (c. 1450-1500),525,543Diaz, Porfirio (1830-1915), 799, 805Diaz del Castillo, Bernal (1492-1581),477-478,481Dictators, 229, 233Diderot, Denis (1713-1784), 706Diem, Ngo Dinh (1901-1963), 998Diet: African-American culture, 640; China

of Han dynasty, 172; Columbianexchange and European, 557, 578;Islamic empires, 315; nomadic peoples,409; Roman empire, 240; WesternEurope in medieval period, 458

Digging sticks, 90Dioceses, 270Dioclet ian, Roman Emperor (245-

316),266Dionysus (god), 221Diplomacy. Se e Foreign PolicyDirectory (France, 1795-1799),737Disease, epidemic: China in Qing dynasty,657; Columbian exchange, 556-557;

early medieval Europe, 395; earlymodern Europe, 579; eradication ofsmallpox, 1065; indigenouspopulation of Caribbean, 596; PacificIslands, 613, 861; Siberia, 711;Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru,596-597, 598; trade routes of classicalworld and spread of, 261-263. Se ealso Bubonic plague; SmallpoxDiula people, 625Divine-right theory, of monarchy, 574

Diviners, in sub-Saharan Africa, 445Dnieper River, 299Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty (Brezhnev

doctrine), 1014Domestic containment, and Cold War, 988Domesticity: contemporary status ofwomen in India, 1055; feminist

movement in postwar period, 988;industrialization and women, 774

Domestic servants, 774Dominic, St. (1170-1221), 468Dominican order and monasteries, 468,472,663Dominican Republic. Se e Hispaniola

Domino theory, and Cold War, 982Donatello (1386-1466), 519Drainage systems, and Olmecs, 106. S c

also IrrigationDrake, Sir Francis (c. 1540-1596), 54~Dravidians, 57, 59, 63, 66, 68, 71, 72-Dreadnoughts, 884Dream of the Red Chamber, T he, 662Dresden Codex, 112fDress: Aztec empire, 482; boyars of Ru

702f; class in China of Han dynas174f; Confucian officials of Tangdynasty, 331; Hawaii and traditicroyal, 864f; Mongol women andheadgear of ruling class in China,406f; westernization in Russia , 70828f. S ee a ls o Textile production

Dreyfus, Alfred (1859-1935), 750Dr. Stranqelove (film), 1017, 1018Dual Alliance, 885Dubcek, Alexander (1921-),1014Duchamp, Marcel (1887-1968), 910fDuma (parl iament), 831Dunant, Jean Henri (1828-1910),10(,Dunhuang, 342

Early modern era (1500-1800):characteristics of, 531; chronology532-533t; global interactions, 72Earthquakes, 62, 201. S ee a ls o Volcano.

East Africa: Bantu migrations in Great Lregion, 431; China and voyages ofexploration, 521; human evolution,8-9; Islamic states, 438-442, 623--(trade routes, 252. S ee a ls o Africa

East Asia: ancient Egypt and trade, 42;chronology of classical societies, L129t; chronology of postclassical e276t, 277t; Han dynasty and Chi168m; influence of China onpostclassical, 346-350; origins ofagriculture, 23m, 80; rise of compsocieties,4t, 5t; World War I,896-897. S ee a ls o Asia; Southeast 1Easter Island, 122, 495

Eastern Europe: Byzantine empire,296-300; Cold War, 978, 990; disand Soviet intervention in 1950s a1960s, 1013-1014; end of cornrmregimes, 1042, 1043-1045, 1048]Soviet Union after World War II, ~1013-1014; World War I andsuccessor states, 904. S ee a ls o Euro

Eastern Front, and World War I, 892Eastern Orthodox Church. Se e RussianOrthodox ChurchEast India Company (Great Britain), 5:

580,685,832,854East Indies, 857Echeverria, Luis, 1059Ecology. Se e EnvironmentEconomic development: Americas in late

19th and early 20th centuries, 799-/China and Deng administration, 10;industrialization, 781; U.S. Civil Wa791,792. See also Economy


8/27

1-8Economic nationalism, 922Economy: bubonic plague, 514; Byzantine

empire, 287-288; collapse of SovietUnion, 1045; commercial exchangeand global in early modern era, 531;crusades, 474; early Islamic world,315-319; European Community,1012-1013,1030; feudalism inWestern Europe, 393-395; globalexperiments in 20th century,1030-1036; Great Depression,919-924; growth of during middleages in Western Europe, 457-464;imperialism, 850, 866-867; India inpostclassical era, 362-363;industrialization and dependency,782; Islamic empires, 690-691; Japanand reforms in 19th century,842-843; Japan in early modern era,666-667; nomadic peoples of CentralAsia, 408-409; Ottoman empire, 820;Roman empire, 237-241, 266;slavery, 641-642; World War I, 882,893-894,908; World War II, 959.S ee a ls o Agriculture; Banks andbanking; Business and businessorganization; Currency; Economicdevelopment; Poverty; Trade; Wealth-ancient world: complex societ ies, 40-42;early Andean states, 118; hunting andgathering peoples of paleolithic,14-16; India in classical era, 183-185;Persian empire, 143-145

-China: Han dynasty, 170-173; Mingdynasty, 515-516; Qing dynasty,654-660; Tang and Song eras,335-340

Ecuador, 742Edessa, crusader state of, 473Edict of Milan, 268Education: ancient Egypt andMesopotamia, 46, 47-48; British

empire in India, 855; Buddhism andclassical India, 193; Byzantine empire,292, 298; Confucianism and China,156, 331-332,653, 661; Europe inmiddle ages, 464-466; India, 932;Islam and women, 1055; Islamicempires, 321; Japan, 348-349, 842;Jesuits, 567; Mexica, 483; monasteriesin medieval Europe, 398, 464;Ottoman empire, 822; rise of complexsocieties, 3; Russia, 717-718. S ee a ls oLiteracy rates; Universities

Egypt: Arab nationalism, 996-997; Britishoccupation, 860; bronze metallurgy,41; bubonic plague and population of,514; Cold War, 1024; complex societyof ancient , 32, 35-37; early empire,37,39; education, 47-48; influenceon other societies, 50, 52-53; maps ofearly, 33m, 37m; mummification, 31;Ottoman empire, 819; patriarchalsociety, 44, 46; Persian empire, 134;Ptolemic empire, 213, 230, 234;shipbuilding, 41-42; social classes, 42,

INDEX

44; trade routes in classical era, 252,255; writing, 46, 47, 52

Einstein, Albert (1879-1955),914Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1890-1969),

982,998Elba (Mediterranean island), 739Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204), 462Eleusinian mysteries, 220Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain

(1926-),933,1002Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 792Empires: emergence of new powers,

863-866; European imperialism,854-863; foundations of globalcolonial, 848-853; World War II andend of, 877. S ee a ls o Colonialism;ImperialismEmporiums, and Indian Ocean trade inpostclassical era, 364-365

Encomienda system, 595, 598, 607Engagement, World War I and rules of,

893. See also CiviliansEngels, Friedrich (1820-1895), 760,776-777,778

E ng en ho , 6 08Engineers and engineering, and Roman

empire, 236, 238. S ee a ls oArchitecture; ConstructionEngland: China and trade, 659; Christianmissionaries, 397; constitutionalgovernment and civil war, 573;feudalism, 392; Hundred Years' War,516; missionaries in North America,613; Norman conquest, 455-456;North American colonies, 600-603;Protestant Reformation, 565; religiouswars of 16th century, 568;Scandinavian raids and centralizationof government, 389; Seven Years'War, 555; slavery and slave trade, 642;state-building in late medieval, 517;trading posts in Asia, 550-552. Se ealso Britain; Great BritainEnglish language, 63, 64t, 1051

Enlightenment: American Revolution,732; Buddhism, 189; Confucianism,664; deism, 587; French Revolution,738; liberalism; 744-45; NapoleonBonaparte, 737-738; revolutions oflate 18th and early 19th centuries,728, 729-730, 754; Russia, 706,717-718; science and society,586-587; theory of progress, 588;women's rights, 746

Enterprise (U.S. aircraft carrier) , 953Entertainment: Byzantine empire, 290;Roman empire, 238. See a ls o Popularculture; Theater

Environment: aboriginal Australians, 493;Bantu migrations, 430-431;Columbian exchange, 555; depletionof as global issue, 1058; fur trade inNorth America, 609; human evolutionand migrations, 13-14; hunting andgathering peoples of paleolithic, 16;impact of population growth, 1059;

nomadic peoples of Central Asiansteppes, 97; valley of central Mexico,114. See also Climate; Flooding;Geology; Natural resources; Plants

Ep ic o fG i lgamesh (Sumer), 43, 48Epics: Hindu, 194; Surner, 43, 48Epictetus (c. 55-135),241Epicureans, 222Epicycles, and astronomy, 584Epidemics. Se e Bubonic plague; Disease,epidemic; SmallpoxE pistle to th e R om an s (Barth, 1919),913Equal field system, 331, 349Equality: Enlightenment and concepts of,

730; French Revolution, 735-736;global feminist movement in 20thcentury, 1053; women's movement in19th-century U.S., 809. S ee a ls o CivilrightsEqual Rights Amendment (U.S.), 1054

Equiano, Olaudah (1745-1797),635,641,745Erasmus, Desiderius (1466-1536), 519

Eric the Red (10th century), 470Erlitou,82Essenes, 244E sta te s G en er al , 7 33 -7 34Estonia, 1046Ethics: capitalism and profit, 581; chivalry,462; Hinduism, 194-195; Iainism,

188; Jesus of Nazareth, 245. S ee a ls oMorality; ValuesEthiopia, 7, 9, 446, 447f, 860, 946, 947fEthnicity: culture of Canada in 19th

century, 810; Latin American societyofl9th century, 811-812; migrantcommunit ies, 1063; Russia in 19thcentury, 830. S ee a ls o Race

Etiquette, ancient China and manuals of,88,95Etruscans, 226-227, 229, 242Eucharist, 466Eunuchs, and bureaucracy of China,153,515Euphrates River, 27,32Euripides (c. 484-406 B.C.E.), 221

Europe: age of revolution andindustrialization (1750-1914),722-723; aggression in interwar years,946-948; Cold War, 978; Congress ofVienna and balance of power, 751;consolidation of national states in19th century, 748-754; EuropeanCommunity (EC) and EuropeanUnion (EU), 1012-1013, 1030,1035-1036; formation of Christian,395-399; global primacy in early 20thcentury, 876; Great Depression, 921;gunpowder, 512; industrialization,766m, 769-770; populat ion growth,769-770, 1060t; postclassical era,274; Roman empire, 235, 452;Russian empire, 707-709; territorialchanges after World War I, 90Sm;World War I and decline of globalrole, 899, 907-908; World War I as


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global war, 888-896, 897m; WorldWar II, 877, 949-951, 952, 959. Seealso Eastern Europe; Western Europe

-chronology of historical events: age ofrevolution and industrialization, 724t,725t; centralized societies oflatemedieval period, 404t, 405t; earlymodern era, 532t, 533t; postclassicalera, 276t, 277t; 20th century, 878t,879t-colonialism and imperialism: Americasand early contact period, 594-603;empires, 854-863; labor migrations,868-869; Opium War, 831-834;Pacific islands, 613-616; spheres ofinfluence in China, 837; voyages ofexploration, 522-523m, 524-525,536-548

=-early modern era: biological exchanges,555-558; capitalism, 577-583;chronology of, 532t, 533t;consolidation of sovereign states,569-577; fragmentation ofChristianity, 564-568; globalprocesses, 531, 558-559; science,583-588; trade and conflict in Asia,549-555

-medieval period: bubonic plague andpopulation, 514; centralized societiesof late, 404t, 405t; Christianity inhigh middle ages, 464-469; expansionof, 471m; regional states, 453mEuropean Community (EC),1012-1013,1030

European Union (EU), 1035-1036Evolution, human, 7-14Exploration, European voyages of: fromAtlantic to Pacific, 545-548;

biological exchanges, 555-558; fromMediterranean to Atlantic, 542-545;motives for, 536-538; technology of,538-539,542External migration, 1060, 1062-1063

Factory Act of 1833, 777Factory system, 763-764. S ee a ls oManufacturingFamily: ancient China, 90-92; China inQing dynasty, 655-656; classicalGreece, 215-217; Hammurabi's law,45; India in classical era, 186-187;industrialization, 759-760, 773;nuclear in early modern Europe, 583;Roman empire, 239-241. S ee a ls oBirth control; Children; Marriage;Patriarchy; Women

F am il y R itu al s (Zhu Xi), 345Famines: China in 17th century, 650; Indiain 1896-1897,873; Ireland in 19thcentury, 772; Russia during Time ofTroubles, 702Fan Kuan (late 10th and early 11 thcenturies), 159f

Fanon, Frantz (1925-1961),1000Farsi language, 63

INDEX

Fascism, 928Fatehpur Sikri, Persia, 688-689Faxian (5th century), 183February Revolution (Russia, 1917),900Fedor II, Tsar of Russia (17th century), 697Feminist movement, 988-989, 1052-1056Ferdinand II. Se e Fernando of AragonFernando of Aragon (1452-1516), 517,525,544,572Fertility and fertility rates: classical Greek

religion, 221; Harappan religion, 62;neolithic religion, 26; paleolithicculture, 17-18; population growth in20th century, 1057. S ee a ls o Birthcontrol; Birth rates

Feudalism: abolition of in Japan, 841;chivalry and nobles of medieval Europe,462; Japan, 349-350; monarchies inFrance and England, 454-456; societyof early medieval Europe, 39(}-395. Se ealso Peasants; Serfs

Fiji, 495, 862, 863Final Solution, 961-962. S ee a ls oHolocaustFinancial instruments, and China of Tangand Song eras, 339. S ee a ls o Banks and

bankingFinland,470Fire, and human evolution, 9, 11, 14Firebombing, and World War II, 955, 957"Fire lances," 338First Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union), 926Fishing industry, 495-496, 600, 609Fitzgerald, Edward, 322Five Pillars of Islam, 308-309Flanders, 458, 459Floating worlds, of Japan, 668Flooding, 62, 81Florence, 475,519Florida, 555, 599Food. Se e Agriculture; DietFoot binding, in China, 337, 655-656Footprints, of fossilized hominids, 9Forbidden City, China, 650Ford, Henry (1863-1947), 767Ford Motor Company, 768Foreign policy: balance of power in early

modern Europe, 577; China andexploration ofIndian Ocean, 521;China and Tang dynasty, 332, 342;Cold War, 967, 976, 978, 984-985;detente in 1960s, 1015-1016; Japanand trade, 666; Mongol empire, 420;travel and cultural interaction inmedieval period, 507-508; U.S. andinterventionist , 967; World War I andalliances, 885, 888Former Han (206 B.C.E.-9 C.E.), 166

Fortune-tel lers, in ancient China, 93Forum, 228Fourier, Charles (1772-1837), 776Four Noble Truths, 190Fourteen Points (U.S.), 908France: absolutist monarchy, 574; Crimean

War, 826; de Gaulle era, 1011;Enlightenment, 586-587; Franco-

Prussian War, 885; Greek colonies,207; Holy Roman Empire, 571;Hundred Years' War, 516;industrialization, 766; Napoleonic737-739; nationalism, 750; paleoliart, 18; Paris Peace conference, 90,religious wars of 16th century, 568Seven Years' War, 555; slavery andslave trade, 642; students protests i1960s, 1018; Tahiti , 862; Vikings,389,390; World War I, 888, 892,904; World War II, 948, 949-950,959. See also Franks; FrenchRevolution; Gaul

-colonialism and imperialism: Africa,859m; Algeria, 999-1000; China,834, 835m; colonial empire, 856n859m, 861m, 862, 884; Egypt, 8Indochina, 857-858; missionaries,613,852; North Africa anddecolonization, 999-1000; NorthAmerica colonies, 600-603; Tahiti,862; Vietnam, 837, 857-858,997-998

-medieval period: Capetian monarchy,451-455; crusades, 469, 472;feudalism, 392; state-building in lai517; trade, 459

Franciscan order and monasteries, 468,612,663Francis Ferdinand, Archduke

(1863-1914),881,882,889Francis of Assissi, St. (1182-1226),468

469, 468, 469Francis Xavier, St. (1506-1552),669Franco, Gen. Francisco (1892-1975), 9Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), 885Franks, 268,286,381-390,395-396Fraser River gold rush of 1858(Canada),810Frederick Barbarossa, Holy RomanEmperor (c. 1123-1190),454Free commoners, 44Freedom, concepts of, 729-730, 746. S

also Civil rights; EqualityFree Speech Movement, 1018Free trade, 1033-1034French and Indian War (1754-1763),

555,730French-Canadians, 793, 810, 811French Revolution (1789-1793): abolitof slavery, 641; conservatism, 744;Convention, 736; the Directory, 7:Enlightenment, 733; Estates Genen733-734; liberty, equality, andfraternity as goals, 735-736; NatiorAssembly, 734-735; Russia, 707, 7women's rights, 727, 747. S ee a ls oFrance

Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939),915Friedan, Betty (1921- ), 988Fu Hao (13th century R.C.E.), 83, 84Fujian, 336-337Fujiwara family (794-1185), 348Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901), 84(}-8Fulani,629


10/27

1-10

Funan,371-372Funerals, in ancient Egypt, 31. See also

Burials; DeathFur trade, 605, 609-610, 710, 810

Gabriel (archangel), 306Gadsden Purchase (1853), 790mGalileo Galilei (1564-1642), 585Gall ipoli, Batt le of (1915), 898Gama, Vasco da (c. 1460-1524),525,

535,538,542,543-544,549,625Gandhara, 134, 178, 185Gandhi, Indira (1917-1984),1029-

1030,1056Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand

(1869-1948),933,989,992,993Gandhi, Rajiv (1944-1991),1030Ganges River, 178-179Gang Ying, Chinese Emperor

(1st century), 255Gao, Mali , 623, 624-625Gargi Vakaknavi (Upanishad), 72-73Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882), 752Garvey, Marcus (1887-1940), 989Gathas (Zarathustra), 145-146, 147Gauchos (cowboy), 798, 812Gaugamela, batt le of (331 B.C.E.), 138Gauguin, Paul (1848-1903),916Gaul: Etruscans, 227; Germanic tribes,

268, 381; Roman empire, 229, 233,235, 240f. See also France

Gautama, Siddhartha (c. 563 B.C.E.), 189Geechee language, 640Gender. See Patriarchy; WomenGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT), 1033General Theory of Employment, Interest,

and Money, The (Keynes, 1936),923Geneva Conference (1954), 998Geneva Conventions, 1064Genghis Khan. See Chinggis KhanGenoa, 459, 461Gens de couleur (free people of color), 740Geography: Andean region, 117, 119;circumnavigation of globe, 548;

Columbian exchange, 556; earlymodel of globe, 544f; Europeanvoyages of discovery, 536, 544. Seealso Climate; Environment

Geology, and human evolution, 7-8, 12.See also Earthquakes; Ice ages;VolcanoesGeorgia (Russia), 709

German Confederation, 752Germanic tribes, 267-268, 269m, 270,282. Seealso GermanyGerman language, 63, 64fGermany: aggression in interwar years,94Cr-948; China and spheres of

influence, 835m, 837; Cold War anddivided, 978-979; culturalnationalism, 749; feudalism, 392;Great Depression, 921, 924, 928,929; imperialism and colonial empire,859m, 861m, 862, 884;

INDEX

industrialization, 76Cr-767, 770,884;Magyar invasions and Otto of Saxony,389-390; NATO, 968; Nazism,928-931; population growth, 770;Protestant Reformation, 565;reunification, 1044-1045; Romanempire, 235; successor states towestern Roman empire, 286,380-381, 382m; territorial expansionin interwar years, 942-943; ThirryYears' War, 569; Treaty of Versailles,904; Tripartite Pact with Japan, 944;unification of, 752-753; voting rightsfor women, 895; World War I, 884,889-896, 902, 903, 904; World WarII, 949-951, 959, 960Ghaderi, Majid, 1048-1049

Ghana, 435-436, 623, 1001, 1002, 1021al-Ghazali (1058-1111), 321-322, 324Ghazan, Ilkhan of Persia (1271-1304),

418,421Ghazi,674Ghaznavid Turks, 412Giap, Vo Nguyen (1912-),998Gibraltar, Strait of, 524Gilgamesh, King ofSumer (c. 3000 B.C.E.),

43,48Gimillu (6th century B.C.E.), 143Giza pyramid, 36Glasnost, 1046Glass-blowing, 254fGlobal warming, 1059. See also ClimateGoa, 686Gobineau, Count Joseph Arthur de

(181Cr-1882),870Golden Horde, 417, 418, 422. See also

MongolsGold mining: California gold rush of 1849,800; Fraser River gold rush of 1858,810; Spanish colonies in Americas,595; West Africa and trade, 435, 537Golondrinas (swallows), 801

Gorbachev, Mikhail S. (1931-),1042-1043, 1044f, 1045Gosplan, 926Gothic cathedrals, 467fGouges, Olympe de (1748-1793), 727,

736,747Government: Abbasid empire, 312-313;American Revolution, 729, 731;

construction of U.S., 788-789; Frenchand English colonies in North America,601; Great Depression, 922-924; Indiaand Chandragupta, 179-180; Indiaand Mauryan empire, 180-181; Indiain postclassical era, 35Cr-357; Japanand reform in 19th century, 841-842;Kongo, 433; Roman empire, 234;Roman republic, 228-229; statelesssociety, 432; Venezuela, 797. SeealsoBureaucracy; Politics; State

-ancient world: Achaemenid empire,135-136; Athens and classical Greece,205; early Austronesian societies, 123;Egypt, 36, 44; polis of classicalGreece, 203-206; Sumer, 33-35

-China: Confucianism, 155, 157; Handynasty, 166, 167-168; legalism, 161,168; Qin dynasty, 163; Qing dynasty,658; Zhou dynasty, 85

Gracchus, Gaius (153-121 B.C.E.), 232Gracchus, Tiberius (163-133 B.C.E.),

231,232Granada, kingdom of, 456, 472,517,537Gran Colombia, 742, 795Grand Army, of Napoleon, 739Grand Canal (China), 329-330, 834Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck, 1939),923Great Atlantic migration (1820-1980),1062Great Britain: American Revolution,

730-732; Crimean War, 826;economic development in Americas,802,805; industrialization, 761-762,765-767, 770; Palestine, 994; ParisPeace Conference, 904; populationgrowth, 770; slavery and slave trade,745,746; textile industry, 761-762;urbanization, 771; War of 1812,793-794; women and voting rights,895; World War I, 884, 888, 892,896, 904; World War II, 948,950-951,956,963,964, 965f. Seealso Britain; England

-colonialism and imperialism: China andspheres of influence, 835m, 837;colonial empire, 856m, 859m,861m, 862, 884; India, 854-855,933-934,992; Kenya, 1003, 1004;Opium War, 832, 834Great Depression: agriculture, 919-920;Crash of 1929,920; fascism inGermany, 928, 929; global impact,87Cr-877, 919; industrial economies,921; primary producing economies, 921

Great Easter Rebellion (Ireland, 1916),903Greater East Asia Co-ProsperitySphere, 944Great Game (British intelligenceagents), 856Great Leap Forward (China, 1958-1961),1027Great Northern War (1700-1722), 704

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution(China, 196Cr-1976), 1027Great Purge, in Soviet Union, 927Great Wall, of China, 649Great War. SeeWorld War IGreat Zimbabwe, 440, 627Greece: independence from Ottoman

empire, 751, 819, 883-classical: Byzantine empire and legacy of,

292; colonization, 20Cr-208, 227;cultural life, 217-222; earlydevelopment of society, 200-206;Etruscans, 227; family and society,215-217; Hellenistic empires,212-213; Homer and development ofthought and literature, 199; influenceon Islam, 324; Macedonians andbeginnings of empire, 209-211;origins of alphabetic writing, 47, 52;Orthodox Christianity and influence


11/27

of, 290-291, 294; Persian Wars, 137,208-209; philosophy, 199,217-218,242,243,294; trade, 214-215. Se ealso Greek language

"Gn:ek fire," 285Greek language, 64f, 213, 292Greenland, 388, 470Greenpeace,1065Gregory I, Pope (c. 540-604),396-397Gregory V1I, Pope (c. 1020-1085),454Gregory of Tours (538-594), 384Gregory the Wonderworker

(3rd century), 259Grimm, Jakob (1785-1863) &Wilhelm(1786-1859),749Griots,429Gropius, Walter (1883-1969), 917Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of(1848), 790Guam, 548,615,864Guaman Poma de Avala, Felipe (17th

century), 595f, 607, 608fGuanches, 537, 542Guangzhou,253,340,520Guarani language, 600Guatemala, 108Guerilla warfare: Chinese resistance to

Japanese invasion, 945; U.S. andcounterinsurgency, 985; VietnamWar, 998

Guest workers, 1062Guilds: capitalism in early modern Europe,

580; cities of medieval Europe, 463,464; merchants in postclassical India,363, 367; society of classical India,186; students in medieval Europe, 465

Guillotine, 736-737Gujarat region, 358Gulf War (1991),1026Gullah language, 640Gunpowder, 338, 511-512Gupta empire, 179m, 182-183, 196,

323,356

Habsburg dynasty, 570, 571m, 576mHaciendas, 607Hadar, 7, 9Hagar Sophia, church of, 283Haiti, 741. S ee a ls o Haitian Revolution;

HispaniolaHaitian Revolution, 639, 739-741, 746Hajj (pilgrimage), 303, 322Harnrnurabi (1792-1750 S.C.E.), 38-39Harnrnurabi's laws, 38-39,45,50Han dynasty, 94f, 154,166-173,252,

258,261,263-265,408Han Feizi (280-233 B.C.!'.. ), 161Hangzhou, 336Hanseatic League, 461, 699Han Wudi (141-871l.cE.), 167-169, 171,

249-250Hao, 85, 86Haoma (hallucinogenic agent), 145Harappa,59Harappan society, 42, 58-62, 63Harihara, 360

INDEX

Hari-kiri, 350Harsha (606-648), 357Harun al-Rashid, Caliph (786-809),

313,379Harshepsut, Quem of Egypt (1503-1482

R.C.E.), 42, 43f, 46Hausa,625Hawaii: Austronesian migrations to, 122;

cornrnerical agriculture and migrationof labor, 801; Cook's voyages to, 548,616; early chiefdoms, 123;multicultural society, 870; population,496; Russian voyages of exploration,711; trade, 495; U.S. imperial ism, 863Hearne, Samuel (1745-1792), 795m

Heaven, Son of, 84-85, 653Hebrews, 50-51, 52tHeian period, 348-349Heisenberg, Waner (1901-1976), 914Heliopolis, 36, 48Hellenistic empires, 212-213, 221-222,

230,251-252Helots, 204Hemingway, Ernest (1899-1961), 912,913Henna, 316Henrique of Portugal, Prince

(1394-1460),524, 538, 542-543Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor(1056-11 06), 454Henry VIII, King of England(1491-1547),565,571-572Herder, Johann Gottfried von

(1744-1803),749Heresy: religious reform movements in

medieval Europe, 468-469; SpanishInquisition, 572Hermitage, Moscow, 717f

Hernandez, Jose, 812Herodotus (c. 484-420 R.C.E.), 31, 35,

131,136Hcrzl, Theodor (1860-1904),750Hidalgo, Miguel de (1753-1811), 742Hieroglyphic and hieratic writing, 47Hijra (migration), 307Hindenburg, Paul von (1847-1934),929Hindi language, 63Hinduism: classical India, 193-196;

Harappan society, 62; Islam, 690;Mughal empire, 681; postclassicalIndia, 359-360, 363, 368-369; Sikhs,686; silk roads and spread of, 258;Turkish peoples and Islam, 412; VedicIndia, 71. S ee a ls o Religion

Hippodrome, 290Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1901-

1989),955Hiroshima, Japan, and atomic bomb, 955,957,958

Hispaniola, 595, 637. S ee a ls o HaitiHistory, definition of, 8. S ee a ls oHerodotusH istory of the Franks, T Ile (Gregory ofTours),384Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945): assassination

attempt on, 960; biography of, 928;economic policy of, 924; fall of France,

1-

949f, 950; German aggression bet;World War II, 946-948; GrandAlliance, 966; M ein K am pf, 931; r,ideology, 959; suicide of, 952

Hittites, 39,64Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969),997,998Hodges, William (18th century), 535fHolocaust, 960-962, 963mHoly Roman Empire, 390, 452, 453-4

516,569-571,576mHome Front, and World War I, 893-8~Horner, 199,202,203,215Horninids, 8-12Homo e re ctu s, 10-12, 15f, 16Homo s ap ie ns , 8-14, 17Honecker, Erich (1912-1994), 1044Hong Kong, 834, 1029, 1032, 1033Hongwu, Emperor of China (1368-

1398),648Hongwu, Emperor of China (14thcentury), 515, 516Hong Xiuquan, 834, 835, 836

Honshu, 348Horsepower, 762Horses: ancient Egypt and Hyksos, 36;

Byzantine empire and racing, 290;domestication of, 21; Indo- Europemigrations, 63-64, 65; Mongolempire and military, 414; Parthianempire, 139; Tang dynasty in Chin330f; trade and classical societies,254, 258f; Western Europe andtechnology of medieval agriculture458. See also Animals; Transportati

Horus (god), 36Hospitallers, 470Housing, in Constantinople, 290. See aArchitecture; ConstructionHuang Chao (c. 884), 332-333, 340Hudson Bay, 609Hudson Bay Company, 794Hugh Caper, King of France (c. 938-9'454-455Huitzilopochtli (god), 485-486Hulcgu Khan (c. 1217-1265),418Humanism, 519-520Hundred Days Reforms (1898), 838Hundred Years War (1337-1453),511

516,517Hungary, 407, 571, 676,1013,1044 ..also Austro-Hungarian empireHuns, 183,268,408

Hunting: big game of paleolithic, 16, 1human evolution and naturalenvironment, 14; Sparta, 204f

Hunting and gathering peoples: aborigiAustralians, 120-121; Bantumigrations, 430-431; modern, 19,paleolithic period, 14-16Hurons, 610

Hurrcm Sultana, Ottoman empire ( 16tlcentury),683

Hussain, Ibn Ali, sherif of Mecca and kiof Hcjaz (1856-1931),899

Hyksos, 36, 37, 41


12/27

1-12

Iberia, 456Ibn Battuta (c. 1304-1368),439,444,448,501-502,504-50501,508

Ibn Rushd (1126-1198),324Ibrahim the Crazy (reigned 1640-

1648),689Ice ages, 12, 14,21,80, 104Iceland, 388,470Iconoclasm, 293, 295Icons, 278f, 293, 300Ideographs, 94, IIIIdeology: Cold War, 976; conservatism

and liberalism in age of revolution,744-745; Nazis and role of women,930. See also Enlightenment

IG Farben, 768Ignatius Loyola, St. (1491-1556), 567Ihara, Saikaku (1642-1693), 668Iliad (Homer), 199,202,203I1khans, of Persia, 417, 418, 421Immigration: Americas in 19th century,800-801; Canada in early 20th

century, 804; imperial ism and labor,867-869; industrialization, 767, 769,771-772; Latin America and culturaldiversity, 811; multicultural society inU.S., 809-810; Nazi Germany andJews, 931, 961. See also MigrationsImmortality, and religion of ancientEgypt, 49Imperialism: emergence of new powers,863-866; Europe and colonialempires, 854-863; industrialization,723; legacies of, 866-873, 1018;motives for, 848-852. See alsoEmpires; Colonialism

Inanna(goddeu),48Inca empire, 488-493, 556, 596, 597-598Indentured labor, 610-611, 869Independence: Black African nationalism,1000-1002; Cold War and colonial

liberation, 984-985; emerging nationsin post- World War II period, 975;India's quest for, 932-934; in South,Southwest , and Southeast Asia,991-999. Seealso Decolonization;NationalismIndia: Alexander of Macedon, 211;Christianity, 686; contemporary statusof women, 1055-1056; cottonindustry, 867; democracy inpostcolonial, 1029-1030; earliestdescription by foreigner, 177; Englandand trade in early modern, 550-551;Ghaznavid Turks, 412; Great Britainand colonial empire, 854-855, 870;Gupta empire, 182-183; Ibn Barruta,501; independence, 932-934,992-993; industrialization, 781; Islam,309,323-324,357-359,367-370;labor and emigration, 80 I, 811,868m, 869; Mauryan dynasty andunification of, 178-182; Mughalempire, 678-681,684; Pakistan,992-993, 1062; Persian empire, 134;population control, 1060; populationgrowth in 14thcentury, 514; Portugal,

INDEX

535; reform societies and anticolonialmovement, 872-873; Tamerlane, 422;Zoroastrianism, 149

-ancient world: Harappan society, 42,58-62,63; Indo-European migrations,62-67; neolithic settlements, 58;paleolithic communities, 58; trade withEgypt and Mesopotamia, 42; Vedicsociety, 67-75

-classical era: economy, 183-185;religions, 187-196; society, 186-187;trade, 252, 253, 254

-postclassical era: caste and society, 367;Islamic and Hindu kingdoms,356-360; Islamic and Hindutraditions and culture of, 367-370;Southeast Asia and influence of,371-375; trade, 360-366; travel fromChina, 327-328

India Act (Great Britain, 1937),933-934Indian National Congress, 872, 932, 933Indian Ocean: China and trade, 339; China

and voyages of exploration, 520-521,525; classical societies and trade, 252;Europe and voyages of exploration,524-525; Islamic empires and trade,317; Islamic states of East Africa andtrade, 438-442; Portuguese tradingposts, 549, 550; trade and cross-cultural interactions, 402; trade inpostclassical era, 360-366

Indigenous peoples, 796, 798, 861, 862.Seealso Aboriginal Australians; NativeAmericans

Indigo, 316, 637Indika (Megasthenes), 177Indochina, and French colonialism,857-858Indo-Europeans: Italy and Rome, 226;languages, 63, 64t, 132; migrations toIndia, 62-67; Minoan society, 201Indonesia, 12, 104, 122, 185,552,

553,857Indra (god), 57, 66, 71Indulgences, 563, 565Indus River, 58, 59, 62Industrialization: Canada in early 20th

century, 804; factory system,763-764; global effects of, 779-782;immigration to Americas, 800, 869;Japan in 19th century, 843; LatinAmerica, 805, 1030; patterns ofwork and family life, 759-760;process of, 760-761; Russia,828-829; socialism, 774, 776-778;society, 769-774; spread of frorn1750 to 1914, 723, 765-767;technological innovation, 761-763;U.S. and economic development,803; urbanization, 760. See alsoLabor; Manufacturing

Industry: Byzantine empire, 288-289;China of Tang and Song eras,337-339. See also Manufacturing

Infanticide: China, 655, 1055; classicalGreece, 216; Japan, 666

Innocent III , Pope (c. 1160-1216),469

Innocent IV, Pope (in office 1243-1254),507

Lnquiry into the Nature and Causes of theWealth of Nations, An (Smith,1776),582

Institute for the Intellectual Developmentof Children and Young Adults, 1048

Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin,1536),566Institutional Revolutionary Party

(PRJ), 1019Insurance companies, 580Intell igence, and human evolution, 8,9,

11-12, 14Intelligentsia, of Russia, 718, 829Internal migration, 1060-1061International organization, and cross-

cultural exchanges, 1064-1066International style, of architecture, 918Internet, 1051Inti (god), 492Investiture Contest (12th century), 454Ionian rebellion (c. 493 B.C.E.), 137, 208Iran, 149, 1024-1026, 1048-1049,1056.

Seealso Iran-Iraq WarIran-Iraq War (1980-1988),1025-1026I~q, 16,27,825, 1025-1026, 1052,

1056. See also Iran-Iraq WarIreland, 903Iron: ancient China, 85, 90; Aryan India,

67; Bantu peoples, 431, 432; China ofHan dynasty, 170-171; complexsocieties, 41; early Hawaiian society,123; industrialization, 762; Nubia, 53.Seealso Metal working; steel industry

Iron curtain, 967, 977. See also Berlin WallIroquois peoples, 486, 610Irrigation: Andean region, 488; complex

societies of Mesopotamia, 32; Indiaand Mauryan empire, 181; India inpostclassical era, 361; Persian empire,142,416; rice cultivation in China, 98,335; Sumer, 34. Seealso Agriculture

Isabel of Castile (1451-1504), 517, 525,544,572Isfahan, Persia, 679f, 685, 687-688Isis (goddess), 50f, 243Islam: classical Greek influence, 220, 324;

contemporary status of women, 1055;cultural tradition, 321-322;development of, 304-309; expansionof, 309-314; India, 357-359, 367,370,412; missionaries, 321, 370, 374,508; Mongols, 418; politicallymotivated travel, 507-508;postcolonial revival in Southwest Asiaand North Africa, 1024-1026;rcconquista of Spain, 472; Sasanidempire, 141; Sicily, 472; slave trade,632; Southeast Asia, 373-375; sub-Saharan Africa, 434-442, 443, 446,448,623-625,628-630; Turkishpeoples, 4 I 0,412; Zoroastrianism,149. See also Islamic empires; Religion

Islamic empires: bubonic plague andpopulation of, 514; conquests andByzantine revival, 285-286; economy


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and society of early, 315-321;expansion of, 309-314; medievalEurope, 387; Mughal empire, 678-681;Safavid Empire, 677-678; transition inearly modem era, 689-692; values andcultural exchanges, 321-324. See a l soIslam; Ottoman empire

Ismail, Shah of Persia (1501-1524),677,682Israel, 995-996, 1024Istanbul, 280, 687. S e e a ls o ConstantinopleItaly: aggression in interwar years, 946;

colonialism in Africa, 859m; crusadesand trade, 474; emigration to U.S.,801; Etruscans, 226-227; fascism,928; Germanic tribes, 268, 381;Greek colonies, 206-207;independence movement, 751;political nationalism, 749; regionalstates of medieval period, 456;Renaissance art, 519; Roman republic,229-230; state-building in latemedieval, 517; territorial expansion ininterwar years, 942-943; TripartitePact with Japan, 944; unification of,752, 753; urbanization in medievalperiod, 458; World War I, 890-891

Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909), 840, 841Irurbide, Augustin de (1783-1824), 742Itzcoatl, Aztec Emperor (1428-1440), 480Ivan III (the Great), Tsar of Russia(1462-1505),698-701Iwo Iima, 954

[acobin party, 736-737Jade, 106-107,254Jaguar, 109Iainisrn, 187-189, 193,367James II, King of England (1633-1701),573Jamestown, Virginia, 601, 602f[amila bint Nasir al-Dawla(10th century), 303Janissary corps, 675, 690, 819, 821Janus (god), 242Japan: Buddhism, 258; China in 19th

century, 834, 835m, 837; China in20th century, 935m; economic revival,1031-1032; emigration to Americas,801,810, 868m, 869; GreatDepression, 921,924; Heian period,348-349; imperialism and racism, 871,872; imperialism in Asia, 856m,865-866; industrialization, 78(}-781;medieval period, 349-350; Meijidynasty, 84(}-843; Mongols, 417-418;Nara period, 348; reform in 19thcentury, 839, 84(}-843; Russo-JapaneseWar, 830; territorial expansion ininterwar years, 942-943; transformationof in 19th century, 838-839; unificationin early modem era, 664-670; U.S.culture, 1049; Vietnam, 997; women inMeiji era, 816f; World War I, 896-897;World War II, 942, 943-945, 953-955,957,959,960,964

Jati (subcasre), 68, 186

INDEX

Java, 258, 372m, 373, 375, 417Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826), 735Jenne, 447f, 624Jericho, 23-24, 27Jerusalem, 51,473Jesuits, 566, 567,662-663,664,669,686Jesus of Nazareth, 244--246, 292Jews and Judaism: Achaernenid empire,137,149; communities in Islamic

empires, 686; Holocaust, 960-962;Islam and, 305; Israel, 994--996;Mediterranean in classical era, 259;Nazi ideology, 93(}-931; Perisanempire, 149; Poland, 709; Romanempire, 243-244; Russia, 772, 830.S ee a ls o Israel; ZionismJiang Iieshi (1887-1975),936,945

[in empire, 334Iinnah, Muhammad Ali (1876-1948),

934,992Jizya (tax on non-Muslims), 311, 686John XII, Pope (c. 937-964),453John of Montecorvino (1247-1328),509,510Johnson, Lyndon (1908-1973),998Joint-stock companies, 552, 580Journey to the W est, 662Juarez, Benito (1806-1872), 798Junks,364Junzi (order and stability), 156Jupiter (god), 242Iurchen, 335, 415Justinian, Byzantine Emperor (483-565),

283, 284, 290Justinian's code, 283

Ka'ba, 302f, 307, 308, 322Kabila, Laurent, 1023Kabir, Guru (1440-1518), 370Kabuki theater, 668, 669fKadar, Janos (1912-1989), 1013Kalinga, kingdom of, 180Kama (Hindu principle), 195Kamakura period (1l85-1333), 348,349-350Kamchatka Peninsula, 711Kamikaze, 418, 954Kaminaljuyu, 108, 116Kanem-Bornu, kingdom of, 625Kangxi, Emperor of China (1661-1722),

652,658,661,663Kang Youwei (1858-1927), 838Kanun ("laws"), 682Kapu (taboo), 496Karakorum, 407, 414, 421Karma (Upanishad doctrine), 73Karrnal, Babrak (1929-1996),1017Kashgar, 253Kashmir, 993Kautalya (320s S.C.E.), 179Kay, John (1704--1764),761Kazan, 709Kernel , Mustapha (1881-1938), 898Kennedy, John F. (1917-1963),982,983,985Kenya, 1002-1004Kenyatra, Iorno (1895-1978),1004

1-Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630), 585Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946),

914,923Khadija (wife of Muhammad), 319Khanbaliq, 415Khans (rulers), 410Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha ( 16th

century),676Khitan, 334--335Khmelnitsky, Bogdan (17th century), 7Khmers, 372, 373Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah

(1900-1989),1025,1026Khrushchev, Nikita S. (1894--1971): Be

Wall, 991; communist ideology, 9i1043; Cuban missile crisis, 983;Eastern Europe, 1013; foreign po Iiand "peaceful coexistence," 990,1015; kitchen debates, 973-974

Khubilai Khan (1215-1294), 417-420,451,507

Khufu pyramid, 36Kiev, Ukraine, 299, 300, 698Kikuyu society (Kenya), 1002, 1003, HKilwa, 439-440, 441, 625Kimbangu, Simon, 1001Kim IISung (1912-1995), 980King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968),989-990Kingdoms: Aryan India, 67; Maya, 109;

Mesopotamia, 43; Sumer, 35. See aChiefdoms; City-states; Monarchy;StateKingston, Maxine Hong, 662

Kinship groups, and Bantu society, 442Kipling, Rudyard (1865-1936), 851, 8:Kissinger, Henry (1923- ),1013Kitchen debate, 973-974Kieidion, battle of(1014), 286Knossos, Crete, 200Koehler, Robert, 779fKolakowski, Leszek, 1043Kong Fuzi (551-479 S.C.E.), 154--156Kongo, kingdom of, 443, 446, 625-62~Korea: Buddhism, 258; Han dynasty an c

Chinese invasion, 168; Japan, 837,865; labor and emigration, 868m; :dynasty and revolt against Chineserule, 330; Tang dynasty and Chinescontrol, 332, 346, 347. Se e alsoKorean War; South Korea

Korean War (1950-1951), 980-981,10Koumbi-Saleh, 435Kowtow, 332,653Kra, Isthmus of, 371-372Krimmel, John Lewis, 782fKrishna (epic hero), 194Kristallnacht (1938), 93110hatriyas(caste), 68,186,187,194Kubrick, Stanley (1928-),1017Kulaks (wealthy peasants), 926Kurnaratunga, Chandrika Bandaranaike

(1945-),1056Kumiss, 409Kumsong, 346Kush, 38, 51m, 53Kushan empire, 140Kuwait, 1026


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1-14

Labor: bubonic plague and shortages inWestern Europe, 514; capitalism inearly modern Europe, 581; class inmedieval Europe, 462; imperialismand labor migrations, 867-869;industrialization and geographicdivision of, 781-782; migrations in20th century, 1062-1063; NewGuinea, 122; Russia and serfdom,712-713; Russia and strikes, 829;slavery in Africa, 632; World War Iand women, 894; World War II andslave, 959. See also Indentured labor;Trade unions; Work; Working class

-Americas: English colonies in NorthAmerica, 610-612; industrializationand immigration to U.S., 800;plantation society, 637-639; Spanishand Portuguese colonies, 595, 606,607,609

-ancient world: China, 83, 88; complexsocieties, 32; Egypt, 36; Harappansociety, 60; neolithic and agriculture,21,24; Surner, 34Lamaist Buddhism, 419-420

Land, ownership of Byzantine empire,287-288; China and TaipingRebellion, 834; China of Han dynasty,172-183; China of Tang dynasty,331; classical societies, 127; expansionof arabic in medieval Europe, 457;Japan in Heian period, 349; Mexicanconstitution of 1917 andredistribution program, 1019;monasteries of medieval Europe, 398;Native Americans and Europeansettlers in North America, 601-602;neolithic society, 25; Roman empire,231-232. See also AgricultureLand and Freedom Party (Russia), 830Land bridge (Siberia/Alaska), 104Languages: Arabic and Persian, 322;Austronesian, 121, 122; Bantu family,430; Buddhism in India, 191;Chinese, 164, 348-349; classicalGreek, 64t, 213, 292; Creole andAfrican, 640; English and globalcommunications, 1051; Hellenisticempires, 213; Hindi, 63; humanevolution, 13, 14; indigenous of LatinAmerica, 600; Indo-European, 63,64t; Malagasy, 122,431;Manchurian, 652; Nahuatl, 484, 593;Quechua, 489, 491; Sanskrit, 63, 64t,65, 191; Semitic in ancientMesopotamia, 33; Slavic, 299; Swahili,438-439;Tur~sh,509,825

Laos, 857-858Laozi (6th century), 158, 160Lascaux, France, 18, 19fLast Supper , The (da Vinci), 518fLater Han (25-220), 166,168-169Latifundia, 231, 232, 237, 240Latin America: colonialism and

multicultural societies, 603-605;economic dependence, 804-805,

INDEX

1030; ethnicity, identity, gender, andsociety of, 811-812; fragmentationand political experimentation in 18thand 19th centuries, 794-799; GreatDepression, 921; indigenouslanguages of, 600; labor andimmigration to, 801; polit ics inpostcolonial, 1019-1021; populationgrowth and control, 1060; U.S.imperialism, 863-865; U.S. popularculture, 1050; urbanization in 20thcentury, 1061; wars of independencein 19th century, 741-744. See alsoAmericas; South America

Latin language, 64tLatvia, 1046La Venta, 105, 106, 107Law: Achaerncnid empire, 136; Byzantine

empire, 282, 283; Harnrnurabi's law,38-39; Islamic sharia, 309, 686;legalism and China, 161; Ottomanempire and reform, 822; Romanempire, 236-237, 268; Russia andreform, 827; slavery in Africa, 632;three estates in medieval Europe, 462

Lawbook of Manti (India), 70Lawrence, T. E. (1888-1935), 899Leadership, of nomadic peoples, 409League of Nations, 905-906, 944,

947, 1065Leakey, Richard E., 13Le Carre, John (1931-),991Legalism, in China, 154, 160-161,167-168Legazpi, Miguel Lopez de

(16th century), 552Leif Ericsson (11 th century), 470Lend-Lease program, 953Lenin, Vladimir I1yich (1870-1924),900-902,924,925,936Leo III, Byzantine Emperor (717-741),293Leo III, Pope (795-816), 385, 387f, 395Leo X, Pope (1475-1521),536Leon, kingdom of, 472Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), 518f, 519Leopold II, King of Belgium (reigned1865-1909), 858Less-developed countries (LDCs), 1031Letters of credit , 339Levee en masse (mass levy), 736Lewis, Meriwether (1774-1809), 789Lex talionis (law of retaliation), 39, 50Li (propriety), 156, 158Liang Qichao (1873-1929), 838Liberalisrn, and age of revolution, 744-745Liberia, 860Liberty Ships, 952Libraries: Alexandria, 213; monasteries of

medieval Europe, 398f, 399Libya, 946Life of a Mall Who Lived for Lope, The

(lhara),668Lifestyle: Buddhism, 190; nomadic

peopks,409Lili 'uokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 863, 864f

Lima, Peru, 598Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865), 791, 792Lin Zexu (1907-1971), 832, 833Lisbon, Portugal, 472Literacy rates, 47-48, 842, 1066. See also

EducationLiterature: ancient China, 94; ancient Egypt

and Mesopotamia, 48; China of Qingdynasty and popular fiction, 661-662;classical Greek, 199,221; Japan ofearly modern era, 668; monasteries ofmedieval Europe, 399; postwarpessimism, 913; Russia, 718. See alsoBooks; Culture; Poetry; WritingLithuania, 470, 707-708, 1046

Little Big Horn, Battle of (1876), 789Little Italy, 810Liu Bang (256-195 B.C.E.), 166-167Liudprand ofCremona (c. 922-972), 287Livingstone, Dr. David (1813-1873), 858Livonia, 470Llama, 21, 488Locke, John (1632-1704), 586, 729,

731,746Loess soil, 80, 81, 90Lombards, 268, 381, 396Lombardy, 454London, England,S 79Long March (China, 1934-1936), 935m,937-938Lords, and feudal system, 390-392. See

also Nobility"Lost generation," and postwar pessimism,912-913

Louis IX (St. Louis), King of France(1214-1270), 455f

Louis Xl, King of France (1423-1483),517Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715),

574, 575fLouis XVI, King of France (1754-1793),733-734,736Louisiana Purchase (1803),789, 790mLouis the Pious (778-840), 386-388Low Countries, and ProtestantReformation, 565. See also Belgium;NetherlandsLu, state of, 154-155Luba, kingdom of, 625

Lucy (fossil ized skeleton), 7, 9Luddites,764Luftwaffe, 950Lumurnba, Patrice (1925-1961),1023Lunda, kingdom of, 625Luoyang, 86, 166, 173, 264Lusitania (British passenger ship), 902Luther, Martin (1483-1546), 562f,

563-564,565Lutheran Christianity, 565Lydia, 133, 136

Maastricht Treaty (1993),1012Mabhcna, Sinqobili, 1009McCarthy, Joseph (1909-1957),988MacDonald, John A. (1815-1891), 794Macedonia, 134, 138,209-211,230. SeealsoAlexander the Great


15/27

Machismo,812Mackenzie, Sir Alexander (1755-1820), 795m

McKinley, William (in office 1897-1901),863,864

Madagascar, 122,431Madeiras Islands, 524Madrasas, 321, 324Madrid, Spain, 579Magadha, kingdom of, 178-179, 182Magellan, Ferdinand (1480-1521), 545,

546-547m,548,615Magellen, Strait of, 548Magi (Zoroastrianism), 145-146, 147, 149Magyars, 387, 389Mahabharata (Indian epic), 186Mahayana Buddhism, 191-193, 194,342Mahd-e Olya (Safavid empire), 683Mahmud II, Ottoman Sultan (reigned

1808-1839),821Mahmud of Ghazni (971-1030), 358,412Maine (U.S. battleship), 864Mruze,117-118,488,557,578-579,631,656,684Majapahit, kingdom of, 372m, 373Maji Maji rebellion (1905-1906), 870Malagasy language, 122,431Malawi, 1002Malaya, 857, 867Malay peninsula, 255, 258, 372m, 375,431Maldive Islands, 508Mali empire, 429, 436-437, 447f, 623Malindi, 625Malta, 225Maluku Islands, 537Manchuria, 332, 515,650,651-653,

942,945Manchurian language, 652Mandarins, 515Mandate system, and League of Nations,906-907Mandela, Nelson (1918- ), 1022, 1023Mande people, 625Manichaeism, 149,260-261Manifest Destiny, 789Manifesto of the Communist Party (Marx,

1848),777,778Manila, Philippines, 552-553Manila galleon trade, 558-559, 615Manio (216-272), 260Manioc, 557,631Manors, and feudal system, 392-393Mansa Musa, Emperor of Mali

(1312-1337),437, 438f, 444, 446Manu (Indian mythology), 70Manufacturing: classical Greece, 215; India

in classical era, 184; India inpostclassical era, 365-366;postclassical societies and, 275,365-366; putting-out system, 581;Roman empire, 237; trade andclassical societies, 254; weapons andmili tary development in Europe, 577.See also Factory system;Industrialization; Industry

Manumission, of slaves, 241Manzikert, battle of (1071 ), 297, 411

INDEX

Maodun (210-174 B.C.E.), 169Maoism, 938Maori, 861Mao Zedong (1893-1975), 935-936,

937,938,1015,1054Marae (heiatl), 496, 497fMarathon, battle of(490 B.C.E.), 137,208Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor

(121-180),255,261Marduk (god), 48,137Mare nostrum (our sea), 238, 255Mariana Islands, 122,615Marie Antoinette, Queen of France

(1755-1793),736Marina, Dona (16th century), 592f,

593,596Maritime technology. See Navy and navalpower; Shipping and shipbuilding

Marius, Gaius (c. 157-86 R.C.E.), 232Market economy, and China of Tang and

Song eras, 339-340Markets, of Aztec empire, 477Marley, Bob (1945-1981), 989Maroons, 639, 740Marquesas Islands, 122, 495, 862Marriage: China in Qing dynasty, 656;Hammurabi's law, 45; race in Latin

America, 604; Russian society, 712;social change in early modern Europe,582; women in Mesopotamia, 46. Seealso Family; Patriarchy; Women

Mars (god), 242Marshall, George C. (1880-1959),967Marshall Islands, 122,862Marshall Plan, 967, 990al-Marwani of Cordoba (lOth century), 319Marx, Karl (1818-1883), 760, 776-777,

778,900Marxism, 900, 935Mary (mother of Iesus), 270, 466Masaccio (1401-1428), 519Masks, and sub-Saharan Africa, 445fMassachusetts Bay Colony, 601Massalia (Marseilles), 207Mass production, 767-768Mathematical Principles of NaturalPhilosophy (Newton, 1686), 585Mathematics: ancient Egypt and

Mesopotamia, 48; Islamic empire,323; Maya, 110Matrilineality, and early Chinese society,91,92Matschat, Kristina, 1041-1042

Mau Mau (Kenya), 1002-1004Mauryan empire (India), 179mMaya, 103, 108-114, 116,479,593May Fourth movement, 934-935Mazzini , Giuseppe (1805-1872), 749,

750f,752Measles, 261Mecca, 302f, 303, 304, 306-307, 308, 322Medes, 132-133, 141Medieval period: Christianity in Europe,464-469; cross-cultural interactions in

late, 402-403; early in WesternEurope, 379-380; economic growthand social development in Europe,

1-457-464; establishment of regionastates in Europe, 452-457; expansiof Western Europe, 469-474; Iapa349-350

Medina, 306-308Mediterranean: ancient Egypt and trade

42; Christianity in classical era, 25Schronology of classical societies, 11129t; chronology of postclassical e276t, 277t; classical Greece andcolonization, 206-208; developrneof classical societies, 199-200;epidemic disease, 263; India andtrade, 185; medieval Europe andtrade, 459-461; Phoenicians andtrade, 51-52; Roman empire, 226,22901,230,241-246

Mcgasthenes (c. 350-290 B.C.E.), 177,181, 182Mehmed II, "the Conqueror,"(1432-1481),424,675-676,682, I

Mehmed V Rashid (reigned 1909-1918),823Meiji dynasty (Japan), 840-843

Mein Kampf(Hitler, 1939),931Mekong River, 371Melaka, state of, 374-375, 503Memphis, 36Mencius (372-289 B.C.E.), 156-157Mendicants, 468Menes (c. 3100 R.C.E.), 36Merchants: ancient China, 88-89; Chin

Qing dynasty, 660; guilds inpostclassical India, 363, 367; Japanearly modern era, 667; Mexica sod483; Russia, 713-714. See also Trac

Merit , and bureaucracy of Tang dynastyChina, 331-332Meroe, 53, 252Mesoamerica: early societies of, 104-11,

origins of agriculture, 20-21, 22m:states and empires, 478-487. See atCentral AmericaMesopotamia: early empires, 37-39, 40:education, 47-48; influence on othsocieties, 50-51, 52; maps of early,3301,3701; metallurgy, 41;patriarchal societies, 44-46; Persia,132; Roman empire, 234; socialclasses, 42, 44; trade, 51-52, 60;writing, 46. See also Sumer

Mestizos, 593, 603-605Metal working: Aryan India, 67; Bantupeoples, 431,432; Chavin cult, 111China of Han dynasty, 171; China,Tang and Song eras, 337-338;complex societies, 41; early China, .neoli thic, 25; Nubia, 53; Zhoudynasty, 85. Seealso Bronze; CoppeIron; Steel industryMethodius, St. SeeCyril, St.

Metis (Canada), 605, 810-811Mettcrnich, Prince Klemens von(1773-1859),750-752Mexica, 478-486Mexican-American War (1845-1848),

790-791,798,1019


16/27

1-16

Mexican Revolution (1911-1920), 799Mexico: Columbian exchange and

epidemic disease, 556-557;environment and valley of central,114; independence, 742;industrialization, 805; Manila galleonsand transoceanic trade, 558-559;mestizos, 593; North American FreeTrade Agreement, 1036; revolution of1911-1920,799; silver mining, 605,606; Spanish colonial administration,598; Spanish conquest of, 596-598;Spanish missionaries, 612; states andempires, 478--479; U.S.neocolonial ism, 1019; war and reformin 19th century, 798-799. S ee a ls oAztec empire; Maya; Mesoamerica;Olmccs; Teotihuacan; Toltecs

Mexico City, 598, 805Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564), 519Michiko, Yamaoka, 958Micronesia, 122Middle Ages: definit ion of, 379; EuropeanChristianity during, 464--469;

expansion of Western Europe,46 9--474. See also Medieval periodMiddle class, and industrialization, 773.S ee a ls o Class

Middle Kingdom (China), 332Middle Kingdom (Egypt), 36, 53Middle Passage, and slave trade, 634-635Midway, battle of(1942), 953Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig (1886-1969),917-918Migrations: Americas, 103-104; Australia,

12, 104, 119; Bantu, 430--433; castesystem in India, 367; Columbianexchange, 558; cross-culturalexchanges in 20th century, 1052,1060-1063; environment, 13-14;Germanic tribes, 267; humanevolution, 12-13; Indo-Europeanpeoples, 62-67; Mongol policy ofresettlement, 420--421; Oceania,103-104,119,120,122; slave tradeand African diaspora, 622, 637-642;Slavic peoples, 64. S ee a ls oImmigrationMilitary: Argentina, 1020, 1021; Aztecempire, 481,482; balance of power inearly modern Europe, 577; Byzantineempire, 285, 296; China and Songdynasty, 334-335, 338; Christianity inearly medieval Europe, 396; feudalismin Western Europe, 391; imperialismand colonial empires, 852-853; Incaempire, 490; Islamic empires,690-691; Japan and Samurai, 350;Mongol empire, 414--415; nomadicpeoples, 410--411; Ottoman empire,819,821; Russia, 704, 826;Tcotihuacan, 116; World War I andwar plans, 888; World War II andwomen, 963. S ee a ls o Army; Navy andnaval power; Wars and warfare

INDEX

-ancient world: Achaemenid empire, 133;China and Shang dynasty, 82-83;classical societies, 127; Egypt, 36, 44;Sparta , 204; Sumer, 34

Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873), 745, 746Millet communities, 686Minamoto clan, 349Minerva (goddess), 242Mines Act of 1842,777Ming dynasty, 515-516, 520-521, 524,

648-650Mining, and Spanish colonies in Americas,

595-596,605-607. See also Coalmining; Diamond mining; Goldmining; Silver mining

Mis si domin ic i (envoys of the lord ruler), 385Missionaries, Christian: Calvinist and

Protestant Reformation, 566; China inQing dynasty, 662-663; earlymedieval Europe, 397; Europeanvoyages of exploration, 537-538;French and English in North America,613; imperialism, 850, 852; Jesuits,567,662-663; Spanish in Americas,612-613; Spanish in Phil ippines, 553;travel in middle ages, 509, 510. Se ealso Christianity-Islamic, 321, 370, 374, 508. S ee a ls oIslam

Mis si on c iv il is a tr ic e (civilizing mission), 852Missouri Compromise (1820), 791Mithradates I, King of Persia (171-138

B.C.E.),139Mithraism, 243, 246Mitsui combine, 781Mobutu Sese Seko (1930-1997),

1023,1052Mochica state, 118-119, 488Modern era (1800 to present), earlymodern era compared to, 531Modernization, in Russia, 703-705Mohenjo-Daro, 59, 61, 62Moksha (Upanishads), 73,195Moltke, Helmuth Karl von (1800-1891),893Mombasa, 625Monarchy: absolutist state, 574-575,

698-702; early modern Europe,571-575; feudal in France andEngland, 454--456; Roman empire,234. See also Kingdoms; StateMonasteries: Buddhism, 190, 191, 192,193,257,342,344; Christianity, 294,397-399,464,572,716,717

Mongolia, 652Mongols: bubonic plague, 512; conquestof China, 335, 345; decline of inPersia and China, 421--422; empireafter Chinggis Khan, 417--420; empireand Eurasian integration, 420--421;establishment of empire, 408,413--416; gunpowder, 511; Mingdynasty, 649; Roman Catholicmissionaries, 509; Russia, 698, 709;silk roads, 335; status offoreign

craftsmen, 407; trade and culturalinteraction, 503, S04-S0Sm, 506;Western Europe and foreign relations,507. See also Nomadic peoplesMonopolies, and business organization, 768

Monotheism, 49, 51Monroe, James (in office 1817-1825),863Monroe Doctrine (1823), 863Monsoon system, and Indian Ocean, 252,

361,S40-S41m,542Montesquieu, Baron de (Charles Louis de

Secondat, 1689-1755),586Montezuma. Se e Motecuzoma I;

Motecuzoma IIMorality: Buddhism, 342-343; humanism,

520; Inca religion, 492; Jesus ofNazareth, 245; religions ofsub-Saharan Africa, 445. S ee a ls oEthics; Values

Moravia, 299Morocco, 884,999Mortali ty, and population growth in early

modern Europe, 579. S ee a ls o ChildrenMoscow, Russia, 300,418,698,703,739Motecuzoma I,Aztec Emperor

(1440-1469),480Motecuzoma II, Aztec Emperor(1502-1520),483,596,597

Mound-building peoples, of NorthAmerica, 487

Mozambique, 440, 625Mughal empire, 183, 356, 673, 676m,678-692,854Muhammad, Prophet, 303, 305-308,

316,320Muhammad ibn Tughluq, Sultan of Delhi

(c. 1290-1351),501Mukden incident (1931), 943Mulattoes, and social order in LatinAmerica, 604Multicultural societies: colonial policies,870; Latin America, 603-605; U.S.and immigration, 808-810Mummies and mummification, in ancientEgypt, 31,49Mumtaz Mahal (17th century), 673, 683Munich Conference (1938),947-948Munster, Sebastian (1489-1552), S26fMurad IV, Ottoman Sultan

(17th century), 684Murasaki Shikibu (c. 978-1026), 349Muromachi period (1336-1573), 348,349-350Muscovy, principality of, 697, 698, 699mMuseums, in Alexandria, 213Music, and troubadours of medieval

Europe, 462. S ee a ls o Rock 'n' RollMusic Television (MTV) Latino, 1050Muslim League (India), 932, 934,992-993Muslim rebellion (1855-1873), 834, 83SmMuslims. Se e Islam; Islamic empiresMussolini, Benito (1883-1945), 928, 946Mustard gas, 891Myanmar, 1056


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Mycenaean society, 202-203Mystery religions, in Hellenistic empire, 222Mysticism, and Sufis, 321-322Mythology: classical Greece, 220; India,

70; Maya, 112, 113. S ee a ls o Epics

Nagasaki, Japan: atomic bomb, 941, 955,957; European trade, 646f, 666, 670Nagy, Imre (1896-1958), 1013Nahuacllanguage,484,593,600Najibullah, Muhammad, 1017Nalanda (Buddhist monastery), 193,

327,368Nanjing, China, 945Nanjing, Treaty of(1842), 834Nanna-Suen (god), 34fNapata,53Naples, Italy, 206, 456, 517Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821),

737-739,819Nara period, 348Nasser, Gamal Abdel (1918-1970),

996-997, 1024Nation, use of term, 748. S ee a ls oNationalismNational Assembly (France), 734-735National communities, 750-752Nationalism: Africa and decolonization,

1000-1002; Asia in postwar years,991; Europe and consolidation ofnational states in 19th century,748-750; Great Depression, 922;imperialism and colonial empires,872-873; India and independence,932-934; rebellions in 19th century,751-752; World War I, 881, 882-885

Nationalist People's Party (China), 936National Liberat ion Front (NLF),998,1016National Organization of Women(NOW), 1053fNational Policy (Canada), 804National Socialism. Se e NazismNative Americans: agriculture in Spanish

America, 607; Canada and Rielrebellion, 810--811; Christianity andindigenous religions, 612-613;contemporary U.S. society, 807; Frenchand English settlements in NorthAmerica, 601-602, 605; fur trade inNorth America, 609-610; Tainos andfirst contacts with Spanish, 595-596;U.S. and conflict with, 789-790

Natural resources: depletion of as globalconcern, 1058; global effects ofindustrialization, 781; imperialism,866. See also Environment; Fishingindustry; Mining

Navajo, 486Navigational instruments, 539Navy and naval power: Byzantine empire

and "Greek fire," 285; China duringMing dynasty, 520-521; China inQing dynasty, 658; Japan as imperial

INDEX

power, 865, 866; Ottoman empire,676,691; Roman empire, 237-238;Russia, 704, 830, 866; Songhayempire, 624; submarines, 902, 949,952; World War I, 884, 902. S ee a ls oMilitary; Shipping and shipbuilding

Nazism, rise to power in Germany,928-931Ndebele tribe (Zimbabwe), 1009

Ndongo, kingdom of, 625, 627Neandertal peoples, 16-17Nebuchadnezzar (605-562 B.C.E.), 40Negritude (Blackness), 1000-1001Nehru, [awaharlal (1889-1964),918,

984-985, 992f, 993, 1029Neocolonialism, U.S. in Latin America,

1019. S ee also Colonialism;ImperialismNeo-Confucianism, 345, 516,661-662,667-668Neolithic period: agriculture, 19-21;China, 80, 81, 90; culture, 26; India,58; origins of urban life, 26-27;society, 21-26

Nestorians, 259-260, 270, 342, 662Nestorius (5th century), 259-260Netherlands: Australia, 613-614; colonies

in North America, 601; constitutionalgovernment, 573; imperialism andcolonial empire, 856m, 857, 861m;Japan and trade, 646f, 670; origins ofglobal trade in early modern era, 559;slavery and slave trade, 642; SouthAfrica, 627-628; Spain, 568-569;trade in Indian Ocean, 554; tradingposts in Asia, 550--552; World War II,949,959,960. See also Low Countries

New Amsterdam, New York, 601New Caledonia, 122, 863New Deal, 924New Economic Policy (NEP), 925New England: industrialization and textile

industry, 767; triangular trade, 612,633, 634m; witchcraft trials, 568Newfoundland, 388,470, 594, 794New Guinea, 12, 119-122,493New International Economic Order

(NIEO), 1031New Kingdom (Egypt, 1570--1075 B.C.E.),36-37,39,41,49,53New Lanark, Scotland, 776Newly industrializing countries(NICs), 1032New Mexico, 790

New South Wales (Australia), 861New Testament, 244Newton, Isaac (1642-1727), 585, 586fNew Zealand, 122,494,548,614,860,

861,862,896,898Niani, 429, 437Nian rebellion (1851-1868), 834, 835mNicea, Council of(325), 270, 292, 383Nicholas 11 , Tsar (reigned 1894-1917),

830,831,889,900,925Nigeria , 430, 431

1-

Niger River, 35,41,49,624Nikon, Patriarch (17th century), 716N in ety -F iv e T h es es (Luther, 1517),563Nirvana (personal salvation), 190,343Nixon, Richard S. (1913-1994),973-9:

980, 1018Nkorno, John, 1009Nkumah, Kwame (1909-1972),989,1003, 1021Nobel Peace Prize, 1056Nobility: absolutist monarchy of France,

574; ancient Mesopotamia, 43;nomadic peoples, 409; Russiansociety, 713. S ee a ls o Class; Lords

Noble Eightfold Path, 190Nomadic peoples: Arabia, 304; China an

Han dynasty, 169,264-265; empireof and trade and communication, 41Eurasia in late medieval period,407-408; influence of ancient Chinon Central Asia, 96-97; Manchus,651; military, 410-411; northernIndia, 356; Parthians, 139; religion,410; Sahara Desert , 436. S ee a ls oMongols; Turkish peoples; XiongnuNo-man's land, and World War I, 892

Nonalignment, and emerging nations,984-985Nongovernmental organizations,1064-1065

Normandy, and World War II, 952Normans, 296, 455-456, 473North Africa: Christianity, 446; France adecolonization, 999-1000; Islamic

resurgence in postcolonial,1024-1026; Ottoman Empire, 571;Roman empire, 236. S ee a ls o Africa

North America: English and Frenchmissionaries, 613; English and Frerusettlement and colonies, 600-603;European voyages of discovery, 403526f; fur trade, 609-610; humanevolution and migrations, 13, 104;indigenous societies, 486-487;industrialization, 767, 769;populat ion growth, 769, 1060t;slavery and plantation society,638-639; slavery and triangular trad612,633, 634m; society of colonialperiod, 605; Viking voyages andsettlement, 388,470. S e e a ls oAmericas; Canada; Central America;Mesoamerica; United States

North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA), 1034-1035m, 1036North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO), 968, 978m, 980North Sea, and Hanseatic League, 461

Northwest passage, 548, 600Northwest Rebell ion (1885), 811Northwest Territories, 794, 810Norway, 470, 949, 959Nova Scotia, 601, 621Novels, in China ofQing dynasty,

661-662 . See also Books; Literature


18/27

1-18Novgorod, Russia, 699Nubia, 52-53, 252Nuclear weapons: China, 1015; Cold War

and arms race, 980; France, 1011. Se ealso Atomic bombs

N ude D escending a Staircase (Ducharnp),9llf

Nurhaci , Manchu chieftain (reigned 1616-16

bentley index

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