bermudagrass – new ways to look at an old friend mike richardson university of arkansas
TRANSCRIPT
Bermudagrass – new ways Bermudagrass – new ways to look at an old friendto look at an old friend
Mike RichardsonMike Richardson
University of ArkansasUniversity of Arkansas
A Historical PerspectiveA Historical Perspective Common bermudagrass is utilized in a range of turf Common bermudagrass is utilized in a range of turf
situations – quality is poorsituations – quality is poor Release of vegetative bermudagrass cultivars with Release of vegetative bermudagrass cultivars with
increased quality and uniformityincreased quality and uniformity– U3 (1957),“Tif” cultivars (60-70s), “Mid” cultivars (1970s)U3 (1957),“Tif” cultivars (60-70s), “Mid” cultivars (1970s)
Breeding efforts initiated in early 1980s to enhance Breeding efforts initiated in early 1980s to enhance quality and performance of seeded bermudagrassquality and performance of seeded bermudagrass
Release of first “improved” seeded cultivarsRelease of first “improved” seeded cultivars– Guymon (1982), NuMex Sahara (1987) Mirage (1992)Guymon (1982), NuMex Sahara (1987) Mirage (1992)
Release of seeded cultivars with significant Release of seeded cultivars with significant improvements in qualityimprovements in quality– ‘‘Princess-77’, ‘Riviera’, and ‘Yukon’ (late 1990’s)Princess-77’, ‘Riviera’, and ‘Yukon’ (late 1990’s)
NTEP Bermudagrass TrialsNTEP Bermudagrass TrialsSeeded vs. Vegetative EntriesSeeded vs. Vegetative Entries
816 18
2920
10 10
13
05
1015202530354045
1986 1992 1997 2002
No
. o
f en
trie
s
Seeded Vegetative
Update from the recent NTEP trialUpdate from the recent NTEP trial
Turfgrass quality of seeded and Turfgrass quality of seeded and vegetative bermudagrasses across 12 vegetative bermudagrasses across 12
locations (2003 data)locations (2003 data)
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
OR 2002
PATRIOT
AUSSIE GREEN
TIFSPORT
MIDLAW N
GN-1
CELEBRATION
TIFW AY
MS-CHOICE
RIVIERA
SUNBIRD
PRINCESS-77
LSD (0.05)
SEEDED ENTRIES
Mid
law
n
Pat
rio
t
Pri
nce
ss-7
7
Tif
way
Riv
iera
Tif
spo
rt
% winterkill of vegetative and seeded % winterkill of vegetative and seeded bermudagrasses at Stillwater, OK (2003)bermudagrasses at Stillwater, OK (2003)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50 NUMEX SAHARA
ARIZONA COMMON
MOHAWK
PRINCESS-77
SUNSTAR
PANAMA
SR 9554
SUNDEVIL II
TRANSCONTINENTAL
SOUTHERN STAR
LAPALOMA
YUKON
MS-CHOICE
TIFWAY
TIFSPORT
AUSSIE GREEN
GN-1
RIVIERA
CELEBRATION
MIDLAWN
PATRIOT
ASHMORE
Pri
nce
ss-7
7
Tif
way
Tif
spo
rt
Riv
iera
Mid
law
n
LSD (0.05)
Divot studies at UofADivot studies at UofA Compare divot recovery of cultivars in NTEP Compare divot recovery of cultivars in NTEP
bermudagrass trialbermudagrass trial
Simulating Divots With a Simulating Divots With a Motorized Divot CutterMotorized Divot Cutter
0
25
50
75
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Days after injury
Reco
very
(%)
Yukon (0.98)
Princess 77 (0.84)
Riviera (0.95)
Tifway (0.95)
Tifsport (0.88)
Patriot (0.89)
Divot recovery of several seeded and Divot recovery of several seeded and vegetative bermudagrass cultivarsvegetative bermudagrass cultivars
Yukon (3.5)
SR 9554 (3.7)
Arizona Common (3.8)
Celebration (3.8)
Panama (3.9)
Sunstar (4.0)
Mohawk (4.2)
Transcontinental (4.2)
Southern Star (4.2)
GN-1 (4.2)
Princess 77 (4.4)
NuMex Sahara (4.5)
Riviera (4.5)
Aussie Green (4.8)
Sundevil (4.8)
Tifway (5.0)
MS-Choice (5.2)
Midlawn (5.4)
Tifsport (5.4)
Ashmore (6.0)
Patriot (6.2)
3 4 5 6 7 8
Days after injury
Divot recovery of bermudagrass cultivars Divot recovery of bermudagrass cultivars
**** **** ** ** **
**
** - vegetative entries- vegetative entries
days to 50% divot recoverydays to 50% divot recovery
Questions to be addressed by Questions to be addressed by research on seeded bermudagrassresearch on seeded bermudagrass Cultivar differencesCultivar differences
– Quality / Stress tolerance / divot studiesQuality / Stress tolerance / divot studies
Propagation methodsPropagation methods– Seeding dates / rates / techniquesSeeding dates / rates / techniques
Weed ControlWeed Control– Herbicide timing and toleranceHerbicide timing and tolerance
Traffic toleranceTraffic tolerance Sod ProductionSod Production
Effects of cultivar and Effects of cultivar and seeding date on first-seeding date on first-
year survival of seeded year survival of seeded bermudagrassbermudagrass
Seeding Date TrialSeeding Date Trial2000 and 20012000 and 2001
Seeding DateSeeding Date• 15 April15 April• 15 May15 May• 15 June15 June• 15 July15 July
CultivarCultivar• JackpotJackpot• MirageMirage• MohawkMohawk• PrincessPrincess• SaharaSahara• YukonYukon
All cultivars seeded at 48.8 kg PLS / ha (1 lb / 1000 ft2)RCBD with 4 replications
Seeding Date StudySeeding Date StudyEvaluationsEvaluations
Establishment ratesEstablishment rates
Stolon productionStolon production
Rhizome productionRhizome production
Percent winter recoveryPercent winter recovery
Minimum air temperature at the Minimum air temperature at the Fayetteville Research StationFayetteville Research Station
Fayetteville, AR
Effect of planting date on recovery of seeded Effect of planting date on recovery of seeded bermudagrasses from winter injury (2000-01)bermudagrasses from winter injury (2000-01)
0
20
40
60
80
100
15-Apr 15-May 15-Jun 15-Jul
% r
eco
very
% r
eco
very
MirageMirage MohawkMohawk PrincessPrincess SaharaSahara YukonYukonJackpotJackpot
aa
b
c
b
a
b
c
aa
b
c
aa
bb
aa
b
c
aa a
b
Measured on April 28, 2001Measured on April 28, 2001
April seedingApril seeding
May seedingMay seeding
Mirage
Yukon
Princess-77 Jackpot
Yukon
Photo on April 28, 2001Photo on April 28, 2001
MayMay
JuneJune
JulyJuly
AprilApril
Applications of a Applications of a seeded seeded
bermudagrass to an bermudagrass to an athletic fieldathletic field
Univeristy of ArkansasUniveristy of ArkansasRazorback Football StadiumRazorback Football Stadium
South EndzoneSouth Endzone
20012001
19971997
The height of the The height of the southern end of the southern end of the stadium caused stadium caused shadowing problems on shadowing problems on the last 20 yards of turf the last 20 yards of turf
Reduced light weakened the turf Reduced light weakened the turf going into the wintergoing into the winter
Reduced light led to longer Reduced light led to longer durations of cold temperatures durations of cold temperatures during the winterduring the winter
Winterkill in south end zone -Spring, 2002Winterkill in south end zone -Spring, 2002(associated with stadium expansion)(associated with stadium expansion)
Attempt to recover this area Attempt to recover this area with an improved seeded with an improved seeded bermudagrassbermudagrass
Seed PrepSeed Prep Verticut in several directionsVerticut in several directions Vacuum debrisVacuum debris
Seeding methodsSeeding methods
Riviera bermudagrass seeded at Riviera bermudagrass seeded at
48 kg PLS / ha (1.0 l lb. / 1000 ft48 kg PLS / ha (1.0 l lb. / 1000 ft22))
Top-dressed with ~3 mm of sandTop-dressed with ~3 mm of sand
Covered with geotextile for 7 Covered with geotextile for 7
daysdays
24 days after planting
Riviera Seed
Washed Tifway Sod
24 days after planting
Washed Tifway Sod (before planting)Washed Tifway Sod (before planting)
Riviera SeedRiviera Seed
Preparing for first game - August, 2002Preparing for first game - August, 2002
‘‘Tifway’Tifway’May, 2002May, 2002
‘‘Riviera’Riviera’April, 2003April, 2003
SeededSeededRivieraRiviera
SeededSeededRivieraRiviera
Spring, 2003Spring, 2003
WashedWashedTifwayTifwaySodSod
WashedWashedTifwayTifwaySodSod
Traffic injuryTraffic injury
Spring, 2002Spring, 2002‘‘Tifway’Tifway’May 15May 15
Spring, 2003Spring, 2003‘‘Riviera’Riviera’May 23May 23
Traffic injuryTraffic injury
April 19, 2004April 19, 2004April 2, 2004April 2, 2004
Early spring green-up of Riviera Early spring green-up of Riviera compared to Tifwaycompared to Tifway
TifwayTifwayRivieraRiviera
April 19, 2004April 19, 2004
April 19, 2004April 19, 20042nd season2nd season
May 23, 2003May 23, 20031st season1st season
Traffic tolerance of Riviera was Traffic tolerance of Riviera was improved with maturityimproved with maturity
Re-establishment of Re-establishment of bermudagrass into bermudagrass into high-traffic areas of high-traffic areas of
a sports fielda sports field
Typical problem on Typical problem on high-traffic areashigh-traffic areas
Previous options include sprigs or Previous options include sprigs or sodsod
Potential to re-vegetate this area Potential to re-vegetate this area with a seeded bermudagrasswith a seeded bermudagrass
When can this be most effectively When can this be most effectively accomplished ?accomplished ?
Hypothesis: Dormant seeding Hypothesis: Dormant seeding bermudagrass will enhance bermudagrass will enhance
recovery of damaged turfrecovery of damaged turf
Seed worn areas during Seed worn areas during periods of low activityperiods of low activity
Allow spring activities to Allow spring activities to incorporate the seed incorporate the seed
Dormant seeding bermudagrass into Dormant seeding bermudagrass into an existing turf areaan existing turf area
Two cultivarsTwo cultivars– RivieraRiviera– Princess-77Princess-77
Seeding ratesSeeding rates– 1.0 lb PLS / 1000 ft1.0 lb PLS / 1000 ft22
– 2.0 lb PLS / 1000 ft2.0 lb PLS / 1000 ft22
Seeding datesSeeding dates– Feb. 15Feb. 15– Mar. 15Mar. 15– Apr. 15Apr. 15– May 15May 15
Normal seedingNormal seeding
Dormant seedingDormant seeding
Temperature data loggers were used to monitor soil Temperature data loggers were used to monitor soil temperature during the establishment period.temperature during the establishment period.
Soil temperature and germination dates for various Soil temperature and germination dates for various seeding date treatments (Fayetteville, AR - 2004)seeding date treatments (Fayetteville, AR - 2004)
MM
Seeding datesSeeding dates
AA MMFF
55 °F55 °F
MayMay
Apr.Apr.Feb.Feb.Mar.Mar.
First germination observedFirst germination observed
65 °F65 °F
Establishment rates of ‘Riviera’ and ‘Princess-77’ Establishment rates of ‘Riviera’ and ‘Princess-77’ bermudagrass, as affected by dormant seeding bermudagrass, as affected by dormant seeding compared to spring seedingcompared to spring seeding
Establishment of Riviera Establishment of Riviera bermudagrass on June 1, 2004 bermudagrass on June 1, 2004
Mar. 15Mar. 15 Apr. 15Apr. 15 May 15May 15Feb. 15Feb. 15
1.0 lb.1.0 lb.
2.0 lb.2.0 lb.
Seeding RateSeeding Rate(lb. PLS / M)(lb. PLS / M)
Seeding DateSeeding Date
Establishment of Riviera Establishment of Riviera bermudagrass on June 16, 2004 bermudagrass on June 16, 2004
Mar. 15Mar. 15 Apr. 15Apr. 15 May 15May 15Feb. 15Feb. 15
1.0 lb.1.0 lb.
2.0 lb.2.0 lb.
Seeding RateSeeding Rate(lb. PLS / M)(lb. PLS / M)
Seeding DateSeeding Date
Determining seedling density in dormant Determining seedling density in dormant seeding treatmentsseeding treatments
BB
AA
BB
BB
BB
AA
BB
AA
Seedling density, as affected by cultivar, Seedling density, as affected by cultivar, seeding date, and seeding rate seeding date, and seeding rate
Seeding DateSeeding Date Seeding RateSeeding RateCultivarCultivar
Summary of dormant seeding trialsSummary of dormant seeding trials
Early germination and faster Early germination and faster establishment rates were observed with establishment rates were observed with dormant seeding dates (Feb / Mar) dormant seeding dates (Feb / Mar) compared to traditional seeding dates compared to traditional seeding dates (Apr / May).(Apr / May).
Seed dormancy mechanisms may be Seed dormancy mechanisms may be overcome with natural soil weathering.overcome with natural soil weathering.
SummarySummary Improved seeded bermudagrasses Improved seeded bermudagrasses
offer a viable alternative to traditional offer a viable alternative to traditional methods of sprigged or sodded methods of sprigged or sodded bermudagrassbermudagrass
Improved cold tolerance can be very Improved cold tolerance can be very beneficial in transition zone climatesbeneficial in transition zone climates
Planting methods can be improved to Planting methods can be improved to hasten recovery of damaged turfhasten recovery of damaged turf
Riviera bermudagrass at Baum StadiumRiviera bermudagrass at Baum Stadium• USGA constructionUSGA construction• 6 weeks after planting6 weeks after planting
Special thanks to Pat Berger for being willing to Special thanks to Pat Berger for being willing to give these ideas a try…give these ideas a try…
Thanks for your attention…Thanks for your attention…