bernard bosanquet patriotism in a perfect state in the international crisis collective puplication...

8/3/2019 Bernard Bosanquet PATRIOTISM IN A PERFECT STATE in The International Crisis collective puplication Oxford Universi…

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novn|`~}bknl~ ijv kb}ojk~! b~ }hlvl bvl ijv okmo-

yom|ba~! thlk }hl `|~} iodh} ijv }hlov aoil bkm

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novn|`~}bknl~ bvo~okd : Nbk tl hjwl }hb} tbv

toaa lylv nlb~l : O b` wlvhbw~ b ~bkd|okl wlv~jk!

f|} O mj }hoke tl `b hjwl }hb} o} toaa b} bkvb}l dvlb}a moòko~h ok ivlr|lkn+ O b` kj}!

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o~ b djjm ~nhl`l b~ ibv b~ o} djl~+ Doylk bk bvfo-

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bkm doylk jk fj}h ~oml~ b ml~ovl }j byjom r|bvvla-

aokd! b djjm `bk mo~w|}l~ fl}tllk ^}b}l~ òdh} fl

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~l}}alm f bvfo}vb}ojk bvl lo}hlv r|l~}ojk~ aoel

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8 ]HL @JVBAO]_ JI ^]VOIL O

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}vol~ bvl njknlvklm+ Hjtlylv! tl ~hj|am kjkl ji |~

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f kldj}ob}ojk nb|~l~ ji ovvo}b}ojk bkm ivon}ojk

thonh `odh} albm }j r|bvvla~+ Kldj}ob}ojk hb~

jylv bvfo}vb}ojk }hl bmybk}bdl }hb} }hl kb}ojk~njknlvklm bvl `jvl aoela }hvj|dh o} }j nj`l }j

|kmlv~}bkm jkl bkj}hlv! }j vlbaosl lbnh j}hlv$~

b}}o}|ml bkm wjok} ji yolt5

bkm bvl }hlvlijvl

`jvl aoela }j }v|~} lbnh j}hlv bi}lvtbvm~ }hbk oi

}hl albyl baa }hb} }j }hl lx}lvkba bvfo}vb}jv flijvl

thj` lbnh`lvla

bmyjnb}l~ ho~ jtk nb|~l+

Tlok Lkdabkm hbyl lkmlbyj|vlm ijv `bk lbv~

wb~} }j wvj`j}l fj}h }hl~l }hokd~ bvfo}vb}ojk

bkm kldj}ob}ojk bfj|} moiion|a}ol~ }j }hl |}`j~}

ji j|v bfoao}+ Bkm Ivbknl! }jj! hb~ tjvelm to}h

|~ ji ab}l! to}h }hl Lk}lk}l Njvmobal b~ b vl~|a}+



o OK VLAB]OJK ]J ]HL TBV ?

O to~h tl nj|am ~b }hl ~b`l ji Dlv`bk 5f|}

Dlv`bkhb~ ijv

lbv~ `bkbdlm}j

doyl}hl o`-

wvl~~ojk ji }hokeokd o} hlv ok}lvl~} }j wvlylk} }hl

~jvl wabnl~ ji }hl tjvam }hl mbkdlv ~wj}~ ivj`

flokd hlbalm! bkm lylk ji tjveokd }j nvlb}l klt

jkl~+

F|} o} o~ nalbv }hb} }hlvl bvl ~j`l nb|~l~ ji tbv

}hb} klo}hlv bvfo}vb}ojk kjv kldj}ob}ojk nbk }j|nh+

Klo}hlv nbk! ijv ok~}bknl! wvlylk} tbv~ ji w|vl

bddvl~~ojk+ ]hlvl o~ kj}hokd }j bvfo}vb}l bfj|}

thlk wvbn}onbaa }hl thjal njk}lk}ojk ji jkl ~oml

o~ }hb} @odh} `bel~ Vodh} bkm }hb} }hlvlijvl o}

wvjwj~l~ }j ~ln|vl thb} o} tj|am aoel }j hbyl fijvnl+ ]hlvl o~ b wvjylvf }hb} o} }bel~ }tj }j

`bel b r|bvvla+ ]hlvl o~ ~j`l }v|}h ok }ho~

lkj|dh }j vl`okm |~! fj}h ok wvoyb}l aoil bkm ok

ok}lvkb}ojkba biibov~! }hb} oi tl ~b bkm mj ovvo}b}okd

}hokd~ tl bvl vl~wjk~ofal ijv }hl ovvo}b}ojk wvj-

m|nlm+ F|} o} o~ `|nh `jvl }v|l }hb} o} }bel~ }tj

}j ellw }hl wlbnl+ B kb}ojk }hb} o~ ml}lv`oklm

}j iodh} toaa iodh}! bkm toaa hbyl kj moiion|a} ok

iokmokd! jv `beokd! }hl jnnb~ojk ijv o}+ Kj}hokd

nbk wvlylk} o} lxnlw} }hl njkyon}ojk }hb} }hj~l

o} ml~ovl~ }j iodh} bdbok~} bvl }jj ~}vjkd }j fl

jylvnj`l+

Tbk}jk bddvl~~ojk ijv }hl ~bel ji dbokokd

wjtlv jv }lvvo}jv jv tlba}h o~ kj} }hl jka nb|~lji tbv thonh nbkkj} fl bvfo}vb}lm bfj|}+ Bkj}hlv

nb|~l thonh tl hbyl ~llk ok jwlvb}ojk to}hok }hl

aoil ji `bk ji |~ o~ }hl njkiaon} ji oknj`wb}ofal

wvoknowal~+ ]hl B`lvonbk Noyoa Tbv tb~ b tbv

ijv wvoknowal~+ Bkm tl `b jf~lvyl }hb} }hlvl



oj ]HL @JVBAO]_ JI ^]VOIL o

tb~ kj `oao}bvo~` }hlvl kj wlviln}okd ji }hl tbv

`bnhokl ok ajkd wvlwbvb}ojk }j b}}bne jv mlilkm+

Bkm! `jvljylv! bkj}hlv ji }hl wabk~ ijv ~ln|vokd

L|vjwlbk wlbnl! b ilmlvb}ojk ji ^}b}l~ ijv }hl w|v-

wj~l! iboalm hlvl! ijv }hl bk}bdjko~}~ tlvl eko} ok

b ilmlvb}ojk ibv naj~lv }hbk bk tl nbk njknloyl

b~ }beokd wabnl b`jkd }hl L|vjwlbk kb}ojk~+

Tl kllm kj} okilv }hb} ~|nh b ilmlvb}ojk ok

L|vjwl tj|am fl |~lal~~+ O} tj|am fl ylv moiio-

n|a} }j bvvbkdl! f|} oi ~b}o~ibn}jvoa bvvbkdlm o}

`odh} hbyl ~j`l liiln} ok wvlylk}okd bddvl~~ojk!

c|~} b~ }hl ibn} }hb} Lkdabkm! Ivbknl! Dlv`bk! bkm

Flado|` tlvl fj|km f }vlb} }j wvl~lvyl Fladobk

kl|}vbao} `b ylv tlaa hbyl ~bylm Flado|` ivj`

b}}bne~ ijv baa }hl~l lbv~ }oaa kjt+ F|} kj ~|nh

ilmlvb}ojk nj|am fl b nj`wal}l d|bvbk}ll ji wlbnl 5

ijv thb} tj|am }hlvl fl }j wvlylk} }hl ilmlvb}lm

kb}ojk~ lylk oi tl b~~|`l }hl` baa }j fl bn}|b}lm

f djjm ok}lk}ojk~ ivj` mo~bdvllokd jk r|l~}ojk~

b~ }j hjt }hlov i|kn}ojk ji d|bvmobk~ ji }hl wlbnl

tb~ ok bk wbv}on|abv nb~l }j fl nbvvolm j|}! jv

thl}hlv ~j`l wbv}on|abv bn}ojk ji ~j`l wbv}on|abv

^}b}l njk~}o}|}lm b fvlbnh ji }hl njkylk}ojk jv

kj} : Tj|am }hlvl kj} hlvl fl b~ `|nh mbkdlv ji

tbv b~ kjt : ]hl jka ~bkn}ojk flhokm }hl v|al~

ji ~|nh b ilmlvb}ojk tj|am fl }hl }hvlb} ji bv`lm

ok}lvylk}ojk bdbok~} bk jiilkmokd ^}b}l! bkm oi

}hlvl tlvl mo~bdvll`lk} ~j }hb} }hl ilmlvb}ojk

tlvl moyomlm ok}j wbv}ol~! bv`lm ok}lvylk}ojk tj|am

`lbk b L|vjwlbk tbv+

Jkl `l}hjm ~|ddl~}lm ijv }hl wvlylk}ojk ji tbv

o~ bk bdvllm vlm|n}ojk ji bv`b`lk}~+ Ji nj|v~l



O OK VLAB]OJK ]J ]HL TBV |

ok }ho~ nj|k}v tl ~hj|am baa aoel vlm|n}ojk ji

bv`b`lk}~! bkm ~j tj|am j|v Baaol~+ O} tj|am! }j

~b }hl alb~}! ~byl `|nh tb~}li|a lxwlkmo}|vl! bkm

oi tl iodh} }ho~ tbv }j b ioko~h bkm tok! tl `btlaa hjwl }hb} o} toaa nj`l bfj|}+ F|} oi o} tlvl

nbvvolm j|} baa vj|km O mj|f} oi o} tj|am ok o}~lai

hbyl `|nh liiln} ok wvj`j}okd wlbnl! ijv baa tj|am

~}oaa fl ok }hl ~b`l vlab}oyl~}vlkd}h+

Bkm oi o}

tlvl nbvvolm j|} jka wbv}obaa o} tj|am albyl }hj~l

thj vli|~lm }j vlm|nl! thj tj|am nlv}boka okna|ml

}hj~l thj to~hlm }j b}}bne }hlov klodhfj|v~! ok

b ~wlnobaa bmybk}bdlj|~ wj~o}ojk ijv mjokd ~j+

O hbyl mtla} vb}hlv ajkd jk }hl moiion|a}! oi kj}

o`wj~~ofoao}! b~ o} ~ll`~ }j `l! ji vlbaa ~ln|vokd

ok}lvkb}ojkba wlbnl f bk ~nhl`l ji ok}lvkb}ojkba

bvvbkdl`lk}+ F|} }hj|dh O mj kj} }hoke }hl ok-

dlk|o} ji `bk hb~ l} mlyo~lm b tb ji mjokd

}ho~! O b` klylv}hlal~~ hjwli|a }hb} wvjdvl~~ ok }hl

movln}ojk ji vlm|n}ojk ji tbv o~ flokd `bml bkm

toaa njk}ok|l+ O} o~ jk dlklvba o`wvjyl`lk} ok }hl

`jvba }jkl ji }hl tjvam }hb} O f|oam ` hjwl~+

Wvjdvl~~ o~ ~ajt5

f|} ba}hj|dh ji nj|v~l }ho~

~hjneokd bkm ~|vwvo~okd vl}|vk ji Dlv`bk }j

`lmoblyba fbvfbvo~` o~ vb}hlv mo~njknlv}okd }j

jkl$~ jw}o`o~`! }hl tjvam ~}oaa ~ll`~ }j `l }j fl

b fl}}lv tjvam }hbk o} tb~5 f thonh O `lbk }hb}

o} o~ }lkmokd jk }hl thjal }j flnj`l al~~ ~laio~h

bkm `jvl c|~} bkm ~`wb}hl}on! to}hj|} jk }hl

thjal aj~okd o}~ lklvd bkm yovoao}+

]hlk bkj}hlv hjwli|a ~odk o~ }hb}! lxnlw} ok

Dlv`bk bkm ok wabnl~ aoel }hl Nlk}vba B`lvonbk

Vlw|faon~! }hlvl o~ ok }hl~l mb~ kj nhvjkon ml~ovl




}j iodh} lo}hlv ok djylvk`lk}~ jv ok wljwal+ ]hl

ml~ovl `b fl eokmalm |kmlv }hl okia|lknl ji bkdvwb~~ojk~! jv ok njk~lr|lknl ji jwwvl~~ojk! jv fj}hlv nb|~l~! f|} o} o~ kj} }hlvl baa }hl }o`l! bkm ok

`j~} wabnl~ o} }bel~ b djjm mlba ji eokmaokd+ @j~}

L|vjwlbk kb}ojk~ hbyl }b~}lm }hl ~tll}~ ji wlbnl!

~j`l ji }hl` ekjt }hl hjvvjv~ ji tbv! bkm ba`j~}

baa to~h ijv

jwwjv}|ko}}j

mlylajw}hlov ok}lvkba

vl~j|vnl~+ Klo}hlv tl kjv bk ji j|v Baaol~ ok

}ho~ tbv hbm bk ml~ovl ijv }hl tbv+ Klo}hlv }hl

wljwal kjv }hl djylvk`lk}~ hbm+ Tl hbyl jka

}j vlbm }hl mowaj`b}on njvvl~wjkmlknl }hb} wvl-

nlmlm o} }j illa ~|vl ji }ho~+ Ivbknl! V|~~ob!

Flado|`! Lkdabkm! ~o`wa tbk}lm }j fl al} bajkl+

^lvfob tlk} dvlb} alkd}h~ ijv }hl ~bel ji wlbnl ok

olamokd }j B|~}vob$~ ml`bkm~+ ]hl ml~ovl ijv

vlylkdl thonh }hl }lbvokd ivj` Ivbknl ji Ba~bnl

bkm Ajvvbokl ali} ok }hl fvlb~}~ ji Ivlknh`lk ijv

`bk lbv~ hbm wvbn}onbaa molm+ ]hl `b hbyl

hjwlm }hb} b nhbkdl ok }hl wj~o}ojk ji Ba~bnl `odh}

~j`lhjt fl fvj|dh} bfj|}! f|} kj} f tbv+ B~

jkl ji }hlov tvo}lv~! @+ Wb|a ^bfb}olv! ~bom ok 2?2 2!2

$

Ab Ivbknl yl|} ab wbox bln O$Baal`bdkl wbvnl

r|$|kl d|lvvl l~} |kl lxwaj~ojk ml hbokl! l} r|$laal

kl ~l ~lk} wb~ wa|~ ml hbokl wj|v kj~ yjo~ok~ ml 2$L~}

r|l wj|v al~ b|}vl~+ Laal ~lk} ~b ~jaombvo}l byln l|x+$

F|} hl djl~ jk 3

$

^o al `bahl|v yj|abo} r|l nl~ ~lk}o`lk}~ kl

i|~~lk} wb~ nj`wvo~! l} r|$bwvl~ kj|~ byjov vlwvl-

~lk}l~ wlkmbk} wa|~ ml r|bvbk}l bk~ nj``l nl|x

r|o `lkbnlk} ab wbox ml ]L|vjwl! jk kj|~ b}}br|b}!

2 A$Jvolk}b}ojk vlaodol|~l ml ab Ivbknl bn}|laal! ww+ 96! 9>+



o OK VLAB]OJK ]J ]HL TBV 2>

jh " bajv~! kj|~ kj|~ labknlvojk~ byln 2$lk}hj|-

~ob~`l mlno}jlk~ r|o

mlilkmbk} kjk ~l|al`lk} al

~ja ml al|v wb}vol! `bo~ r|o wjv}lk} |kl omll! r|o

wbv al|v~ liijv}~! al|v `bv}vl ~$oa al ib|}! ilvb ~jk

lk}vll mbk~ al `jkml+$

]hlvl bvl `bk ^}b}l~ ok L|vjwl thonh ijv `bkmlnbml~ hbyl hbm kj tbvaoel o`w|a~l~ bkm hbyl

jka ml~ovlm }j fl al} bajkl }j

mlylajw

}hl`~layl~

ok }hlov jtk tb+ Oi jka! }hlvlijvl! }hl `jvba

wlvylv~ojk ji Dlv`bk nj|am fl n|vlm! bkm ~j`l

wlvlkkoba ~j|vnl~ ji ivon}ojk! l+d+ ok }hl Fbaebk

^}b}l~ bkm wbv}~ ji B|~}vob-H|kdbv! vl`jylm! }hl

wvj~wln}~ ji wlbnl! oi tl bvl yon}jvoj|~ ok }ho~ tbv!

tj|am ijv b ajkd }o`l fl ylv djjm+ O} o~! }hlk!

}hl~l }tj }hokd~! }hl mlylajw`lk} ji ok}lvkb}ojkba

`jvbao} bkm }hl vl`jyba ji nb|~l~ ji ivon}ojk!

}hb} }hj~l thj ml~ovl b wlbnli|a tjvam `|~} ~lle+

Thb}! }hlk! o~ tvjkd to}h Dlv`bk : Hjtnj`l~ wvj~wlvj|~ Dlv`bk }j fvokd }hl nbab`o}

ji tbv jk |~ baa :

Dlv`bk tjk }jj lb~oa ok hlv wvlyoj|~ tbv~ 5

bkm ~oknl 2847 hb~ ~|iilvlm ivj` thb} j|v B`lvonbk

nj|~ok~ nbaa ~tlaalm hlbm+ ^hl bwwaol~ }j kb}ojk~

bk omlb thonh hb~! O |kmlv~}bkm! wvjylm b}}vbn}oyl

}j hlv ok }hljvl}onba ~jnoba w~nhjajd bkm ok bv}

}hl omlb ji b ~|wlv`bk thj ok yov}|l ji ho~ ~}vlkd}h!

wh~onba bkm ok}laaln}|ba! o~ bfjyl baa `jvba abt!

bkm hb~ }hl vodh} b~ tlaa b~ }hl wjtlv }j tjve ho~

toaa jk ho~ ilaajt `lk+ Hjtlylv `|nh hl `b fl

bm`ovlm ok }hljv! tl `b fl ~|vl }hb} }hl ~|wlv-

`bk! oi hl bwwlbvlm ok vlba aoil bkm |~lm ho~

~}vlkd}h ~j b~ }j bkkj ho~ klodhfj|v~! tj|am ok



2= ]HL @JVBAO]_ JI ^]VOIL o

Dlv`bk! b~ ok bk j}hlv tlaa-djylvklm nj|k}v

thlvl~abylv

o~ kj}baajtlm!

fl mlba} to}hf

}hl

wjaonl+ F|} thlk }hl omlb o~ nbvvolm ok}j ok}lv-

kb}ojkba vlab}ojk~! bkm o} o~ mlaoflvb}la `bok-

}boklm f b wjtlvi|a ^}b}l }hb} @odh} `bel~

Vodh}! }hb} b kb}ojk o~ b abt }j o}~lai! bkm kj} jka

hb~ kj m|}ol~ }j j}hlv kb}ojk~ f|} o~ fj|km }j bo`

~jala b} thb} o} njknloyl~ }j fl o}~ jtk ok}lvl~}~

ovvl~wln}oyl ji baa njk~omlvb}ojk~ ji c|~}onl! ylvbno}!

bkm djjm ibo}h thlk b ^}b}l hjam~ }ho~ o} o~

jfyoj|~ }hb} }vj|fal o~ fj|km }j nj`l+

Albmokd Dlv`bk~ hbyl }b|dh} }ho~ Klj-@bnhob-

ylaaobko~` ijv `bk lbv~+ O} o~ kj} jka ]vlo}-

~nhel bkm Flvkhbvmo! ji thj` tl ok Lkdabkm hbyl

ab}la hlbvm ~j `|nh o} o~ kj} jka }hl thj hbyl

wvlbnhlm o}5

o} hb~ fllk toml~wvlbm ok Dlv`bkijv hbai b nlk}|v jv `jvl+ Wlvhbw~ j| toaa

baajt `l }j vlbm b wb~~bdl thonh fvokd~ j|} }ho~

ibn} ivj` bk l~~b jk$

W|faon @jvbao} $! tvo}}lk

ok 28?4 f }hl ab}l Hlkv ômdtone+2 ]hl o``jv-

bao} ji @bnhobylaaobko~` fldok~! hl ~b~ 3

2

thlk }hl ok}lvl~} ji b wbv}on|abv ^}b}l o~ }belk

b~ }hl |a}o`b}l bkm wbvb`j|k} lkm c|~}oiokd }hl

l`waj`lk} ji bk `lbk~ thb}lylv }j b}}bok o}!

thb}lylv }hl njk~lr|lknl~ ji ~|nh bn}ojk `b fl

}j }hl vl~} ji }hl h|`bk vbnl+ Bkm }ho~&kb}ojkba

ldjo~`&

o~! O }hoke! }hl l~~lknl ji }hl Klj-

@bnhobylaaobko~`! thonh! }hj|dh yolt~ ~j`l-

thb} ~oòabv hbyl ivlr|lk}a ij|km lxwvl~~ojkivj` }hl ~ox}llk}h nlk}|v jktbvm~! hb~ fllk

l~wlnobaa wvjòklk} ok }hl wjao}onba }hj|dh} ji }hl

ab~} ijv} lbv~! bkm b~ O hbyl ~bom hb~ ij|km }hl

2 Wvbn}onba L}hon~! ww+ 9=! 9<+



O OK VLAB]OJK ]J ]HL TBV 2<

`j~} |kvl~lvylm bkm `lmo}b}lm lxwvl~~ojk ok }hl

tvo}okd~ ji Dlv`bk~+ O

`bdoyl b~ bk lxb`wal

}hl ~}b}l`lk}~ ji bk bfal bkm `jmlvb}l tvo}lv

thj o~ f kj `lbk~ bk bmòvlv ji @bnhobylaao+

&]hl ^}b}l&! ~b~ V|`laok!2&o~ ~lai-~|iionolk}+&

&^lai-vldbvm o~ o}~ bwwjok}lm m|} 5

}hl `bok-

}lkbknl bkm mlylajw`lk} ji o}~ jtk wjtlv bkm

tlaa-flokd! ldjo~`! oi j| aoel }j nbaa }ho~ ldjo~`!o~ }hl ~|wvl`l wvoknowal ji wjao}on~+&

&]hl

^}b}l nbk jka hbyl vldbvm }j }hl ok}lvl~} ji bkj}hlv ^}b}l ~j ibv b~ }ho~ nbk fl omlk}oiolm to}h o}~

jtk ok}lvl~}+&&^lai-mlyj}ojk o~ }hl wvoknowal

ijv }hl okmoyom|ba! ~lai-b~~lv}ojk ijv }hl ^}b}l+&$

]hl `bok}lkbknl ji }hl ^}b}l c|~}oiol~ lylv

~bnvoionl! bkm o~ ~|wlvojv }j lylv `jvba v|al+&

]hl wvbn}onba bo` ok biiovòkd kb}ojkba ldjo~`!

@v+ ômdtone i|v}hlv ~b~! ji }hl tvo}lv~ }j thj`hl vlilv~!

$o~ ba`j~} batb~ lxwvl~~a }j l`bknowb}l }hl

w|faon bn}ojk ji ~}b}l~`lk ivj` }hl vl~}vbok}~ ji

wvoyb}l `jvbao}+$

O} o~ }ho~ tbk} ji ok}lvkb}ojkba `jvbao} }hl

bf~lknl ji b `jvba njml! kj} `lvla }hl iboa|vl }j

aoyl |w }j jkl ok jkl ji }hl albmokd ^}b}l~ ji }hl

tjvam thonh hb~ `jvl }hbk bk}hokd la~l! bkm ijv

`bk lbv~! lkmbkdlvlm }hl wlbnl ji L|vjwl bkm

hb~ kjt wa|kdlm |~ ok}j }ho~ dhb~}a tbv+ O} o~

}hl }hljv hlam ok Dlv`bk }hb} lky! hb}vlm! bkm

`baonl bvl kj} yonl~ ok b kb}ojk thb}lylv }hl `bfl ok okmoyom|ba~

5}hb} c|~}onl! ylvbno}! bkm djjm

2 ]hl~l ~lk}lknl~ bvl }belk ivj` bk bmmvl~~!$

\lflv mb~

Ylvhba}ko~~ mlv Wjao}oe s|v @jvba$! w|fao~hlm ok 284<! b`jkd}hl Vlmlk |km B|i~b}sl ji D|~}by V|`laok! Nhbknlaajv ji }hl

\koylv~o} ji ]|fokdlk+




ibo}h bvl kj} yov}|l~ thonh b wjtlvi|a kb}ojk

~hj|am ij~}lv ok o}~ vlab}ojk~ to}h j}hlv kb}ojk~!

hjtlylv bmòvbfal }hl `b fl ok okmoyom|ba~ o}

o~ }ho~ }hljv thonh }hvlb}lk~ }j tvlne tl~}lvk

noyoaosb}ojk! bkm thonh hb~ bavlbm ~hjtk |~ }hb}

}hl wvjdvl~~ tl tlvl ibok }j hjwl hbm fllk b}}boklm

ok }hl h|`bkl njkm|n} ji tbv tb~ abvdla oaa|~jv!

bkm }hb} ok}lvkb}ojkba }vlb}ol~ bvl! ijv kb}ojk~

to}h Dlv`bk$~ yolt~! ~nvbw~ ji wbwlv+

]oaa }ho~ o``jvba }hljv o~ bfbkmjklm }hlvl o~

ao}}al hjwl ji ab~}okd wlbnl+ Hbyl tl! }hlk! tl

`|~} b~e! bk vlb~jk ijv flaolyokd }hb} o} lylv toaa

fl bfbkmjklm f Dlv`bk : O `b fl jw}oò~}on!

f|} O }hoke tl hbyl vlb~jk }j hjwl o}+ O }hoke tl

`b ylv vlb~jkbfa ajje ijvtbvm }j Dlv`bk$~

njkylv~ojk! b} alb~} oi tl tok+ Ok }hl iov~} wabnl!

}hl }l`w}b}ojk }j hjam ~|nh b }hljv o~ `|nh

dvlb}lv thlk b kb}ojk illa~ o}~lai }j fl ~}vjkdlv }hbk

baa o}~ klodhfj|v~+ B~ o}~ òdh} flnj`l~ }j o}~lai

`jvl mj|f}i|a! }hl mo~bmybk}bdl~ ji }hl }hljv

}hb} @odh} `bel~ Vodh} flnj`l `jvl jfyoj|~+

]hlk! ~lnjkma! O mj kj} }hoke }hb} Dlv`bk~ ok

dlklvba thb}lylv }hlov ~}b}l~`lk `b mj O mj

kj} }hoke }hb} Dlv`bk b~ b kb}ojk hjam~ }hl }hljv

r|o}l ~okdal-hlbv}lma kjt+ O okilv }ho~ ivj` }hl

ibn} }hb} Dlv`bk }vol~ }j lxwabok btb hlv bn}ojk~+

Oi }j b}}bne o~ }hlvodh}

ji }hl~}vjkd! th

bvl

Dlv`bk$~ ~}b}l~`lk njknlvklm }j `bel j|}! thlk

}hlov nb~l o~ ~j ò~lvbfa wjjv! }hb} ~hl tb~ kj}

}hl b}}bneokd wbv} f|} }hl b}}bnelm : Oi ~}vjkd

^}b}l~ bvl c|~}oiolm ok odkjvokd }vlb} jfaodb}ojk~

thlk }hl }hoke o} }hlov ok}lvl~} }j mj ~j! th!




to}h ~|nh ò~lvbfal bvd|`lk}~ }j wvjm|nl! mj }hl

}v}j njkyoknl b

tjkmlvokdtjvam }hb}

Flado|`bkm Ivbknl kj} Dlv`bk yojab}lm Flado|`$~

kl|}vbao} : O} `b fl ~bom }hb} }hl~l bvd|`lk}~

bvl bmmvl~~lm }j kl|}vba ^}b}l~! }hb} Dlv`bk o~

btbvl }hb} ~hl hb~ kj} dj} ok}lvkb}ojkba w|faon

jwokojk to}h hlv! bkm o~ kj} ~}vjkd lkj|dh kj jkl

o~ }j fl toaaokd }j mj to}hj|}+ F|} ~j ibv b~ O nbk

c|mdl ivj` }hl ~}b}l`lk}~ ivj` Dlv`bk ~j|vnl~

O hbyl ~llk! o} o~ kj} jka }j o`wvl~~ j|}~omlv~

}hb} }hl~l bvd|`lk}~ bvl |~lm! f|} }j ~b}o~i }hl

njk~nolknl ji Dlv`bk$~ jtk wljwal+ +

]hlk! }hovma! }hlvl o~ wvjfbfa bk omlba lal`lk}

òxlm |w ok Dlv`bk `j}oyl~ thonh o~ kj} w|vla

~laio~h+ Baa kb}ojk~ okna|mokd Dlv`bk flaolyl

ok }hlov jtk E|a}|v+ Tl lbnh flaolyl ok j|v

kb}ojkba tb ji ajjeokd b} }hokd~! j|v kb}ojkba

`l}hjm~ ji bmòko~}vb}ojk! j|v jtk tb ji bmybkn-

okd noyoaosb}ojk! j|v jtk wabk~ ji ibòa aoil! bkm ~j

ijv}h+ O mj kj}! ji nj|v~l! `lbk }hb} tl mj kj}

vldbvm }hl` b~ nbwbfal ji o`wvjyl`lk} wvjdvl~-

~oyl kb}ojk~ bvl batb~ }vokd }j o`wvjyl }hl`

f|}! }belk b~ b thjal! tl wvlilv j|v jtk tbji mjokd }hokd~ }j j}hlv wljwal~$+ Dlv`bk! thonh

o~! O }hoke! mlionolk} ok ~`wb}h bkm ok }hl wjtlv

ji |kmlv~}bkmokd j}hlv wljwal! wvjfbfa djl~

i|v}hlv bkm ~oknlvla flaolyl~ }hb} hlv jtkE|a}|v o~ klnl~~bvoa }hl fl~} ijv baa }hl tjvam!

bkm }hb} baa h|`bko} tj|am dbok ok }hl ajkd

v|k f flokd Dlv`bkoslm f ijvnl jv j}hlvto~l+

O }hoke o} o~ wvjfbfal! }jj! ijv baa hlv bwwbvlk}

~|f~}o}|}ojk ji Jmok ijv }hl Nhvo~}obk Djm! }hb} hlv

n




yo~ojk~ ji njkr|l~} okna|ml yo~ojk~ ji i|}|vl tjvam-

toml wlbnl |kmlv hlv jtk mjòkb}ojk+ ]hl~lflklyjalk} wabk~ ijv }hl tjvam bvl ò~}belk! f|}

}hl ibn} }hb} }hl bvl flklyjalk} b} baa! biijvm~

b hjwl ijv ~j`l}hokd fljkm kb}ojkba ldjo~`+

]hlvl o~ l} bkj}hlv vlb~jk ijvlxwln}okd b nhbkdl

ok }hl yolt~ ji }hl Dlv`bk wljwal+ Ba}hj|dh }hl

bvl

lyomlk}a ylvmjnoal

ylv vlbm}j }hoke

thb} }hl bvl }jam }j }hoke ~}oaa }hl jwokojk~

okn|anb}lm ok }hl` f }hlov Djylvk`lk} hbyl fllk

~|wwjv}lm f iba~l jv ò~albmokd okijv`b}ojk

njkyllm abvdla }hvj|dh b `bkow|ab}lm wvl~~!

`bkow|ab}lm ok }hl tb ~j ~|nnl~~i|aa mlylajwlm

f Fo~`bvne+ F|} }ho~ o~ b mbkdlvj|~ lxwlmolk}!

ijv! lb~ b~ o} o~ ijv |~ baa }j ~ll }hokd~ b~ tl to~h

}j ~ll }hl`! ok }hl lkm }hl }v|}h nj`l~ b} alb~}

wbv}obaa }j aodh}+ B~ b vl~|a} ji }hl tbv oi tl tok

}hl ~nbal~ bvl aoela }j ibaa ivj` Dlv`bk ll~! }hl

Dlv`bk kb}ojk toaa ~ll }hokd~ }hb} hbyl fllk hommlk

ivj` o} b~ b kb}ojk ijv `bk lbv~! bkm to}h klt

wvlò~~l~ klt njkna|~ojk~ `b fl hjwlm ijv+

Mj kj} al} |~! }hlk! ml~wbov ji Dlv`bk+ Jk

}hl njk}vbv! al} |~ ajje ijvtbvm }j b mb thlk

hlv `bk lxnlaalk} r|bao}ol~ hlv okm|~}v! hlv

}hjvj|dhkl~~! hlv `l}hjmonbakl~~! hlv mo~nowaokl!

hlv wb}voj}o~` `b |kmlv b ivllv bkm `jvl okml-

wlkmlk} hbfo} ji }hj|dh}! bkm b al~~ ldjo~}on

~~}l` ji ok}lvkb}ojkba `jvbao}! fl bk o`wjv}bk}

wbv} ji }hl ijvnl~ `beokd ijv h|`bk wvjdvl~~! kj}

jka wh~onbaa bkm ok}laaln}|baa! f|} `jvbaa+

]ho~ nbk jka hbwwlk! ji nj|v~l! }hvj|dh Dlv`bk

w|faon jwokojk! thonh o~ `bml |w! b~ baa w|faon



o OK VLAB]OJK ]J ]HL TBV 2?

jwokojk o~! ji okmoyom|ba jwokojk~ bkm illaokd~ bn}okd

bkm vlbn}okd jk lbnh j}hlv+ Bkm }ho~ fvokd~ `l}j ~j`l }hokd~ O tbk} }j ~b bfj|} j|v m|}ol~ b~

okmoyom|ba~ ok }ho~ nvo~o~+ ]hl m|} ji wb}voj}o~`!

ji hlawokd ok lylv tb tl nbk }hl nb|~l ijv thonh

tl bvl iodh}okd! O kllm kj} mtlaa jk+ Tl bvl iodh}-

okd ijv j|v aoil b~ b ivll kb}ojk! bkm }hl hlaw ji

lylvokmoyom|ba nj|k}~+ ]hl bn}oyl

hlawtl nbk

vlkmlv ybvol~ ji nj|v~l `|nh ijv ~j`l ji |~ o} o~

klnl~~bvoa ba`j~} kjk-lxo~}lk}+ F|} thb} O `bnbaa }hl ~wovo}|ba hlaw }hl hlaw }hvj|dh }hj|dh}

bkm illaokd! fj}h b~ okmoyom|ba~ bkm b~ njk}vof|}-

okd }j w|faon jwokojk thonh tl nbk baa vlkmlv! o~

o`wjv}bk}! bkm o} o~ okn|`flk} jk baa ji |~ }j ~ll oi

tl bvl hlawokd b~ tl ~hj|am+

]hlvl bvl }tj ji }hl m|}ol~ ok }ho~ vldojk jk

thonh O ~hj|am aoel }j mtlaa b ao}}al+ ]hl iov~} o~

}hl m|} ji kj} hb}okd }hl Dlv`bk~+ Tl `b!

bkm b~ O }hoke `|~}! c|mdl Dlv`bk b~ hbyokd

nj``o}}lm b }lvvofal nvo`l! f|} al} |~ njkml`k

hlv b~ b c|mdl tj|am! o`wbv}obaa bkm to}hj|} hb}l

jv vbknj|v5 vl`l`flvokd! }jj! }hb} oi bh thj mj

tvjkd bvl }j fl hb}lm! ilt ok }ho~ tjvam tj|am

l~nbwl+ ]ho~ tbv `b fl nbaalm b hja tbv oi

}hlvl lylv tb~ jkl+ Tl bkm j|v Baaol~ bvl kj}

jka iodh}okd! b~ O hbyl ~bom! ijv j|v jtk kb}ojkba

lxo~}lknl! tl bvl kj} jka iodh}okd ijv }hl vodh}~

ji ~`baa ^}b}l~! jv ijv }hl aoflv} }j mlylajw lbnh

ok j|v jtk tb+ Tl bvl iodh}okd kj} jka ijv

}hl~l }hokd~! f|} bdbok~} }hl wvoknowal ji thonh

O hbyl ~wjelk }hl wvoknowal }hb} @odh} `bel~

Vodh}! }hb} }hlvl o~ kj ~lk~l ok }hl omlb ji c|~}onl




bkm djjm ibo}h b~ fl}tllk kb}ojk~! bkm }hb} lky

bkm hb}vlm fl}tllk }hl` o~ kb}|vba bkm vodh}+

Mj kj} al} |~! }hlk! okm|adl jk j|v ~oml ok }hl ylv

yonl~ tl bvl njkml`kokd+ Hjt nbk tl hjwl }j

moòko~h hb}vlm ok }hl tjvam oi tl baajt j|v~layl~

}j illa o} : Hjt nbk tl hjwl }j hbyl bk okia|lknl

ok vl~}jvokd jv oknvlb~okd wlbnl bkm djjm toaa oi

tl j|v~layl~ bvl i|aa ji hb}vlm: Hb}vlm o~

kj}!

lxnlw} ok b ylv aoò}lm tb! b ~j|vnl ji ~}vlkd}h

f|} b ~j|vnl ji tlbekl~~! bkm oi tl mlwlkm jk

hb}vlm }j lkbfal |~ }j tok tl ~hbaa aj~l+ Tl `|~}

fl bf~ja|}la iov`+ Tl `|~} iodh} }j }hl |}`j~}

ji j|v ~}vlkd}h bkm b~ ajkd b~ klnl~~bv ok }hl

nb|~l ji c|~}onl+ Tl `|~} ~ll }hb} Dlv`bk wb~

}hl mlf}~ ~hl hb~ okn|vvlm (}hl bvl ylv hlby

mlf}~ }j Flado|` bkm Ivbknl bkm Wjabkm bkm

^lvfob/+ Bkm tl `|~} hlaw }j `bel bvvbkdl`lk}~

thonh! f doyokd ~b}o~ibn}ojk ~j ibv b~ wj~~ofal }j

}hl okhbfo}bk}~ ji baa }hl wvjyoknl~ biiln}lm f

}hl`! `b doyl hjwl ji b m|vbfal wlbnl+ F|}

ml~ovl ijv vl}baob}ojk }hb} o~! }j okiaon} jk Dlv`bk}hl okc|vol~ ~hl hb~ okiaon}lm jk j|v Baaol~ jv jk

j|v~layl~5

jv }hl ml~ovl }j h|òaob}l Dlv`bkflnb|~l tl }hoke ~hl tj|am aoel }j h|òaob}l |~!

jv okmllm ijv bk j}hlv vlb~jk }hl~l }hokd~ bvl

|ktjv}h ji }hl ~wovo} ok thonh }ho~ tbv ~hj|am fl

ij|dh} jk j|v ~oml+

]hl ~lnjkm m|} O tbk} }j ok~o~} jk o~ }hb} ji

kj} flokd bivbom+ O mj kj} ji nj|v~l `lbk }hb} tl

bvl }j fl vlneal~~! jv }hb} tl bvl }j ~h|} j|v ll~

}j moiion|a}ol~ bkm mbkdlv~! jv }hb} tl bvl }j ~b

}hb} }hokd~ bvl tlaa thlk }hl bvl kj} tlaa+ Jk




}hl njk}vbv! tl `|~} ibnl }hl }b~e flijvl |~! ellw-

okd ~}lbmoa ok yolt }hb} o} o~ b ylv moiion|a} jklbkm kllm~ lylv liijv} tl nbk `bel! b~ b kb}ojk

bkm b~ okmoyom|ba~! }j nbvv o} }hvj|dh+ F|} thlk

tl hbyl mjkl bkm bvl njk}ok|okd }j mj baa }hb} o~

ok j|v wjtlv }j lk~|vl ~|nnl~~! }hlk thb}lylv tl

hbyl }j flbv (bkm vl`l`flv ~j ibv tl ok Lkdabkm

hbyl hbmkj}hokd

}j flbv aoel

Flado|`bkm Ivbknl

bkm Wjabkm bkm ^lvfob/! thb}lylv tl hbyl }j ibnl!

ilbv ~hj|am hbyl kj wabnl ok j|v hlbv}~+ Ijv ilbv

o~ tlbekl~~+ ]hl }b~e flijvl |~ o~ hbvm bkm tl

`b hbyl bkxoj|~ }o`l~ }j dj }hvj|dh 5b~ okmllm

tl hbyl hbm bavlbm ok }ho~ tbv! bkm b~ tl hbm ok

}hj~l j}hlv tbv~ thlk Lkdabkm hlawlm }j ~byl

L|vjwl ivj` }hl mj`okb}ojk ji b`fo}oj|~ kb}ojk~

jv okmoyom|ba~+ F|} tl bvl djokd }j tok kjt b~ tl

mom ok }hl lkm5}hlk bkm lylk }hj~l ji |~ thj nbk

njk}vof|}l kj bn}oyl ~lvyonl nbk hlaw }j fvokd bfj|}

yon}jv f nj|vbdl bkm hjwl+



OO

HLVM OK^]OKN] BKM ]HL TBVF_ DOAFLV] @\VVB_

B] }hl Kb}|vba Ho~}jv @|~l|`! ^j|}h Elk-

~okd}jk!

naj~l }j }hl lk}vbknl!j|

nbk

f|ijv

}hl ~|` ji ij|vwlknl b `j~} ib~nokb}okd ao}}al fjje

jk ]hl Ij~~oa Vl`bok~ ji @bk+ O} o~ jiionoba bkm!

O wvl~|`l! b|}hjvo}b}oyl+ Bkm o} }laa~ hjt! ok

ylv vl`j}l }o`l~! flijvl }hlvl tb~ bk ^j|}h

Elk~okd}jk @|~l|`! jv bk Lkdabkm! jv! O flaolyl!

ok }hl ~}von} ~lk~l! bk L|vjwl! }hlvl aoylm ok

~tb`w ijvl~}~ ok ybvoj|~ wbv}~ ji }hl tjvam!

}vjjw~ ji ao}}al al`|v-aoel }vll-mtlaalv~+ ]hl

tlvl! O ~|wwj~l! vb}hlv aoel ~`baa `jkel~! f|}

`|nh wvl}}olv+ ]hl hbm konl i|v! djjm wvlhlk-

~oal }boa~! bkm liiln}oyl }ll}h+ ]hlk }hlvl ilaa

|wjk }hl`! jv ~j`l ji }hl`! b `j`lk}j|~ nhbkdl!

b hwlv}vjwh jv jylv-mlylajw`lk} ji jkl wbv}

ji }hl fjm+ ]ho~ eokm ji ~wlnoba oknvlb~l! }hl

b|}hjv }laa~ |~! ~lamj` ~}jw~ }oaa o} flnj`l~ lxnl~-

~oyl+ To}h }hl al`|v~ o} tb~ }hl fvbok thonh

fldbk }j dvjt+ O} dvlt bkm dvlt! fj}h ok ~osl

bkm ok nj`walxo}+ ]hl vl~} ji }hl fjm ~|iilvlm

ok njk~lr|lknl+ ]hl i|v flnb`l `bkd bkm mo~-

bwwlbvlm+ ]hl wvlhlk~oal }boa~ tb~}lm btb+

]hl }ll}h nlb~lm }j fl |~li|a b~ tlbwjk~+ Bkm

ok }hl lkm! Abmol~ bkm Dlk}al`lk! bi}lv oknban|abfal

bdl~! hlvl tl bvl "

Kjt }hl~l al`|v~ hbm nlv}bok ok~}okn}~ bkm



oo HLVM OK^]OKN] BKM ]HL TBV 6>

hbfo}~ ji aoil+ Al} |~ mliokl j|v }lv`~+ Fbk ok~}okn} O

`lbk! ijaajtokd}hl

lxwj~o}ojkji

Mv+ @nMj|dbaa! bk okkb}l w~nhj-wh~onba mo~wj-

~o}ojk }j kj}onl jfcln}~ ji b nlv}bok nab~~! }j illa

bfj|} }hl` ok nlv}bok tb~ bkm }j bn} njvvl~wjkm-

okda+ ]hl tj|am kj}onl bk lkl`! hb}l ho`

bkm ~wo} b} ho`5

kj}onl bk jfcln} }hb} tb~ djjm

}j lb}! ml~ovl o} bkm lb} o}+ ]hl `bml ajyl! }hl

wvj}ln}lm }hlov j|kd! }hl mlilkmlm }hlov dvj|w

bdbok~} j}hlv dvj|w~+ Bkm wvoò}oyl `bk ok-

hlvo}lm! to}h `jmoionb}ojk~! }hlov ok~}okn}~! bkm

tl hbyl ~oòabva okhlvo}lm ho~+ ^j`l ji }hl`

tlvl dlklvbaa ml~ovbfal! bkm bvl njk~lr|lk}a

bmò}}lm bkm lknj|vbdlm 5j}hlv~ tlvl dlklvbaa

|kml~ovbfal! bkm hbyl fllk hbfo}|baa mlkolm bkm

~|wwvl~~lm ok j|v njk~noj|~ aoil! jka }j fvlbe j|} ok

mvlb`~! ok io}~ ji ok~bko} jv wb~~ojk! jv `jvl ~|f}a

ok ~lai-mlnlw}ojk+ F|}! ~|wwvl~~lm jv |k~|wwvl~~lm!

`bk$~ ok~}okn}~ ijv` }hl kjv`ba `j}oyl ijvnl ok ho~

aoil! }hj|dh }hl movln}ojk ji }hb} ijvnl `b ivj`

}o`l }j }o`l fl njk}vjaalm f njk~noj|~ vlb~jk+

Ivj` }ho~ wjok} ji yolt! O to~h }j njk~omlv thb}

hb~ hbwwlklm }j |~ ok Lkdabkm ~oknl B|d|~} =!

2?2=+ Ijv }hb} ~j`l}hokd hb~ hbwwlklm o~ r|o}l

nalbv+ ]hlvl o~ bk oktbvm nhbkdl! thonh ~j`l

wljwal wvbo~l bkm ~j`l fab`l+ ]hlvl o~ b dvlb}lv~lvoj|~kl~~ ok aoil! al~~ nj`wabokokd! al~~ jfyoj|~

~laio~hkl~~! bkm `jvl hbvmohjjm+ ]hlvl o~ b |ko-

ylv~ba wjtlv ji ~lai-~bnvoionl thj~l lxo~}lknl tl

klylv ~|~wln}lm flijvl 3 jk lylv ~oml j|kd `lk

bvl vlbm }j dj bkm ibnl mlb}h ijv }hlov nj|k}v!



6= HLVM OK^]OKN] k

bkm wbvlk}~ bvl vlbm }j al} }hl` dj+ ]hlvl o~

`jvl fvj}hlvhjjm bkm `jvl vlba ml`jnvbn 5

bkm b} }hl ~b`l }o`l! b r|bao} ji thonh tl ~}jjm

ok `|nh kllm! ibv `jvl mo~nowaokl bkm jflmolknl+

]ho~ `bel~ b ylv ~}vjkd nb~l jk }hl djjm ~oml+

_l}! jk }hl j}hlv! j| toaa iokm dlklvbaa }hb}

vlijv`lv~ bkm omlbao~}~ bvl mo~hlbv}lklm+ Ivolkm~

ji

wlbnl!ji tj`lk$~ nb|~l~! ji

aldba vlijv`!ji

}hl ò}odb}ojk ji nv|la} }j bko`ba~! bvl baa

vlm|nlm }j ~j`l}hokd aoel o`wj}lknl+ Jkl hlbv~

}hl ~}b}l`lk} }hb}$

}hlvl o~ kj Nhvo~}obko} ali} $+

]hl ylv oknvlb~l ji wjtlv bkm mlyj}ojk thonh

hb~ jnn|vvlm o~ movln}lm! ~j ~j`l ~b! }j }hl ~lv-

yonl ji lyoa+ ]hl ~b`l wvjnl~~ hb~ }belk wabnl

ok Dlv`bk! bkm hb~ }hlvl bwwbvlk}a vlbnhlm

b hodhlv mldvll ji ok}lk~o}+ ]j albyl b~oml o}~

`jvl ok~bkl `bkoil~}b}ojk~! b Mbko~h ivolkm ~lkm~

`l }hl ijaajtokd r|j}b}ojk ivj` b Dlv`bk vlao-

doj|~ wjl}! `|nh bmòvlm ok lybkdlaonba novnal~ ;

$ Tl hbyl flnj`l }hl kb}ojk ji tvb}h+ + + + Tl

bnnj`wao~h }hl baòdh} toaa ji Djm! bkm toaa

ylkdli|aa tvlbe }hl ml`bkm~ ji Ho~ vodh}lj|~-

kl~~ jk }hl djmal~~! ioaalm to}h ~bnvlm i|v+ + + +

Tl bvl fj|km }jdl}hlv aoel b ~nj|vdl ji w|ko~h-

`lk} thj~l kb`l o~ Tbv+ Tl iab`l aoel aodh}-

kokd+ J|v tj|km~ faj~~j` aoel vj~l-dbvmlk~ b}

}hl db}l ji hlbylk+ ]hbke~ fl }j ]hll! DjmBaòdh} " ]h tvb}hi|a btbelkokd mjl~ btbto}h j|v ~ok~+ B~ }hl ovjk ok ]h hbkm tl ~ò}l

baa j|v lklòl~ jk }hl nhllefjkl* Bkj}hlv wjl}!

b nalvd`bk! wvb~ }hb} }hl Dlv`bk~ `b kj}

ibaa ok}j }hl }l`w}b}ojk ji nbvvokd j|} }hl c|mdl-



oo BKM ]HL TBV 6<

`lk}~ ji Djm$~ tvb}h to}h }jj dvlb} `oamkl~~+

Kjt }hl ~}b}l ji `okm thonh }hl~l

wjl`~vlylba

bkm O mbvl ~b }hl nj|am fl wbvbaalalm jv klbva

wbvbaalalm ok Lkdabkm o~ nj`wb}ofal to}h dvlb}

~lai-~bnvoionl bkm hlvjo~`! f|} o} o~ nlv}boka kj}

thb} jkl tj|am nbaa thjal~j`l+

Ok jvmlv }j |kmlv~}bkm }ho~ nhbkdl b~ b thjal!

o} o~ klnl~~bv }j bkba~l o}5bkm O tj|am ylk}|vl

}j ~|ddl~} }hb}! ok }hl `bok! o} njk~o~}~ ~o`wa ok

bk o``lk~l ~}o`|ab}ojk ji }hl Hlvm jv Dvj|w

Ok~}okn}~! }hj|dh ji nj|v~l j}hlv ok~}okn}~ bvl ba~j

okyjaylm+ Ijv }hl wvl~lk}! al} |~ klo}hlv wvbo~l

kjv fab`l! f|} ~o`wa bkba~l+ B} }hl lkm tl

`b hbyl ~j`l njkna|~ojk }j mvbt+

@bk o~ f kb}|vl b dvldbvoj|~ bko`ba bkm o~

~tblm f Hlvm Ok~}okn}~! b~ b dvldbvoj|~ bko`ba

`|~} fl5f|} ji nj|v~l }hl bvl dvlb}a `jmoiolm+

J|}~oml `bkeokm tl iokm }hl~l ok~}okn}~ ok ybvoj|~

dvbml~ ji mlylajw`lk}+ ]hl ~hjt ~}vjkdl~} ok

bk}~ bkm fll~! to}h }hlov nj``|kba aoil ji |}}lv

~lai-~bnvoionl! |}}lv v|}hal~~kl~~+ O ~ll }hb} Wvj-

il~~jv C|aobk H|xal! ok ho~ fjje jk ]hl Okmoyom|ba

ok }hl Bko`ba Eokdmj`! mj|f}~ thl}hlv b`jkdbk}~ }hl ~okdal bk} jv }hl thjal bk}-hlbw o~ vlbaa

}hl okmoyom|ba+ O vl`l`flv b }vbylaalv ok kjv}hlvkB|~}vbaob kbvvb}okd hjt hl jknl ~bt b wvjnl~~ojk

ji tho}l bk}~ `beokd }jtbvm~ ho~ nb`w! bkm! }j

hlbm }hl` jii! ~wvokealm bnvj~~ }hlov aokl ji bmybknl

b }vbok ji fa|l~}jkl! jv ~|awhb}l ji njwwlv+ Bkm

ok~}lbm ji }|vkokd b~oml! lbnh bk} b~ hl nb`l |w



69 HLVM OK^]OKN] k

}hvlt ho`~lai jk }hl hjvvofa njvvj~oyl ~}|ii bkm

mlyj|vlm o} }oaa hl ilaa mlbm 5 bkm wvl~lk}a }hl

`bok bv` `bvnhlm jk jylv b aokl njk~o~}okd kj

ajkdlv ji fa|l~}jkl! f|} ji mlbm bk}~+

]hl ok~}okn} o~ al~~ jylvwjtlvokd ok nb}}al!

hjv~l~! tjayl~! )n+ Nlv}bok toam nb}}al ok ^j|}h

Bivonb bvl }belk f Dba}jk b~ }wl~ ji o}+ Ok

jvmokbv hlvm aoil }hl ~hjt kj ok}lvl~} ok lbnhj}hlv! `|nh al~~ bk `|}|ba biiln}ojk+ F|} oi

jkl o~ }belk j|} ji }hl hlvm bkm w|} f ho`~lai

hl wokl~! bkm thlk hl o~ }belk fbne }j }hl hlvm

hl ~hjyl~ bkm kjssal~ }j }hl ylv nlk}vl ji o}+

Tjayl~! bdbok! toaa iodh} ijv }hlov wbne! f|} kj}

ivj` `|}|ba biiln}ojk+ Oi }hlwbne

o~ kj}

}hvlb}lklm }hl toaa vlbmoa iodh} bkm eoaa jkl

bkj}hlv+ B mjd ok mj`l~}onb}lm njkmo}ojk~ o~

l~wlnobaa ok}lvl~}okd+ Hl hb~ fllk }belk btbivj` ho~ wbne! f|} hl vl}bok~ ho~ i|kmb`lk}ba

hbfo}~+ Hl fbve~ }j nbaa ho~ `b}l~ jk lylv

l`lvdlkn! lylk oi fbveokd ivodh}lk~ ho~ wvl

btb+ Hl ~koii~ b} lylv}hokd thlk hl o~ j|}

tbaeokd! flnb|~l hl hb~ tbk}lm ~j ajkd }j ~`laa

ho~ tb hj`l }j }hl aj~} wbne+ Ho~ vlba wbne o~

kjt bv}oionoba! dvj|wlm vj|km ho~ `b~}lv+ O} toaa

}bel ok ho~ `b~}lv$~ ivolkm~ bkm hj|~l-nj`wbkojk~!

okna|mokd r|o}l wj~~ofa ybvoj|~ bko`ba~ ~|nh b~

nb}~ bkm vbffo}~+ @lbk}o`l hl vlcln}~ }hl ~}vbkdl

`bk bkm nhllvi|aa eoaa~ }hl ~}vbkdl nb} jv vbffo}+

Ho~ mlaodh}i|a ivolkmaokl~~ bkm ~`wb}h bvl ji

nj|v~l m|l }j ho~ hlvm hbfo}~+ B nb} hb~ kj hlvm+

^hl hb~ batb~$

tbaelm bajkl $+

Kjt @bk ~b}o~iol~ ho~ Hlvm Ok~}okn} f `bk



oo BKM ]HL TBV 64

dvj|w~! `boka bv}oionoba+ Aoel }hl mjd! hl `b

}belok

j}hlvbko`ba~+ Ok

jvmokbvaoil }hl

dvj|wji thonh hl o~ `j~} njk~noj|~ o~ ho~ ~jnoba nab~~!

l~wlnobaa oi o} o~ }hvlb}lklm ok bk tb+ Nalvd-

`lk! abkm-jtklv~! }lbnhlv~! njba-`oklv~ }lkm! b~

}hl whvb~l o~! }j hbkd }jdl}hlv+ ]hl hbyl }hl

~b`l `b}lvoba ok}lvl~}~ bkm }hl ~b`l hbfo}~ ji

aoil+

Bdbok!

}hlvl

`bfl ajnba

dvj|w~!

nj|k}ol~

jv yoaabdl~ 5jv dvj|w~ mlwlkmlk} jk omlb~ bkm

flaoli~! b nh|vnh! b wbv} ok wjao}on~! b naor|l ok

bv}+ F|} ji baa dvj|w~! ibv }hl ~}vjkdl~} thlk

o} o~ jknl vj|~lm o~ }hl Kb}ojk! bkm o} o~ }hl

Kb}ojk }hb} o~ vj|~lm kjt+

Kjv`baa `lk ji ~nolknl ijv` b dvj|w! ~j mj

}hljajdobk~+ F|} kjt }hl illa kj ajkdlv b~ `lk

ji ~nolknl jv }hljajdobk~! }hl illa b~ Lkdao~h`lk

jv Dlv`bk~+ O ~ll }hb} }hl Bvnhfo~hjw ji @|konh

hb~ lxwvl~~lm b mj|f} thl}hlv$

bk bwwvlnobfal

k|`flv ji Fladobk wvol~}~$

hbyl fllk$

ovvld|-

abva eoaalm$

f Dlv`bk ~jamolv~+ ]hlvl o~ bk

bf~lknl ji nab~~ illaokd bfj|} }ho~ vl`bve thonh

ilt nalvd`lk nj|am b}}bok ok wlbnl }o`l+ O ~ll

}hb} lylk }hl Dlv`bk Cl~|o}~ bvl ~hbvwa moiilvokd

ivj` }hl vl~} ji }hl Cl~|o}~! bk Jvmlv ib`j|~

}hvj|dhj|} ho~}jv ijv o}~ lx}vl`l njhl~ojk bkm

mo~nowaokl+ ]hl jka fjmol~ }hb} hbyl b} baa

b~~lv}lm }hl`~layl~ bdbok~} }hl `bok n|vvlk} ji

illaokd ok }hl ybvoj|~ kb}ojk~ hbyl fllk b ilt

o~jab}lm Ok}laaln}|ba~ bkm ~j`l ~`baa dvj|w~ ji

Ok}lvkb}ojkba ^jnobao~}~+ O} tb~ lb~olv ijv }hl~l

ab~}! ~oknl to}h }hl` Ok}lvkb}ojkbao~` tb~ kj}

jka b wvoknowal f|} b hbfo}! bkm fl~oml~ }hl



68 HLVM OK^]OKN] k

tlvl bnn|~}j`lm ok jvmokbv aoil }j fl bdbok~}

}hlov jtk djylvk`lk} bkm }j moiilv ivj` }hlov

klodhfj|v~+

Ok }hl `bok! thb} hb~ hbwwlklm o~ ylv ~o`wal+

Ok baa toam hlvm~ tl iokm }hb} }hl ~}vlkd}h ji }ho~

ok~}okn} mlwlkm~ |wjk }hl kllm ijv o}+ B~ ~jjk

b~ }hl Hlvm o~ ok mbkdlv! }hl Hlvm Ok~}okn} iab`l~

|w ok wb~~ojk }j mlilkm o}+ ]hl `l`flv~ ji }hlHlvm iov~} db}hlv }jdl}hlv! bkm }hlk iodh} jv

ia+

]ho~ o~ thb} hb~ hbwwlklm }j |~+ J|v Hlvm o~

ok mbkdlv! bkm j|v kb}|vba Hlvm Ok~}okn} o~ biab`l+

Al} |~ kj}onl nlv}bok moiilvlk} tb~ ok thonh o}

jwlvb}l~+

Iov~}!}hl Hlvm |ko}l~+ Tjayl~ thj bvl

r|bv-vlaaokd nlb~l thlk `lkbnlm f b nj``jk lkl`+

Nb}}al bkm hjv~l~ mvbt }jdl}hlv+ Tl ok Lkdabkm

iokm j|v~layl~ b fbkm ji fvj}hlv~5bkm }hl ~b`l

ji nj|v~l jnn|v~ ok Dlv`bk+ Okmllm! o} wvjf-

bfa jnn|v~ lylk `jvl ~}vjkda }hlvl! ~oknl baa

hlvm l`j}ojk~ }hlvl }lkm }j fl wb~~ojkb}la

lxwvl~~lm bkm jiionobaa lknj|vbdlm+ ]hj~l thj

bvl jvmokbvoa ~lwbvb}l hbyl mvbtk }jdl}hlv+

Nbkbmb! B|~}vbaob! Okmob! lylk Nvjtk njajkol~

aoel Ioco! ~ll` }j fl illaokd b nj``jk l`j}ojk+

B lbv jv ~j bdj jkl `odh} ~ll ok }hl bmylv}o~l-

`lk}~ ji l`waj`lk} ok Nbkbmobk klt~wbwlv~

}hl tjvm~$

Kj Lkdao~h kllm bwwa $+ _j|tj|am kj} iokm }hl` kjt+ Lylk }hl \ko}lm

^}b}l~ hbyl mvbtk naj~l }j |~+ Ji nj|v~l ok

wbv} }ho~ o~ m|l }j }hl djjmkl~~ ji j|v nb|~l! }j

~`wb}h to}h }hl tvjkd~ ji Flado|`! bkm }hl

aoel+ @j~} kl|}vba~ bvl ~j`lthb} jk j|v ~oml+



oo BKM ]HL TBV 6?

F|} Hlvm Ok~}okn} o~ nalbva wvl~lk} 5jv th mj

}hl Dlv`bk-B`lvonbk~ ~oml to}h }hl Dlv`bk~ :

Lylk }hj~l thj bvl jvmokbvoa b} ~}voil hbyl

mvbtk }jdl}hlv+ Flijvl }hl tbv j|v thjal wljwal

~ll`lm b} ~}voil to}h o}~lai! hjt ibv ivj` kb}|vba

nb|~l~ bkm hjt ibv ivj` mlioko}l ok}vod|l jk }hl

wbv} ji Dlv`bk ho~}jv toaa mj|f}al~~ ~hjt+

Tl hbm }hl @oao}bk} ^|iivbdo~}~! tl hbm bk |}}lva

bfkjv`ba k|`flv ji ~}voel~ bkm b dvlb} mlba

ji vlflaaojk bdbok~} ]vbml \kojk albmlv~! tl hbm

}vj|fal ok Okmob! }lvvoion }hvlb}~ ok Ovlabkm+ Bkm!

jk }hl thjal! }hl~l ybvoj|~ lklòl~ hbyl kjt$

`bml o} |w $+ Ji nj|v~l o} tb~ `|nh hbvmlv ijv

}hl` }hbk ijv }hj~l thj tlvl `lvla ~lwbvb}lm

f mo~}bknl+ ]hlvl tlvl ~lvoj|~ jf~}bnal~ ok }hl

tb 5hbfo}~ ji bkdlv! hbfo}~ ji ~|~wonojk 5

ji}lk

}hl `lvl vj|}okl ji wbv} b}}bne thonh nj`l~

kb}|vba }j ~`baa dvj|w~ ok ~}vjkd jwwj~o}ojk }j

b djylvk`lk}+ B~ b cj|vkbao~} ~bom }j `l 3 $O

`j~}a ellw }hl }v|nl baa vodh} 5f|} ~j`l}o`l~!

thlk jkl o~ }ovlm bkm hb~ kj}hokd wbv}on|abv }j

~b! jkl mvjw~ ok}j bf|~okd @nElkkb+$

]hl nholi wvjfal` }hb} bvo~l~ ok }ho~ dlklvba

mvbtokd }jdl}hlv o~ }hl wvjfal` ji iomlao} }j }hl

Al~~lv Hlvm+ ^j`l}o`l~ }hlvl o~ kj nab~h fl}tllk

}hl al~~lv bkm }hl dvlb}lv+ B `bk$~ l`j}ojk

}jtbvm~ ho~ ibòa! ho~ b~~jnob}l~! ho~ kb}oyl mo~-

}von}! nb|~l~ b~ b v|al kj nab~h+ Jk }hl njk}vbv!

o} o~ |~|baa eokmalm bkm ~}vlkd}hlklm f ~j`l

~jv} ji bkbajd jv ~j`l l`j}ojkba okiln}ojk+ ]hl

l`j}ojk~ ji ajba}! ji ajyl }j jkl$~ klodhfj|v~

bkm ~|vvj|kmokd~! bvl baa ~}ovvlm5bkm }hl ibòa



>7 HLVM OK^]OKN] k

l`j}ojk~ ok wbv}on|abv! flokd }hl`~layl~ ylv

bknolk} bkm mllw-vjj}lm ok j|v ok~}okn}oyl kb}|vl!hbyl dvjtk ~}vjkdlv }jdl}hlv to}h }hj~l ji }hl

Hlvm+

F|} ji}lk }hlvl o~ b nab~h+ Ijv ok~}bknl! bk

okmoyom|ba thj hb~ vlnlk}a fllk ok Dlv`bk bkm

`bml naj~l ivolkm~ }hlvl! toaa! j|} ji ajba} }j }ho~

ivolkm~how!vlfla

bdbok~}}hl n|vvlk} bk}o-Dlv`bk

wb~~ojk! bkm ~j flnj`l$

wvj-Dlv`bk $+ O `lbk

f$

wvj-Dlv`bk $! kj} jkl thj to~hl~ }hl Dlv-

`bk~ }j tok O ekjt ji kjkl ~|nh f|} jkl thj

hbfo}|baa ok}lvwvl}~ mj|f}i|a r|l~}ojk~ ok b tb

~`wb}hl}on }j Dlv`bk+ Bdbok! }hlvl bvl b

ilt wljwal thj! jk jkl dvj|km jv bkj}hlv! mo~-

bwwvjylm ji }hl mlnabvb}ojk ji tbv+ ]hl bvl

b}}bnelm bkm `baodklm 3 }hlov ivolkm~ kb}|vbaa

~}bkm f }hl`+ ]hl thjal dvj|w ho}~ fbne

bkdvoa bkm flnj`l~! ok }hl ~b`l ~lk~l! wvj-

Dlv`bk+ ]hlk }hlvl bvl wljwal thj bvl ok-

ia|lknlm f b wln|aobv ijv` ji w|dkbno} thonh

o~ ji}lk `o~nbaalm$

ajyl ji c|~}onl $+ O} o~ vlbaa

b hbfo} ji ovvo}b}ojk b} lxnl~~ thonh iokm~ ylk}

kj} ok c|~}onl f|} ok nj|k}lv-lxnl~~+$

^j-bkm-~j

o~ jylvwvbo~lm 5ijv Hlbylk$~ ~bel al} |~ fvokd

ho` mjtk b wld "

$ $

Lylv ijja O `ll} o~ l`j}ojkba-

oslm bfj|} }hl Dlv`bk }vlb}`lk} ji Flado|` 5nbk

tl kj} ~j`lhjt ~hjt }hb} kj hbv` tb~ mjkl! jv

}hb} Flado|` ml~lvylm o}! jv b} alb~} }hb} o} tb~

baa }hl ib|a} ji ~j`l jkl }hl ijja~ bm`ovl :$

Wljwal ji }hl~l }wl~ bkm j}hlv~! ~j`l dlklvj|~

bkm ~j`l wlvylv~l! ijv`! fj}h hlvl bkm okDlv`bk!

b wvj}l~}okd ~`baa Hlvm ok vlbn}ojk bdbok~} }hl



oo BKM ]HL TBV >2

dvlb} Hlvm+ ]h|~ }hl Hlvm mvbt~ }jdl}hlv!

}hj|dhal~~lv

bkm wvj}l~}okd hlvm~ to}hoko}

`bmj }hl ~b`l+

^lnjkma! ok }o`l ji mbkdlv }hl Okmoyom|ba ~|f-

jvmokb}l~ ho`~lai }j }hl Hlvm+ Hl nlb~l~ }j `bel

nabo`~ |wjk o}! hl ml~ovl~ wb~~ojkb}la }j ~lvyl

o}+ Hl o~ `o~lvbfal bkm |k~b}o~iolm oi }hlvl o~ kj

w|faon tjve ij|km ijv ho`+ Mo~nowaokl njk~l-

r|lk}a flnj`l~ lb~ bkm b|}j`b}on+ O ekjt ji

jkl nb~l thlvl b k|`flv ji vlnv|o}~ ok b nlv}bok

klt vldo`lk} tlvl mvbtk ivj` b ajnba }vbml

|kojk ji w|dkbnoj|~ }vbmo}ojk~+ Jkl ji }hl`

tb~ w|ko~hlm ijv ~j`l}hokd jv j}hlv+ ]hl vl~}

ok~}okn}oyla wvjwj~lm }j ~}voel! f|} lylk b~ }hl

wvjwj~lm o} ij|km }hl`~layl~ ok }hl dvow ji b

~}vjkdlv ok~}okn}+ ]hl hl~o}b}lm ijv bk ok~}bk}

bkm }hlk jfllm jvmlv~+ Bdbok! O ~ll` }j hbyl

kj}onlm }hb} }hlvl o~ ok `j~} wljwal bk bn}oyl

ml~ovl }j fl jvmlvlm bfj|}+ Tl aoel b mvoaa-

~lvdlbk} }j ~wlbe }j |~ ~lylvla! `|nh b~ j|

~wlbe }j b mjd thonh hb~ kj} l} fllk kb|dh}

f|} ajje~ b~ oi hl `lbk} }j fl+ Ok jvmokbv aoil!

thlk b `bk hb~ }j jfl bkm ~|f`o}! hl illa~

~`baa+ ]hl bn}ojk o~ bnnj`wbkolm f thb} @v+

@nMj|dbaa nbaa~$

kldb}oyl ~lai-illaokd $+ F|} kjt!

o} ~ll`~! tl bn}|baa hbyl b ~lk~l ji wvoml thlktl bvl jvmlvlm bfj|}+ O} `bel~ |~ illa }hb} tl

bvl vlbaa ~lvyokd+

Tl `b kj}onl hlvl b n|voj|~ ~oml-`jyl`lk}!

b nj|k}lv-bn}ojk }j }hl `bok ~}vlb` `beokd ijv

|kojk+ ^|nh nj|k}lv-bn}ojk~ bvl ji nj|v~l batb~



>6 HLVM OK^]OKN] k

}j fl lxwln}lm bkm kllm nb|~l kj ~|vwvo~l+ Th

o~ o} }hb}! b`jkd }hl~l dvlb} ~}lbm ijvnl~ ji |kojkbkm `|}|ba }v|~}! tl hbyl ~|mmlk iab~hl~ ji }hl

ylv jwwj~o}l! l~wlnobaa ji toam ~|~wonojk~ ji }hl

Hlvm-albmlv~ : O mj kj} `lbk `lvl ~w-`bkob+

]hb} o~ ~o`wal lkj|dh! b `jvfom lxnl~~ ji b wlv-

iln}a kb}|vba illaokd movln}lm bdbok~} }hl nj``jk

lkl`+_j| ml~ovl

wb~~ojkb}la}j

nbw}|vl

b vlba

Dlv`bk ~w 5 bkm! ~oknl j| nbkkj} iokm jkl! j|

`bel |w b fjd|~ jkl bkm nbw}|vl ho`+ O `lbk

b ~oòabv `bkob! }hj|dh `|nh tlbelv bkm vbvlv!

movln}lm bdbok~} }hl Hlvm o}~lai 3 }hl ~lò-ok~bkl

~|~wonojk~ ji Wvoknl Aj|o~ ji Fb}}lkflvd! ji Ajvm

Hbambkl! bkm ji wlv~jk~ lylk `jvl lxba}lm+

Wbv}a }hl~l o`w|a~l~ bvl `lvla }hl vl`bok~ ji

jam r|bvvla~ ok illfal òkm~+ F|} wbv}a }hl hbyl

b vlba fojajdonba jvodok+ Ijv thoal! ok jvmokbv

mbkdlv~! }hl ~bil} ji }hl i|}|vl vbnl mlwlkm~ jk

}hl okmoyom|ba~ ~lvyokd bkm }v|~}okd }hlov Hlvm!

}hlvl bvl `j`lk}~ thlk }hl jka nhbknl ji ~bil}

aol~ ok }hlov ml~lv}okd bkm vlcln}okd o}+ Oi jknl

}hl Hlvm o~ vlbaa njkr|lvlm bkm ok }hl wjtlv

ji }hl lkl`! }hlk }hl nv `|~} fl$

~b|yl r|o

wl|} $! bkm }hl wbkon thonh o~ dlklvbaa mo~b~}vj|~

o~ kjt b wvj}ln}ojk+ ]h|~ }hl~l ~`baa nb~l~ ji

wbkon! }hj|dh wvbn}onbaa |ko`wjv}bk}! bvl w~nhj-

ajdonbaa ok}lvl~}okd bkm hbyl }hlov wvjwlv lyja|-

}ojkba lxwabkb}ojk+

^j ibv tl hbyl ij|km! iov~}! }hb} }hl Hlvm mvbt~

}jdl}hlv! bkm klx}! }hb} }hl okmoyom|ba ~|fjv-

mokb}l~ ho`~lai }j }hl Hlvm+ ]hovma! o} ~ll`~

nalbv }hb} }ho~ naj~lv Hlvm |kojk hb~ bk liiln}



OO BKM ]HL TBV >>

|wjk }hl l`j}ojk~! bkm b }tjijam liiln}+ B~ baa

vlbmlv~ jiw~nhjajd ekjt! Hlvm-|kojk

ok}lk~o-

iol~ baa }hl l`j}ojk~ thonh bvl ila} ok nj``jk+

]hl liiln} o~ ~j ~}vjkd bkm ~j ~}voeokd }hb} ~j`l

tvo}lv~ hbyl }vlb}lm o} b~ b eokm ji `~}lv bkm

ml~nvoflm o} ok abkd|bdl }hb} o~ ba`j~} `}hj-

ajdonba+ F|} }hlvl mjl~ kj} ~ll` }j fl bk}hokd

oklxwaonbfal ok }hl `b}}lv+ L`j}ojk o~ okiln}oj|~+

Lbnh `l`flv ji b Hlvm thonh o~ ok }hl dvb~w

ji ~j`l l`j}ojk o~ ho`~lai ok b#

~|ddl~}ofal$

~}b}l bkm o~ ba~j lxlv}okd$

~|ddl~}ojk$

|wjk ho~

klodhfj|v~+ ]hl bvl baa movln}a ~}o`|ab}okd

ho~ l`j}ojk bkm hl }hlov~+ Bkm mj|f}al~~ tl

~hj|am ba~j vl`l`flv }hb}! Hlvm-l`j}ojk flokd

o}~lai b ylv jam bkm mllw-vjj}lm bko`ba biiln}ojk!

o}~ ~}o`|ab}ojk hb~ wvjfbfa b ~`wb}hl}on

liiln} jk baa eokm~ ji ~o`oabv mo~}|vfbknl~! ~|nh b~

ilbv bkm bkdlv bkm bko`ba ml~ovl~ ji ybvoj|~

~jv}~+

I|v}hlv`jvl! Hlvm-|kojk ji}lk doyl~ }hl ~|w-

wvl~~lm ~|fnjk~noj|~ ijvnl~ }hlov nhbknl ji ~b}o~-

ibn}ojk+ Hlknl nj`l }hl b}vjno}ol~ nj``o}}lm

f nvjtm~+ ^j`l mjv`bk} ml~ovl! lxo~}okd ok

j|v kb}|vl f|} kjv`baa ~|wwvl~~lm! o~ ~|mmlka

lknj|vbdlm f ~|ddl~}ojk+ _j| ~ll b ajje ok

j|v klodhfj|v$~ ibnl! bkm hl ok j|v~ 5bkm ok

b iab~h j| fj}h ekjt thb} }hb} ajje `lbk~+_j| mbvl }j jtk b illaokd thonh! ok j|v kjv`ba

njkmo}ojk! j| tj|am hbyl ~}vbkdalm |kfjvk+

^|wwvl~~lm ok~}okn} nbaa~ }j ok~}okn} bnvj~~ }hl

d|ai ji wlv~jkbao}! bkm }hl okib`j|~ }hokd o~ hbai

mjkl+ Ijv }hl Hlvm! fl~oml~ }l`w}okd j|! ba~j



>= HLVM OK^]OKN] k

jiilv~ j| b vjbm ji o`w|ko}+ _j| nbk vlw|mob}l

vl~wjk~ofoao} bi}lvtbvm~+ O} o~ klylv lxbn}a j|}hb} vlbaa mom }hl }hokd+ O} o~ }hl nvjtm }hb}

mom o}! bkm }hl nvjtm hb~ kjt nlb~lm }j lxo~}+

@+ Alkj}vl! ok ho~ ~}|mol~ ji }hl Ivlknh Vlyja|-

}ojk! hb~ nj``lk}lm jk }hl ~j`lthb} dhb~}a

ibn} }hb} ok `j`lk}~ ji Hlvm-lxno}l`lk} wljwal

jk }hl ylvdl ji a|kbn! wljwal }j|nhlm f wlv-~ln|}ojk-`bkob! f ~|~wonojk-`bkob! f bn}|ba

hj`onomba-`bkob! bvl bw} }j flnj`l albmlv~ bkm

ok~wovl njkiomlknl+ ]hl ~b`l whlkj`lkjk hb~

fllk kj}onlm ok nlv}bok vlyja|}ojkbv `jyl`lk}~

ok V|~~ob+

Ok

Lkdabkm! ijv}|kb}la!

}hlvl hb~ fllk ~j ibv

ba`j~} kj iolam ijv }ho~ eokm ji mbkdlvj|~ Hlvm-

lxno}l`lk}+ ]hlvl hb~ fllk ji nj|v~l ~j`l

ilvjno} ok ~wllnh! b nj`wbvb}oyla hbv`al~~

~bil}-ybayl ijv fbm illaokd~! bkm ok ~j`l wlv~jk~

b wvlilvbfal ba}lvkb}oyl }j bwjwalx 5f|} kj

yojalk} bn}ojk~ bkm! O }hoke! b`jkd mlnlk} wljwal!

lx}vbjvmokbvoa ao}}al yokmon}oylkl~~+

F|} Hlvm-|kojk mjl~ kj} ok}lk~oi baa l`j}ojk~+

O} ok}lk~oiol~ }hj~l thonh bvl ila} ok nj``jk! f|}

o} bn}|baa mlbmlk~ bkm ~h|}~ mjtk }hj~l thonh

bvl jka ila} f }hl okmoyom|ba+ ]hl Hlvm o~! b~

b `b}}lv ji ibn}! hbfo}|baa nbaaj|~ }jtbvm }hl

~|iilvokd~ ji o}~ okmoyom|ba `l`flv~! bkm o} okiln}~

lbnh `l`flv to}h o}~ jtk nbaaj|~kl~~+ ]j }bel

b }voiaokd ok~}bknl! b ivolkm tvo}l~ }j `l }h|~ 3

$

O mo~njylvlm jkl mb jk b `bvnh }hb} ` fjj}

tb~ h|v}okd `l5

bi}lv bk hj|v jv ~j o} flnb`l

jfyoj|~ }hb} ` ijj} tb~ fallmokd+ Ok jvmokbv



oo BKM ]HL TBV ><

}o`l~ O ~hj|am hbyl `bml b i|~~ bkm ok~o~}lm jk

~`wb}h! bkm nlv}boka kj} djkl jk tbaeokd ijv

~lylvba `oal~+ F|} b~ o} tb~! `jyokd ok b ~}lbm

`b~~ ji wljwal thj tlvl |kok}lvl~}lm ok ` fjj}~!

bkm O ok }hlov~! O `bvnhlm jk to}hj|} `beokd bk

vl`bve jv lylk illaokd `|nh+$

]hl vb`oionb}ojk~ ji }ho~ Hlvm-nbaaj|~kl~~ bvl

ylv n|voj|~ bkmok}vonb}l+ O}

bn}~ lylk to}hIlbv! }hb} `j~} njk}bdoj|~ ji l`j}ojk~+ ]hl

Hlvm mlbmlk~ }hl ilbv~ ji }hl okmoyom|ba b~ ajkd

b~ }hl mj kj} flnj`l vlba Hlvm-ilbv~+ \k}vboklm

}vjjw~ toaa bmybknl ok naj~l `b~~l~+ O} kllm~

djjm }vjjw~ }j bmybknl okmoyom|baa ok jwlk jvmlv+

]hl naj~l `b~~l~ bvl `|nh `jvlmbkdlvj|~

bkm

}hl jwlk jvmlv al~~ ~j! f|} ok }hl naj~l `b~~ }hl

Hlvm o~ baa vj|km j|! f|}}vl~~okd j| bkm tbv`-

okd j|! bkm o} mlbmlk~ j|v wvoyb}l ilbv+ O}

`b ba~j fl }hb} }hlvl o~ hlvl ~j`l hlvlmo}bv

ok~}okn} b} tjve! mlvoylm ivj` b }o`l thlk }hl

bn} ji h|mmaokd }jdl}hlv tb~ b vlba wvj}ln}ojk! b~

o} o~ to}h ~hllw bkm nb}}al b}}bnelm f tjayl~+

Oi }ho~ Hlvm-nbaaj|~kl~~ bn}~ to}h ilbv! o} bn}~

ji nj|v~l ibv `jvl to}h ~nv|wal~ jv wo}ol~+ ]hl

iov~} ~nv|wal jv v|}h jv nvo}ono~` ji }hl Hlvm `|~}

vo~l ok }hl fvlb~} ji ~j`l okmoyom|ba+ Oi! f djjm

a|ne! b} }hl ~b`l `j`lk} o} jnn|v~ }j ~j`l mjslk

j}hlv `lk! o} hb~ b nhbknl ji b~~lv}okd o}~lai+

J}hlvto~l }hlvl o~ jka }hl ~okdal |ko} ~}bkmokd

|w! ok ho~ okioko}l tlbekl~~! bdbok~} }hl dvlb}

Hlvm+ ]hl ~nv|wal o~ ~oalknlm bkm mol~+

Ji nj|v~l ok bn}|ba tbvibvl }ho~ nbaaj|~kl~~ o~

o``lk~la oknvlb~lm f }hl kb}|vl ji }hl tjve



>9 HLVM OK^]OKN] k

thonh }hl nj`fb}bk}~ bvl mjokd! bkm }hl o``lk~l

nhbkdl ok }hlov hbfo}|ba ~}bkmbvm ji lxwln}b}ojk+_j| nbkkj} batb~ fl wo}okd wljwal! jv j| tj|am

klylv dl} jk to}h j|v f|~okl~~+ B ivolkm ji

òkl! b nalylv bkm eokma `bk! }jam `l hjt hl

bkm ho~ `lk! bi}lv b ajkd ~wlaa ok }hl }vlknhl~!

|}}lva }ovlm bkm nhoaalm bkm mvjwwokd to}h ~allw!

hbm b} ab~}

dj}ok}j }hlov foaal}~ b ~jv} ji tbv`

nlaabv thlvl }hl nj|am c|~} ~r|llsl ok+ ]hlhlbvm }hl ~nvlb` ji ~hvbwkla ~tllwokd }hl ~}vll}

j|}~oml! bkm ~j`l ~jamolv~ ji bkj}hlv vldo`lk}

bkm kb}ojkbao} vbk |w }j }hl mjjv flddokd ijv

bmò}}bknl bkm ~hla}lv+ To}h jkl yjonl! ~j ìvolkm ~bom! hl bkm ho~ `lk dvjtalm b} }hl` bkm

~ab``lm }hl mjjv ok }hlov ibnl~+ O} tb~ }hlov jtk

nlaabv! bkm }hl~l wljwal tlvl ok}v|mlv~+ Bkm }hl

~h|} }hl` j|} ok}j }hl ~hvbwkla `|nh b~! ok jvmok-

bv novn|`~}bknl~! }hl tj|am wlvhbw~ hbyl ila}

c|~}oiolm ok ~h|}}okd }hl` j|} ok}j }hl vbok+ ]hl

~}vbkdl~} mlylajw`lk} ji baa o~ wlvhbw~ }hl mo~-

vldbvm ji }hl Hlvm ijv o}~ tj|kmlm! bkm }hl

vlbmokl~~ ji }hl tj|kmlm }hl`~layl~ }j fl ~j

mo~vldbvmlm+ Ji nj|v~l }hlvl bvl bf|kmbk} nb~l~

ji }hl jwwj~o}l ~jv}! thlvl okmoyom|ba~ ~hjt }hl

|}`j~} vldbvm ijv }hl tj|kmlm! vo~e }hlov aoyl~

ijv }hl`! bkm nj|k} kj abfj|v }jj hbvm ijv }hlov

~bel+ F|} O hbyl nlv}boka `l} to}h tlaa-

b|}hlk}onb}lm ~}jvol~! kj}bfa ji oknomlk}~ ok }hl

Dlv`bk bkm Cbwbkl~l bkm ]|veo~h bvòl~! thonh

~ll` }j }bel jkl fbne }j ~j`l vb}hlv wvoò}oyl

ok~}okn}~+ ]hl }v|l bko`ba Hlvm hb}l~ o}~ tj|kmlm

bkm eoaa~ }hl`5 nb}}al! tjayl~! wjvwjo~l~! lylv



oo BKM ]HL TBV >4

hlvm ji dvldbvoj|~ bko`ba~ mjl~ }hl ~b`l+ Ji

nj|v~l o} hb}l~ }hl`+]hl

kj}jka

}lkm }j

hb`wlv o}~ `jyl`lk}~! f|} }hl wvl~lk} yoyoma

}j o}~ ll~ bkm ~lk~l~ }hl ylv }hokd }hb} o} `j~}

ajb}hl~ o}~ jtk fajjm bkm wbok+ Bkm jkl iokm~

ba~j n|voj|~ ok~}bknl~ thlvl }hl tj|kmlm `bk

ho`~lai o~ ~j bf~jvflm ok }hl dlklvba Hlvm-l`j}ojk

}hb} hl ok~o~}~! lylkbkdvoa!

jkflokd

ali} bajkl+

]h|~ |kmlv }hl okia|lknl ji Hlvm-|kojk nj``jk

l`j}ojk~ bvl ok}lk~oiolm! okmoyom|ba l`j}ojk~ mlbm-

lklm+

Kjt }hj|dh}! |kaoel l`j}ojk! o~ `bvelma okmo-

yom|ba bkm wlv~jkba+ O} o~ kj} okiln}oj|~+ O} o~

nj``|konb}lm f bv}on|ab}l abkd|bdl+ ]hl Hlvm

dvjta~! nvol~! ~jf~! ~j`l}o`l~ ab|dh~ 5f|} o} iokm~

~wllnh ylv moiion|a}+ Bdbok! }hj|dh} o~ nvo}onba!

bkm }hl Hlvm tbk}~ |kbkoò}! kj} nvo}ono~`+

Njk~lr|lk}a Hlvm-|kojk mlbmlk~ }hj|dh}+

]v|l! }hl hlvm-albmlv `|~} }hoke bkm wabk! bkm

}hl Hlvm toaa jfl ho`+ Ok bk jvdbkoslm bv`!

thlvl mo~nowaokl bkm jvdbkosb}ojk wjtlvi|aa

nj|k}lvbn} `bk ji }hl kjv`ba hlvm nhbvbn}lv-

o~}on~! }hj|dh} ~o}~ lk}hvjklm bkm movln}~ }hl thjal

`b~~+ F|} o} o~ b ~wlnoba eokm ji }hj|dh}! |kmlv

nlk}vba njk}vja bkm mlyj}lm ~o`wa }j b}}bokokd

}hl w|vwj~l~ ji }hl Hlvm+ J}hlv }hj|dh} o~

okhofo}lm+

Ijv ok~}bknl! oi }hl Hlvm o~ bkdv o} o~ r|o}l

~o`wa bkdv to}h bkj}hlv Hlvm+ ]ho~ ~}b}l ji

òkm o~ kjv`ba b`jkd ~bybdl~ bkm wvoò}oyl

`lk+ ^j`l jkl flajkdokd }j b }vofl jylv }hl

voylv hb~ ~wlbvlm jkl ji j|v njt~! }hlvlijvl tl



>8 HLVM OK^]OKN] k

nb}nh ~j`l j}hlv wlv~jk flajkdokd }j b moiilvlk}

}vofl jylv }hl voylv bkm na|f ho` jk }hl hlbm+

Hlvm c|~}onl o~ ~b}o~iolm+ O} jka ~ll~ }hokd~ ok

Hlvm~+$

]hl Dlv`bk~$

mom ~j-bkm-~j5

}hlvlijvl

w|ko~h$

}hl Dlv`bk~$

3

$

}hl Lkdao~h$

mom ~j-

bkm-~j5}hlvlijvl w|ko~h

$

}hl Lkdao~h$

+ Thlklylv

b Hlvm o~ jiilkmlm f ~j`l bn}ojk o} o~ `bml

hbww f w|ko~hokd b~ mvb`b}onbaa b~ wj~~ofal

~lylvba wljwal thj mom kj} mj o}+ Njaaln}oyl

bkdlv! njaaln}oyl w|ko~h`lk}! bvl batb~ jwwj~lm

}j C|~}onl! flnb|~l C|~}onl jka bwwaol~ }j okmo-

yom|ba~+ Bkm bdbok! }hl `jvl bkdv b Hlvm o~!

}hl al~~ lyomlknl o} kllm~ }hb} }hlvl o~ m|l nb|~l

ijv o}~ bkdlv+ Bnn|~l b `bk ji ~j`l ovvld|abvo}

ok ho~ bnnj|k}~ bkm }hl Hlvm toaa lxwln} }j hbyl}hl nhbvdl m|a wvjylk+ F|} bnn|~l ho` ji

hbyokd mvlknhlm ao}}al dova~ ok wbvbiiok bkm ~l}

iovl }j }hl`! bkm }hl Hlvm toaa ylv aoela }lbv

ho` jv ~j`l jkl la~l }j wolnl~ b} jknl to}hj|}

i|v}hlv lyomlknl+

F }ho~ wvjnl~~ ji eoaaokd j|} }hj|dh} }hl Hlvm~oke~ baa o}~ `l`flv~ ok o}~lai bkm b~~o`oab}l~ }hl`

}j bk bylvbdl+ Bkm }ho~ bylvbdl o~ ok ~j`l

tb~ bfjyl f|} ok `j~} njk~omlvbfa flajt }hb}

ji }hl bylvbdl `bk ok kjv`ba aoil+ Ijv o} o~ }hb}

ji }hl bylvbdl `bk kj} }hokeokd f|} `lvla

illaokd+ Jka}hl albmlv hb~ }hl i|kn}ojk ji

}hokeokd 5hlknl ho~ lkjv`j|~ bkm |knbkk

wjtlv+

Ab~}a! al} |~ njk~omlv }hl liiln} ji }ho~ Hlvm-

|kojk jk vlaodojk+ B} iov~} ~odh} }hl bk~tlv tj|am



oo BKM ]HL TBV >?

~ll` ~o`wal+ Vlaodojk o~ b kl}tjve ji wvo`o}oyl

njaaln}oyl l`j}ojk~! bkm bk ~}o`|a|~ thonh tjve~

|wjk ~|nh l`j}ojk~ o~ aoela! f ijvnl ji ~`wb}h!

}j vj|~l vlaodoj|~ l`j}ojk b} }hl ~b`l }o`l+ B}

bk vb}l ~j`l ji }hl nb|~l~ thonh hbyl vlnlk}a

vj|~lm Hlvm-l`j}ojk ok L|vjwl bvl c|~} }hl

nb|~l~ jk thonh vlaodoj|~ l`j}ojk o~ ji}lk ~bom }j

fl fb~lm+ @bk hb~ fllk `bml }j illa }hl wvl~lknl

ji }lvvoion ijvnl~ jylv thonh hl hb~ kj njk}vja+

Hl hb~ fllk }b|dh}! nv|mla bkm yojalk}a! ho~

mlwlkmlknl jk }hl |kekjtk+ Jk }ho~ aokl ji

vlb~jkokd! }hl vlaodoj|~ aoil ji }hl tjvam ~hj|am fl

dvlb}a ok}lk~oiolm+ _l} }hlvl bvl ~lvoj|~ njk~omlvb-

}ojk~ albmokd }j }hl jwwj~o}l njkna|~ojk+ B tjvam

~j `bm bkm lyoa! hjtlylv }lvvoion! nbk hbvma~ll` aoel }hl `ovvjv ok thonh }j ~ll Djm+ O

vl`l`flv b mvlbmi|a oknomlk} ok jkl ji }hl

Njk~|abv vlwjv}~ ji }hl Bv`lkobk `b~~bnvl~ ji

28?<+ B} }hb} }o`l }hl |koylv~ba mvlbm bkm hjvvjv

}hvj|dhj|} Bv`lkob ~lk} `j~} wljwal wvbokd

mb bkm kodh} ok }hl nh|vnhl~+ F|} }hl vlwjv}}laa~ ji jkl tj`bk thj ~b} f }hl vjbm bkm vli|~lm

}j wvb+$ Mj j| kj} ~ll thb} hb~ hbwwlklm :

$

~hl ~bom+$

Djm hb~ djkl `bm+ O} o~ kj |~l }j

wvb }j Ho`+$ O hbyl `~lai }baelm jk moiilvlk}

mb~ }j }tj ~jamolv~ thj dbyl yoyom bnnj|k}~ ji

}hl homlj|~wvjnllmokd~

ji }hl tbv ok Iabkmlv~

bkm ji }hlov jtk illaokd~ ji }lvvjv+ ]hlov bnnj|k}~

bdvllm! f|} }hl njkna|~ojk~ }hlmvlttlvl moiilvlk}+

Jkl `bk lkmlm f ~bokd to}h b ~jv} ji db~w 3

$

O} `bml j| flaolyl ok Djm! O nbk }laa j|+$ ]hl

j}hlv! b `jvl }hj|dh}i|a `bk! ~bom 3

$

O} `bml j|



=7 HLVM OK^]OKN] k

mj|f} }hl lxo~}lknl ji Djm+$ O }hoke }hb} }hl

liiln} ji }ho~

lbv

ji ho~}jv toaa fl }j mo~nj|vbdl

}hl hodhlveokm ji vlaodojkbkmo``lk~la ~}vlkd}hlk

}hl ajtlv+

Al} `l }v }j bkba~l }ho~ njkna|~ojk `jvl

naj~la! bkm ~ll thb} tl `lbk ok }ho~ njk}lx} f$

hodhlv$

bkm$

ajtlv $+ O hjwl }hb} `j~} ji `hlbvlv~ toaa bdvll to}h `l! jv b} alb~} kj} mo~bdvll

yojalk}a! ok b~~|òkd }hb} }hl b}}vof|}l~ thonh

b `bk b~nvofl~ }j ho~ Djm bvl njkmo}ojklm f ho~

jtk òkm! o}~ aoò}b}ojk~ bkm o}~ movln}ojk+ O

nj|am! oi klnl~~bv! r|j}l b} alb~} jkl Ib}hlv ji

}hl Nh|vnh ok ~|wwjv} ji ~|nh b yolt+ ]h|~ }hl

Djm thj` b `bk tjv~how~ o~ ok ~j`l ijv` b wvj-

cln}ojk ji ho~ jtk wlv~jkbao}+ ]hl vl~wln}oyl

Djm~ ji b ~lylk}llk}h-nlk}|v W|vo}bk! b R|belv!

bk Bvbf! b ^j|}h ^lb O~abkmlv! toaa baa moiilv

b~ }hlov tjv~howwlv~ moiilv! bkm }hl h|`bk r|bao-

}ol~ b}}vof|}lm }j lbnh toaa fl wvjcln}ojk~ ji }hl

l`j}ojk~ ji }hl tjv~howwlv+ ]h|~ }hl ajtlv!

bkm ji}lk }hl `jvl wb~~ojkb}l! vlaodojk toaa flmovln}lm }jtbvm~ b Djm thj o~ b wvjcln}ojk ji

}hl tjv~howwlv$~ jtk }lvvjv~ bkm bkdlv~ bkm

ml~ovl~ bkm ~laio~hkl~~+ ]hl hodhlv vlaodojk tlbyl~

o}~ njknlw}ojk ji Djm `jvl j|} ji o}~ m|}ol~ bkm

o}~ b~wovb}ojk~+ ]j jkl ji }hj~l ~jamolv~ thjÒ `lk}ojklm bfjyl Djm tb~

lyomlk}ab

Flokdji w|vl }lvvjv! io}a òvvjvlm f }hl bn}ojk ji

b hj~} ji hodh-lxwaj~oyl ~hlaa~+ ]j `bk wljwal

ok dvlb} jwwvl~~ojk! bdbok! Djm o~ ba`j~} bk

oknbvkb}ojk ji }hlov ml~ovl ijv vlylkdl 3 al} }hj~l

thj mj|f} o} vlbm }hl ho~}jv ji wlv~ln|}ojk+



oo BKM ]HL TBV =2

]j j}hlv~! bk oknbvkb}ojk ji ^lai+ ^j`l ji j|

toaa hbyl ~llk @v+ M~jk$~ iokla }vbdon nbv}jjklk}o}alm $Bajkl to}h ho~ Djm$+ O} vlwvl~lk}~

}hl Ebo~lv ekllaokd! b mlyj|} bkm i|aa bv`lm

iod|vl! flijvl bkj}hlv Ebo~lv lxbn}a }hl ~b`l ok

mvl~~ bkm ilb}|vl! f|} dodbk}on! b|d|~}! lk}hvjklm

b`om }hl oknlk~l ji v|oklm }jtk~ bkm f|vkokd

nh|vnhl~! faokma ~}bvokd bkm oklxwvl~~ofa~bm+

O} o~ b won}|vl }j wjkmlv jk+

Baa }hl~l l`j}ojk~! }hl ~lai-tjv~how! }hl hb}l!

}hl vlylkdl! }hl }lvvjv! toaa fl ~}o`|ab}lm! bkm

~j toaa }hl eokm ji vlaodojk }hb} mlwlkm~ jk }hl`+

]hl hodhlv vlaodojk! ji thonh o} o~ al~~ lb~ }j

~wlbe! thonh lxwvl~~l~ o}~lai ok }hl ajyl ji vodh}-

lj|~kl~~! ok }hl ~lk~l ji jkl$~ jtk o`wlviln}ojk!

ok }hl b~wovb}ojk bi}lv b fl}}lv aoil bkm b tjvam

to}h `jvl ajyl ok o} +++ }hb} ~jv} ji vlaodojk! O ilbv!

toaa nholia nj`l ok vlbn}ojk+ O} nbkkj} fl }hl

`bok iajjm+ ]hlvl o~ }jj `|nh vlialn}ojk ok o}!

}jj `|nh okhofo}ojk+ ]hl `bok iajjm ji Hlvm-

l`j}ojk toaa ~tllw jylv o} ijv }hl }o`l flokd!

f|} o} toaa kj} mol+ ]hlvl o~ b ~}vbkdl aoil ok }hl

}hokd~ ji }hl ~wovo}+

O ~|ddl~}lm b} }hl fldokkokd ji }ho~ ylv vj|dh

bkm ~el}nh bkba~o~ }hb} wlvhbw~ b} }hl lkm tl

`odh} fl bfal }j wb~~ ~j`l mlioko}l `jvba c|mdl-

`lk} jk }hl nhbkdl thonh hb~ }belk wabnl ok |~!

bkm ~b thl}hlv o} o~ b djjm jv b fbm nhbkdl+

F|} O ilbv }hb} }hl ~|ddl~}ojk hb~ kj} fllk vlbaoslm+

Hlvm-ok~}okn} ok o}~lai o~ klo}hlv djjm kjv fbm+

O} o~ ~o`wa wbv} ji }hl ~}|ii ji aoil! bk o``lk~l



=6 HLVM OK^]OKN] k

~}jvl ji yo}bao} j|} ji thonh fj}h djjm bkm lyoa!

lx}vl`l

djjm

bkm lx}vl`l lyoa! nbk ~wvokd+

]h|~ o} o~ o`wj~~ofal }j ~b to}hj|} r|baoionb}ojk

}hb} tl j|dh} }j vlcjonl ok }ho~ ~}o`|ab}ojk ji

j|v hlvm-ok~}okn}~ jv }hb} tl j|dh} vodjvj|~a

}j `b~}lv bkm vlcln} o}+ Klo}hlv ba}lvkb}oyl o~

~|iionolk}+ Tl `|~} mj }ho~ bkm kj} albyl }hl

j}hlv |kmjkl+ Tl `|~} bnnlw} dabma }hl

r|onelklm w|a~l! }hl klt ~}vlkd}h bkm nj|vbdl!

}hl ~lk~l ji fvj}hlvhjjm! }hl ~wovo} ji mo~nowaokl

bkm ~lai-~bnvoionl+ Baa }hl~l }hokd~ `bel aoil

b ioklv }hokd+ O} o~ kj}hokd bdbok~} b wbv}on|abv

l`j}ojk }hb} `bkeokm ~hbvl~ o} to}h }hl bwl

bkm }hl }odlv+ Djvoaab~ bvl ib`j|~ ijv }hlov

ib`oa aoil! bkm }odvl~~l~ bvl! |w }j }hlov aodh}~!

lxl`wabv `j}hlv~+ B~ vldbvm~ hlvm-illaokd ok

wbv}on|abv! tl ~hj|am vlbaosl }hb} lylk ok o}~ `j~}

|k}hokeokd ijv`~ o} dlklvbaa `bel~ b `bk eokmlv

bkm `jvl }v|~}tjv}h }jtbvm~ ho~ o``lmob}l

klodhfj|v~ bkm mboa b~~jnob}l~5

}hl lyoa ~oml ji

o} nj`l~ ok}j wab `|nh `jvl vbvla! ~oknl o}

o~ movln}lm bdbok~} }hl ibv-jii baolk hlvm thonh o~

~lamj` `l} jv ~llk+ Bkm ab~}a! tl ~hj|am vl`l`-

flv jkl wolnl ji nlv}bok ekjtalmdl thonh o~ fj}h

o``lk~la o`wjv}bk} bkm ylv moiion|a} }j bwwa 3

}hb} }htbv}lm ok~}okn}~ bn} aoel wjo~jk ok h|`bk

kb}|vl!bkm b kjv`ba bkm

}l`wlvb}l~b}o~ibn}ojk

ji ok~}okn} o~ thb} ellw~ o} ~tll} bkm ~bkl+ B}

}hl wvl~lk} }o`l! ijv ok~}bknl! }hl wljwal thj~l

`okm~ hbyl }|vklm ~j|v bkm yonoj|~ bvl ba`j~}

batb~ }hj~l thj nbk klo}hlv iodh} kjv ~lvyl+

]hl iodh}lv~ bkm mjn}jv~ bkm k|v~l~ bkm w|faon



oo BKM ]HL TBV =>

~lvybk}~ b~ b v|al }hlov hlvm-ml~ovl o~ ~b}o~iolm!

bkm }hl mj }hlov tjve to}h ilvyj|v bkm to}hj|}fo}}lvkl~~+

_l} bi}lv baa tl bvl }hokeokd flokd~+ Oi tl

bnekjtalmdl j|v ok~}okn}~ tl kllm kj} tjv~how

}hl`+ ]hokeokd o}~lai o~ fj}h bk ok~}okn} bkm

b ijv` ji

w|faon ~lvyonl!bkm o} o~ j|v f|~okl~~ }j

tb}nh j|v~layl~+ Tl `b~} ~ll }j o} }hb} }ho~ ivl~h

ijvnl thonh tl illa to}hok |~ o~ kj} tvjkda

movln}lm! bkm }hb} }hl hodhlv bkm dlk}alv lal`lk}~

ji aoil bvl kj} ~tb`wlm f }ho~ klt ~}vjkd tokl+

@oaaojk~ ji `lk }hvj|dhj|} L|vjwl bvl! to}hj|}

~}ok} jv r|l~}ojk! jiilvokd baa }hb} o~ ok }hl` }j

}hl ~lvyonl ji }hlov nj|k}vol~ bkm }hl nj``bkm ji

}hlov albmlv~+ Tl `|~} ~ll! b~ ibv b~ aol~ ok j|v

wjtlv! }hb} tl mj kj} bf|~l }hb} hlvjon faokmkl~~+

Bkm! b`jkd |~ thj vl`bok b} hj`l! tl `|~}

~ll b~ ibv b~ wj~~ofal }hb} }hl kjv`ba }lx}|vl ji

aoil o~ kj} ajtlvlm jv njbv~lklm+

]hlvl hb~ fllk n|vvlk} ok Lkdabkm ji vlnlk}

lbv~ b vlbn}ojk bdbok~} vlb~jk! bk byjtlm tjv~how

ji ok~}okn} bkm }vbmo}ojk bkm lylk wvlc|monl+

]hl mjn}vokl~ ji }ho~ vlbn}ojk bvl ok }hl`~layl~

ib~nokb}okd! bkm }hl hbyl fllk wvlbnhlm f

ib~nokb}okd tvo}lv~+ ]hl tb ji ok~}okn} bkm jam

hbfo} o~ ~j i|aa ji lb~l! ~j ibnoal bkm ~}vjkd bkm|k}vj|falm+ Ajje b} }hl ibnl~ ji `lk thj bvl

tvbwwlm |w ok ~j`l kb}|vba bkm ok~}okn}oyl

w|vwj~l+ Ajje b} b mjd nhb~okd ho~ wvl! b ajylv

w|v~|okd ho~ flajylm! b fbkm ji yodjvj|~ `lk

bmybknokd }j fb}}al! b nvjtm ji ivolkm~ mvokeokd



== HLVM OK^]OKN] k

bkm ab|dhokd+ ]hb} ~hjt~ |~! ~b }hl tvo}lv~

bijvl~bom! thb} aoil nbk fl bkm thb} o}

j|dh}}j fl+

$

Al} |~ kj} }hoke bkm r|l~}ojk!$ }hl ~b+$

Al}

|~ fl hlba}h bkm movln}! bkm kj} ivl} bdbok~} }hl

`bok n|vvlk} ji ok~}okn}oyl illaokd bkm }vbmo}ojk+$

Ok `b}}lv~ ji bv} ~|nh b hbfo} ji òkm `b fl

yba|bfal5

ok `b}}lv~ ji }v|}h jv ji njkm|n} o} o~!

O flaolyl! b~ mo~b~}vj|~ b~ o} o~ baa|vokd+ ]v|l!

}hl tb ji ok~}okn} o~ walb~bk}+ O hbwwlklm jknl

}j fl tbo}okd b} b vboatb ~}b}ojk jk b ~|``lv

bi}lvkjjk+ ]hlvl tlvl ~lylvba vboatb`lk bfj|}!

vb}hlv tlbvoa lkdbdlm jk tjve ji jkl ~jv} jv

bkj}hlv! thlk ~|mmlka ~j`l}hokd hbwwlklmthonh `bml }hl` ajje balv} bkm nhllvi|a bkm w|}

b eokma ~òal jk }hlov ibnl~+ Jkl ji }hl` hbm~llk ~j`l ~`baa bko`ba O }hoke! b vb} bkm b ao}}al

nvjtm ji }hl` vbk fao}hla bkm wla}lm o} }j mlb}h+

Jkl tj|am hbyl ~llk }hl ~b`l eokma bkm hbww

~òal! }hl ~b`l hlba}h yodj|v! ok }hl wljwal thj

bòm j}hlv novn|`~}bknl~ al} ajj~l }hlov h|k}okd

ok~}okn}~ jk v|kbtb ~abyl~ jv hlvl}on~ jv Clt~+Bkm }hl `bk b`jkd }hl` thj ~hj|am illa b r|ba`!

thj ~hj|am nhlne ho`~lai bkm }v }j }hoke thl}hlv

~|nh h|k}okd tb~ vlbaa b walb~bk} bkm wvbo~l-

tjv}h bn}ojk! tj|am! O hbyl ao}}al mj|f}! hbyl

ajjelm d|oa} bkm |klb~ bkm }jkd|l-}olm+ Ho~

ibnl tj|am hbyl njkml`klm ho`+

$

Th ~hj|amhl }vj|fal ho`~lai to}h }hokeokd bkm nvo}onosokd :

$

wljwal `b ~b+$

Th kj} lkcj ho`~lai to}h

ho~ `b}l~ " ]hj|dh} o~ c|~} b~ aoela }j albm j|

tvjkd b~ illaokd o~+$

]hl bk~tlv ji `bkeokm }j ~|nh walbmokd~



oo BKM ]HL TBV =<

~hj|am fl iov` bkm nalbv+ H|`bk vlb~jk o~ ylv

ibv ivj` okibaaofal! f|} }hl jka vl`lm ijv fbm}hokeokd o~ }j }hoke fl}}lv+ ]hl r|l~}ojk tb~

vlbaa ~l}}alm ijv |~! }hj|~bkm~ bkm }hj|~bkm~ ji

lbv~ bdj! f }hj~l ao}}al al`|v~ ok }hl `bv~hijvl~}~+ ]hl }jje kj} }hl wb}h ji lb~l f|} }hl

wb}h ji hbvm fvbok-tjve! bkm tl }hlov nhoamvlk

`|~}dj

jk to}h o}+ ]hb} o~ }hl

tbji aoil bkm

}hl fl}}lvokd ji aoil! }j }hoke bkm abfj|v bkm f|oam

|w 5kj} }j daoml to}h }hl n|vvlk}+ Tl ji }hl

h|`bk vbnl hbyl j|v tjve ok }hl ~nhl`l ji

}hokd~ 5bkm }j mj j|v tjve tl `|~} |~l baa j|v

wjtlv~! l~wlnobaa j|v dvlb}l~} wjtlv~! }hj~l ji

}hokeokd bkm c|mdokd+ Bkm lylk oi tl mlaoflvb}la

~l} j|v ibnl~ ok }hl j}hlv movln}ojk! oi tl olam

}j }hl ~}vlb` ji ok~}okn} bkm al} ~nv|wal~ bkm

mj|f}~ bkm okhofo}ojk~ fl ~tlw} btb! tl ~hbaa

kj} vlbaa iokm aoil lb~olv+ B} alb~} kj} ijv ajkd+

Ijv }hl wjtlv~ }j thonh tl olam toaa jka ml`bkm

`jvl bkm `jvl+

]hlvl o~ jkl nhbvbn}lv ok ^hbel~wlbvl! thj o~

ji}lk }belk b~ b }wl b ylv |kiab}}lvokd }wl!

O bm`o} ji }hl ijaajtlv ji }hl `lvl ok~}okn}~5

thj illa~ }hl vlalb~l! }hl cj! }hl ~lk~l ji vlylab}ojk

thonh }hl fvokd! bkm }hoke~ }hb} }hl toaa albm

ho` }j dajv+ Bkm O ~|~wln} }hb} ~j`l `jmlvk

bmjvlv~ ji ok~}okn} b~ bdbok~} vlb~jk toaa ok }hl

lkm btbel }j mo~oaa|~ojk aoel }hb} ji Nbaofbk 3

Thb} b }hvonl-mj|fal b~~

Tb~ O! }j }bel }ho~ mv|kebvm ijv b Djm!

Bkm tjv~how }ho~ m|aa ijja "



Oaa

OK]LVKB]OJKBA @JVBAO]_ 3

]HL \KO]LM ^]B]L^ JI L\VJWL

F_ B+ N+ FVBMAL_

THLK O tb~ okyo}lm }j doyl b aln}|vl ok b ~lvol~

mlbaokd to}h }hl wvl~lk} nvo~o~ ok o}~ l}honba bkm

whoaj~jwhonba b~wln}~! O hbm fllk lkmlbyj|vokd }j

nalbv ` jtk òkm b~ }j }hl fb~o~ ji ok}lvkb}ojkba

`jvbao}! bkm ba~j b~ }j ~j`l wvjwj~ba~ bo`lm b}

}hl moòk|}ojk ji tbv5bkm O }hj|dh} }hb} }ho~

lkmlbyj|vòdh} wlvhbw~

fl ji ~j`l |~l }j j}hlv~+2

O ~b }hl$

fb~o~$

ji ok}lvkb}ojkba `jvbao} 5kj}

}hl r|l~}ojk thb} ok wbv}on|abv }hl m|}ol~ ji ~}b}l~

}j jkl bkj}hlv bvl! f|} }hl r|l~}ojk thl}hlv ~}b}l~

bvl `jvba bdlk}~ b} baa! bkm! oi ~j! ok thb} ~lk~l+

]ho~ r|l~}ojk v|k~ fbne ok}j }hb} ji }hl kb}|vl

ji }hl ~}b}l! bkm nbkkj} hlaw flokd `jvl jv al~~

b whoaj~jwhonba jkl5f|} O bo` jka b} }hl j|}aokl

ji bk bk~tlv bkm b} flokd ok}laaodofal vb}hlv }hbk

wvlno~la bnn|vb}l5 bkm! }hl ~|fcln} flokd abvdl!

O ok}lkm! to}hj|} vlilvlknl }j jwwj~okd yolt~!

`lvla }j lxwj|km! b} bk vb}l b} iov~}! b yolt

}hb} o~ òkl jka ok }hl ~lk~l }hb} ajkd ~oknl o}

dj} ok}j ` hlbm j|} ji j}hlv wljwal~$! bkm }j

lxwj|km o} to}hj|} bmmokd }j lylv ~lk}lknl }hl

2 ]hl ò~}bel ji b}}l`w}okd }j mlba to}h fj}h ~|fcln}~

tb~ mo~njylvlm }jj ab}l }j fl vl`lmolm! f|} ~j`l vl`bve~ jk

}hl ~lnjkm thonh tlvl jò}}lm ok }hl mlaoylv ji }hl aln}|vl

bvl hlvl wvok}lm+



ok ]HL \KO]LM ^]B]L^ JI L\VJWL =4

tjvm~$

~j ibv b~ O nbk ~ll $+ Wlvhbw~ j| toaa

fl eokm lkj|dh }j ~|wwa }hl`+

@ ~lnjkm ~|fcln} o~ kj} o}~lai whoaj~jwhonba+

C|mdl`lk} jk wvjwj~ba~ ijv moòko~hokd tbv

vlr|ovl~ djjm ~lk~l! ~j`l ekjtalmdl ji }hl wb~}

bkm wvl~lk}! bkm ~j`l nbwbno} ijv ibo}h bkm

hjwl bfj|} }hl i|}|vl+ ]hl~l }hokd~ bvl kj}

whoaj~jwh 5 bkm l} jkl ji }hl`! djjm ~lk~l!

òdh} fl nbaalm whoaj~jwh wvl}lkmokd kj} }j

ekjt hlv~lai5 bkm! ok bk nb~l! vlialn}ojk jk }hl

kb}|vl ji }hl ~}b}l `b hlaw jkl ok l~}o`b}okd

njknvl}l ~nhl`l~ thonh nbkkj} ~|nnllm |kal~~

}hl njvvl~wjkm ibova tlaa to}h }hb} kb}|vl+

O `|~}fldok

to}h ~j`lwvlib}jv lxwabkb}ojk~

~|ddl~}lm f }hl whvb~l c|~} |~lm+ Iov~}! }hl

kb}|vl ji }hl ~}b}l bwwlbv~! ji nj|v~l! ok b ybvol}

ji ijv`~5bkm b no}-~}b}l ~|nh b~ B}hlk~ o~ ylv

|kaoel b kb}ojk-~}b}l ~|nh b~ Ivbknl! bkm fj}h bvl

|kaoel b ~}b}l! ~|nh b~ B|~}vob-H|kdbv! thonh

o~ kj} fb~lm jk kb}ojkbao}! jv! bdbok! b ilmlvba

|kojk ~|nh b~ }hl \ko}lm ^}b}l~ ji B`lvonb+

F|}! }j ~byl }o`l! O wvjwj~l }j odkjvl }hl~l

moiilvlknl~ bkm }j }bel b kb}ojkba ~}b}l b~ }wonba+

Klx}! }hl i|aa kb}|vl ji }hl ~}b}l o~ vlbaoslm f|}

wbv}obaa ok bk okmoyom|ba ~}b}l! bkm ylv illfa

ok ~j`l5

bkm }hlvlijvl! thlk O ~b }hb} }hl

~}b}l o~ jv mjl~ }ho~ jv }hb}! j| `b }v|a `bel}hl nj``lk} }hb} j|v ~}b}l! jv bk j}hlv! o~ jv

mjl~ }ho~ ok b ylv wjjv mldvll+ Bkm! ab~}a!

O `|~} wjok} }j thb} ~ll`~ b} iov~} b n|voj|~ ibn}+

B ~}b}l vl~}~ jk! bkm! ok b ~lk~l! jka lxo~}~ ok!

}hl òkm~ bkm toaa~ ji o}~ `l`flv~! ~j }hb}! oi



=8 OK]LVKB]OJKBA @JVBAO]_ ok

òkm bkm toaa ok baa Ivlknh`lk nj|am ~|mmlka

ybko~h! }hl Ivlknh ~}b}l tj|am mj ~j }jj+ Bkm!

i|v}hlv! }hl o`wvjyl`lk} ji }ho~ ~}b}l mlwlkm~

jk }hl omlb~ ji o}~ `l`flv~! bkm }hlov toaa }j

`bel }hlov omlb~ djjm+ Bkm l} thb} tl nbaa }hl$

kb}|vl$

ji }hl ~}b}l mjl~ kj} mlwlkm jk }hlov

}hokeokd }ho~ jv }hb}! bkm oi }hl }hoke bkm toaa

thb} njkiaon}~ to}h }hb} kb}|vl }hl toaa kj}

~|nnllm+ ]hl toaa ~|nnllm jka f mlylajwokd

i|v}hlv ~j `|nh ji }hb} kb}|vl b~ o~ bavlbm

mlylajwlm ok Ivbknl jv la~lthlvl+ Jk }hl j}hlv

hbkm! }hlvl nbk fl kj `jvl ib}ba lvvjv }hbk

~o`wa }j omlk}oi }hl kb}|vl ji }hl ~}b}l to}h

bk mlylajw`lk} ji o} }hb} hb~ ho}hlv}j bwwlbvlm+

O} jka aoyl~ ok vlbaosokd nbwbno}ol~ ~}oaa |kijamlm!

bkm b ~}b}l }hb} mjl~ kj} bmybknl djl~ fbne

bkm! bwbv} ivj` bk lx}lvkba yojalknl! `blylk mol+

Oi kjt tl b~e thb} }hl ~}b}l o~! tl `b ~b

}hb} o} o~ }hl kb}ojk njk~omlvlm b~ bk jvdbkoslm

thjal jv okmoyom|ba+ _j| hbyl ~j`l òaaojk~ ji

wljwal! okhbfo}okd b mlioko}l wolnl jv wolnl~ ji

}hl lbv}h! bkm! ijv }hl `j~} wbv}! ~j |ko}lm f

fajjm! abkd|bdl! n|~}j`~! }vbmo}ojk~! bkm ho~}jv!

}hb} }hl hbyl b ~wlnoba nhbvbn}lv bkm ~j nbk

`jvl i|aa |kmlv~}bkm bkm nj|k} jk jkl bkj}hlv!

bkm nbk aoyl

}jdl}hlv`jvl

lb~oabkm

hbwwoa!}hbk bk nhbknl njaaln}ojk ji h|`bk flokd~ nj|am+

I|v}hlv! }hl bvl kj} b `lvl njaaln}ojk jv bddvldb}l!

f|} ijv` bk jvdbkoslm thjal! wlvijvòkd b `|a}o-

}|ml ji moiilvlk} i|kn}ojk~! thonh ~hj|am! bkm `jvl

jv al~~ mj! ~j nj`wal`lk} bkm wab ok}j jkl



ok ]HL \KO]LM ^]B]L^ JI L\VJWL =?

bkj}hlv }hb} }hl `bel b nj``jk aoil bkm wvjm|nl

b nj``jk djjm b djjm ~hbvlm f }hl `l`flv~ ok

mldvll~ klnl~~bvoa moiilvlk}! }hj|dh kj}! jkl hjwl~!

ji klnl~~o} ~j ylv moiilvlk} b~ }hl lylvthlvl

kjt bvl+ Iokbaa (ijv ~j ibv tl hbyl kj}! ~}von}a

~wlbeokd! b ~}b}l/ }hl nj``jk aoil! `okm! jv toaa

lxwvl~~l~ o}~lai ijv`baa ok abt~ fokmokd jk baa

}hl `l`flv~! bkm ok bn}~ lxwaono}a mjkl jkflhbai ji }hl thjal bkm ok o}~ kb`l+ O} o~ ok

}hl~l abt~! bkm ~}oaa `jvl ok }hl~l bn}~! }hb} }hl

thjal bwwlbv~ `j~} waboka b~ okmoyom|ba jv

b ~okdal bdlk}! jylv bdbok~} o}~ `l`flv~ }belk

~lylvbaa! bkm jylv bdbok~} j}hlv ~}b}l~+ Hlknl tl

ji}lkomlk}oi

}hl ~}b}l to}h }hlwbv}on|abv jvdbk

}hvj|dh thonh o} bn}~ ok }ho~ tb! b~eokd! ijv

lxb`wal! okmoiilvlk}a thl}hlv }hl ~}b}l! jv

thl}hlv djylvk`lk}! j|dh} }j jtk }hl vboatb~+

Bkm }ho~ |~bdl! }hj|dh o} albm~ }j njki|~ojk oi

tl ijvdl} }hb} }hl ~}b}l o~ }hl thjal! wjok}~ }j

}hl ibn} }hb} o} mjl~ kj} bn} b~ }hl ~}b}l lxnlw}

}hvj|dh }hl jvdbk nbaalm (ok b toml ~lk~l/ }hl

djylvk`lk}+

O~ }hl ~}b}l }hlk b `jvba bdlk} : O} nbk hbvma

fl ~j to}h vlilvlknl }j j}hlv ~}b}l~! |kal~~ o} o~

~j to}h vlilvlknl }j o}~lai5

~j }hb} tl `b ~bila

njk~omlv o} b} iov~} b~ oi o} ~}jjm bajkl ok }hl tjvam+

Thb} o~ }hl lkm jv jfcln} ijv thonh }hl ~}b}l

lxo~}~ o}~ vlb~jk }j fl : Bvo~}j}al! bi}lv ho~

`bkklv! vlwaolm ok }tj tjvm~!$

Djjm aoil$

+ Tl `blxwbkm b ao}}al bkm ~b

$

]hl fl~} wj~~ofal aoil

ji o}~ `l`flv~ $! jv$

]hl i|aal~} wj~~ofal mlylajw-

`lk} ok }hl` ji }hl ijvnl~ bkm ibn|a}ol~ ji `bk $



<7 OK]LVKB]OJKBA @JVBAO]_ `

(b @bssokobk ijv`|ab/! jv$

]j `bel ji h|`bk

kb}|vl ok }hl` baa }hb} o} hb~ ok o} }j flnj`l

$

(thonh o~ `jvl aoel Dvllk$~ abkd|bdl/+ ]hl~l bvl

ybvoj|~ tb~ ji lxwvl~~okd thb} o~ ~|f~}bk}obaa

}hl ~b`l omlb+ ^|wwj~l o} }v|l5

}hlk thb} hb~

`jvbao} }j mj to}h }ho~ lkm! }hl fl~} aoil jv }hl

i|aal~} vlbaosb}ojk ji h|`bk nbwbno}ol~ :

@jvbao}!jv `jvba

djjmkl~~!o~! ok }hl iov~}

wabnl! b abvdl wbv} ji }ho~ fl~} aoil+ ]j fl ~lai-

njk}vjaalm ok vldbvm }j j|v ml~ovl~ bkm ilbv~! }j

fl c|~} bkm dlklvj|~ bkm }hl aoel5

}j mj j|v

wbv} b~ tlaa b~ j| nbk ok }hl nj``jk aoil! ok

j|v i|kn}ojk~! ~b! b~ b ~jk! b klodhfj|v! b ivolkm!

b nbvwlk}lv! jv b wjl} 5bkm }j mj }ho~! kj} `lvla

flnb|~l j| hbwwlk }j aoel o} jv flnb|~l o} wb~

j|! f|} flnb|~l o} o~ vodh} bkm djjm }j mj o} 3

~j`l}hokd aoel }ho~ o~ }j fl `jvbaa djjm+ Bkm

}j fl ~j o~ kj} b `lvl `lbk~ }j bk lkm fljkm o}!

f|} b dvlb} wbv} ji }hl lkm! jv fl~} aoil! jv vlbaosb-

}ojk ji h|`bk kb}|vl+

O} o~ kj}! hjtlylv! }hl thjal+ ]j mo~njylv jv

vl-mo~njylv }v|}h! ijv lxb`wal! bkm }j `bel jv

vl-`bel flb|}! bvl nlv}boka lal`lk}~ ok }hl

fl~} aoil5bkm }v|}h bkm flb|} bvl kj} `jvbao}!

kjv l} `lvl `lbk~ }j o}5 }hl hbyl bk ok}vok~on

yba|l ji }hlov jtk+ @jvba djjmkl~~! }hlvlijvl!

}hj|dh b abvdl wbv} ji }hl fl~} aoil! o~ kj} }hl thjal+

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o}~lai+

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ok ]HL \KO]LM ^]B]L^ JI L\VJWL <4

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vldbvmokdo}~lai b~ o}~ ~jal jv

bf~ja|}llkm! bkm jkl `b ~|vla flaolyl }hb} }hl tj|am

kj} kllm }j ~l}}al }hlov moiilvlknl~ f tbv+ ]ho~

nj``|ko}! b} }hl fl~}! `|~} fl ibv mo~}bk}5f|}

}j ellw o} ok yolt bkm! ~j ibv b~ wj~~ofal! }j illa

bkm bn} b~ }hj|dh o} tlvl bavlbm hlvl! o~! lylk ok

tbvvokd! }j aoyl oktbvma ok wlbnl to}h

j|vlkl`! bkm! o} `b fl! }j al~~lk }hl mo~}bknl fbk hj|v jv lylk b mb+

2 Bkm b} alb~} }hl wvl-

2Vldbvmokd }ho~ omlba! bkm j}hlv~ al~~ b`fo}oj|~! }hlvl o~

batb~ }hl r|l~}ojk thl}hlv }hl mj kj} wvl~|wwj~l b `jvba

wvjdvl~~ thonh tj|am `bel bk bn}|ba jvdbkosb}ojk kllmal~~+



ok ]HL \KO]LM ^]B]L^ JI L\VJWL <?

vlr|o~o}l ji ~|nh b nj``|ko} O `lbk }hl naj~lv

njk}bn} ji `bkeokm o~ |kmlkobfa bkm vbwoma

flokd vlbaoslm+ J|v jtk nj|k}v `bel~ o}~lai

b h|dl ibv-lx}lkmokd L`wovl+ Ok }hl Lb~} Cbwbk

~}bv}~ ok}j ~|mmlk dvlb}kl~~+ Bivonb o~ wbvnlaalm

j|} b`jkd }hl ~}b}l~ ji L|vjwl+ ]hl ~}b}l~ ji

}hl tjvam bvl fj|km }jdl}hlv `jvl bkm `jvl f}vbml+ ]hlvl o~ bkj}hlv

~oml!

kjmj|f}!

}j baa }hl~l

nhbkdl~+ Ok j|v L`wovl-`beokd tl mom }hokd~ tl

nbkkj} c|~}oi! bkm }hl L`wovl `bml flnj`l~ bk

jfcln} ji lky bkm b nb|~l ji tbv+ ]hl vo~l ji

Cbwbk b} jknl fvokd~ tbv ok }hl Lb~}! bkm babv`

bkm lk`o} ok }hl Tl~}lvk hl`o~whlvl+ ]hl

wbvnlaaokd ji Bivonb `lbk~ }hl hjvvjv~ ji }hl

Njkdj 5bkm ~}b}l~ fj|km }jdl}hlv f }vbml iodh}

jkl bkj}hlv to}h }bvoii~+ Klylv}hlal~~ }hl~l

nhbkdl~ mj yo~ofa }lkm ok jkl movln}ojk+ O~ o}

ybok }j hjwl }hb} }hl `jyl okyo~ofa }j jkl djba!

`jyokd }hlvl klo}hlv f bnnomlk} kjv `boka f}hl njk~noj|~ w|vwj~l ji `lk :

@lbkthoal bavlbm tl hbyl ok L|vjwl b k|`flv

ji ~}b}l~! njkkln}lm f ba`j~} wlvwl}|ba njk}bn}!

~hbvokd }j ~j`l lx}lk} b ~okdal }wl ji noyoaosb}ojk

bkm `jvbao}! l} wj~~l~~lm ji ~|nh mo~}okn}

nhbvbn}lv~! bkm mlylajwokd }ho~ }wl ok ~|nh

okmoyom|ba ijv`~! }hb} lbnh ji }hl` fvokd~ }j }hl

nj``jk ~}jne b njk}vof|}ojk thonh kj j}hlv nbk

fvokd bkm thonh o} o~ l~~lk}oba }j wvl~lvyl+ Thb}

i|v}hlv m|}ol~ }hl hbyl }j jkl bkj}hlv fljkm

}hb} njk}vof|}ojk O nbkkj} mo~n|~~ 3 O hbyl }j

mtlaa jk b moiilvlk} wjok}+ ]hb} }hl~l m|}ol~

`b fl `jvl lx}lk~oyl bkm wj~o}oyl }hbk }hl bvl



97 OK]LVKB]OJKBA @JVBAO]_ ok

kjt dlklvbaa vlnjdkoslm }j fl! jkl nbk tlaa

o`bdokl 5

f|} O iokm o} moiion|a} }j

o`bdokl}hb}

}hl wvo`bv bkm `bok m|} ji b ~}b}l }j j}hlv

~}b}l~ nbk nlb~l }j fl }hl njk}vof|}ojk ji o}~ jtk

fl~} aoil+ _l} }j `bk `okm~ }ho~ bwwlbv~ b ~laio~h

yolt+ Jwlka jv |knjk~noj|~a }hl ~ll` }j

ml`bkm }hb} ~}b}l~ ~hj|am flhbyl }j jkl bkj}hlv

aoel djjm `lk! jv lylk aoel ivolkm~! jv lylk aoel

fvj}hlv~+ Bkm }hl iabdvbk} njk}vbmon}ojk fl}tllk

~|nh ml`bkm~ bkm }hl bn}|ba flhbyoj|v ji ~}b}l~

nb|~l~ kj} jka wboki|a mo~bwwjok}`lk} f|} bk

okc|voj|~ mo~`b+ _l} thb} o~ ok ib|a} hlvl!

wlvhbw~! o~ kj} jka! jv lylk `boka! }hl flhbyoj|v

ji ~}b}l~! f|} ~j`l}hokd |kvlb~jkbfal ok }hl

ml`bkm+

O hbyl kj} vlbm Dlklvba Flvkhbvmo$~ fjje ~oknl

o} iov~} bwwlbvlm! f|} O |kmlv~}bkm hl ~b~ ok o}

}hb} }hl `jvbao} ji b ~}b}l nbkkj} fl }hl ~b`l b~

}hb} ji bk okmoyom|ba+ ]ho~ b~~lv}ojk! oi jkl `b

c|mdl ivj` b wjl` f @v+ Kjl~ bkm bk bv}onal ok

jkl ji j|v fl~} tllea wbwlv~! o~ njk~omlvlm ba`j~}mobfjaonba

5bkm ylv aoela }hl b|}hjv mvbt~ ivj`

o} iba~l bkm o``jvba njkna|~ojk~ jkl tj|am

lxwln} ho` }j+ F|} ~|vla }hl ~}b}l`lk} o}~lai o~

wlviln}a ~j|km+ Baa `jvbao}ol~! ji nj|v~l! bvl

}hl ~b`l! ok }hl ~lk~l }hb} }hl bvl `jvbao}! jv

b mjokd ji m|}3

f|} thb} bn}~ ok wbv}on|abv bvl}hl m|}ol~ ji b `jvba bdlk} `|~} mlwlkm jk }hl

kb}|vl ji }hl bdlk} bkm }hl wj~o}ojk hl jnn|wol~+

]hl m|} ji ` fvj}hlv }j hlaw `l! oi kllm fl! to}h

ho~ `jkl! jv }j }laa `l }hb} O b` mo~dvbnokd }hl

ib`oa! mjl~ kj} }hlvlijvl flajkd }j lylv jkl hlvl



ok ]HL \KO]LM ^]B]L^ JI L\VJWL 92

wvl~lk}+ O} `b fl ji |~l }j wjok} j|} ~j`l

moiilvlknl~ fl}tllk b ~}b}l bkm bk okmoyom|ba!

thonh wvlylk} }hl` ivj` hbyokd }hl ~b`l m|}ol~

bkm lylk bnnj|k} ijv }hlov ~j`l}o`l~ mjokd thb}

}tj vlb~jkbfal `lk! wvbn}onbaa ~wlbeokd! klylv

mj iodh}okd jkl bkj}hlv+

Oi B bkm F! }tj vlb~jkbfal Lkdao~h`lk! nbkkj}

bdvll ok ok}lvwvl}okd }hlov njk}vbn}! }hl mj kj}ibaa }j fajt~! }hl dj }j bvfo}vb}ojk jv b nj|v}

ji abt+ Oi B yoaoiol~ F! }hl ab}}lv! oi hl }hoke~ o}

ji o`wjv}bknl! nbk }bel B ok}j nj|v}+ Oi B }vol~

}j wone F$~ wjnel} jv b~~b|a}~ ho`! F `b okmllm

|~l ~|nh ijvnl b~ o~ o``lmob}la klnl~~bv }j

wvj}ln} ho~ wlv~jk jv wvjwlv}! f|} kj `jvl 5o}

o~ }hl f|~okl~~ ji }hl abt }j wvj}ln} ho` bkm }j

w|ko~h B+ ]ho~ wjtlv! }hl abt! hb~ }hvll jfyoj|~

nhbvbn}lvo~}on~+ O} w|vwjv}~ }j fl! bkm ok b djjm

~}b}l o~! }hl lxwvl~~ojk ji }hb} vlb~jk bkm vodh}

toaa thonh o~ nj``jk }j B bkm F! b~ mo~}okd|o~hlm

ivj` }hlov

wlv~jkba illaokd~

bkmwb~~ojk~+

O} o~

wlviln}a o`wbv}oba ok vldbvm }j B bkm F+ Bkm!

ab~}a! o} o~ b wjtlv! bdbok~} thonh }hl bvl wjtlv-

al~~+ Thb}lylv }hl `b }hoke ji o}~ mlno~ojk!

o} toaa lkijvnl o}+

F|} oi B bkm F bvl ~}b}l~! hjt mj }hl ~}bkm : Oi

}hl moiilv ok ok}lvwvl}okd }hlov }vlb}! jv ok ioxokd

thb} ~|` B ~hj|am wb }j F ijv bk |kok}lk}ojkba

okc|v! }hl! aoel no}oslk~! nbk dj! ok jkl tb jv

bkj}hlv! }j bvfo}vb}ojk+ ]hl bvfo}lv! o} o~ }v|l!

hb~ kj wjtlv }j lkijvnl ho~ mlno~ojk! f|} }hb} kllm

kj} `b}}lv `|nh! ~oknl B bkm F tj|am hbvma

hbyl djkl }j ho` oi }hl mom kj} `lbk }j bfoml




f o}+ ]ho~! hjtlylv! o~ b kbvvjt iolam+ Thlk }hl

r|l~}ojk njknlvk~ bkb~~b|a} ji

B jk F!jv

thb}}hl nbaa }hlov yo}ba ok}lvl~}~ jv lylk }hlov hjkj|v

(thonh o~ kj} `lvla }hlov wvoyb}l illaokd f|} }hlov

vlw|}l bkm tlodh} ok }hl tjvam/! thlvl toaa }hl iokm

bk l`fjmolm vlb~jk to}h o}~ wlviln} o`wbv}obao} :

^lamj`! oi lylv! ok j}hlv ~}b}l~! lo}hlv ~lylvbaa

jv nj`foklm! thlk lbnh ji }hl~l j}hlv~ hb~ o}~

aoel~ bkm mo~aoel~ }j B bkm F! bkm yo}ba ok}lvl~}~

ji o}~ jtk! njkkln}lm wj~o}oyla jv kldb}oyla to}h

}hlov~+ Bkm lylk oi }ho~ wvjfal` tlvl ~|v`j|k}lm

bkm }hl o`wbv}oba bvfo}lv ij|km! ho~ mlno~ojk! ~j

ibv ivj` hbyokd jylvthlaòkd ijvnl flhokm o}!

hb~ jv `b hbyl kjkl b} baa lxnlw} }hb} ji w|faon

jwokojk+ Ji nj|v~l o} mjl~ kj} ijaajt }hb} F$~ m|}

`|~} fl tbv! f|} o} mjl~ ijaajt }hb} j| nbkkj}

iokm ho~ m|} f lxbòkokd }hl m|}ol~ ji bk

okmoyom|ba+

]bel b ~lnjkm moiilvlknl+ _j|! bk okmoyom|ba

no}oslk! hbyl ok}lvl~}~ ok b ~wlnoba ~lk~l j|v jtk+

F|} j| `b tlaa }hoke o} j|v m|} }j okc|vl

~j`l ji }hl`5

}j fl wjjv thlk j| òdh} fl

tlaa jii5

}j albyl `bk ji j|v nbwbno}ol~ |kml-

ylajwlm }hb} j| `b mj djjm }hvj|dh }hl mo~-

wvjwjv}ojkb}l dvjt}h ji jkl jv }tj5

lylk }j

tlbelk j|v hlba}h bkm ~hjv}lk j|v aoil ijv ~j`l

tjv}h jfcln} 5 kb! oi kllm fl! }j vo~e o} jv }hvjto} btb ijv }hl aoil ji bkj}hlv+ B~elm }j c|~}oi

j|v njkm|n}! j| òdh} bk~tlv wlvhbw~ }hb}

j|v aoil o~ f|} jkl ji ijv} òaaojk Lkdao~h aoyl~!

}hb} thb} j| aj~l j}hlv~ dbok! bkm }hb} }hlvl bvl

walk} }j }bel j|v wabnl+ F|} Lkdabkm! j|v



ok ]HL \KO]LM ^]B]L^ JI L\VJWL 9>

~}b}l! o~ ijv} òaaojk aoyl~+ Ijv o} }j ~|vvlkmlv

o}~ ok}lvl~}! }j `bel o}~lai wjjv! tlbe! jv `bo`lm!o~ }j mj }hb} }j ijv} òaaojk~! `bk ji }hl`

nhoamvlk+ Hjt }hlk nbk o} hbyl }hl ~b`l m|}

}hb} j| hbyl5bkm hjt nbk o}~ kjv`ba wvo`bv

m|} hlaw flokd o}~ m|} }j o}~lai : Kjv o~ }ho~ baa+

O}! j|v nj|k}v! o~ kj} `lvla }hl~l ijv} òaaojk~!

bk `jvl }hbk bk jbe o~ }hl albyl~ ji }ho~ lbv+

_j|v nj|k}v$~ ~wbk ji aoil o~ kj} b ao}}al }hvll~njvl

lbv~ bkm }lk+ O}~ hjkj|v o~ }hl hjkj|v ji o}~

nj|k}al~~ mlbm! bkm fj}h o}~ hjkj|v bkm o}~

tlaibvl bvl }hj~l ji o}~ okk|`lvbfal ~jk~ bkm

mb|dh}lv~ l} }j fl+ Hjt nbk o}! }hl ~}b}l ji }ho~

lbv! b `lvl }v|~}ll! hbyl }hl ~b`l vodh} bkm m|}}j ~bnvoionl }hb} tlaibvl }hb} j| hbyl }j ~bnvoionl

j|v~ : Bkm lylk }ho~! bdbok! o~ kj} baa+ _j|

nbk ~bnvoionl j|v~! ijv j| bvl f|} jkl ji ijv}

òaaojk~+ F|} hjt `bk ~}b}l~ bvl }hlvl ok }hl

tjvam : Kj} b h|kmvlm! O o`bdokl+2

Bkm! j|} ji

}hl~l! hjt`bk

thj~l yba|l }j `bkeokm o~

lr|ba }j }hl yba|l ji j|v ~}b}l : Al} |~ fl

`jml~} bkm ~b$

~ox $+ Tlaa! f|} oi j|v nj|k}v

hbm jka b h|kmvlm okhbfo}bk}~! bkm jka ~ox ji

}hl` tlvl b~ |~li|a b~ j|! j|v vodh} bkm m|}

}j okc|vl jv vo~e j|v aoil tj|am |kmlvdj b wvj-

modoj|~ nhbkdl+ O mj kj} ~b o} tj|am ybko~h!

kjv }hb} b ~}b}l nbkkj} hbyl ~|nh b m|} 5f|}

}hl r|l~}ojk thl}hlv ~|nh b m|} hb~ bvo~lk

nbkkj} fl ~l}}alm f nj`wbvo~jk to}h }hl m|}ol~ ji

b no}oslk+

2 ]hl k|`flv ji Fvo}o~h l`fb~~ol~ bkm aldb}ojk~ bfvjbm o~

ioi}-~lylk (Tho}belv/+



9= OK]LVKB]OJKBA @JVBAO]_ ok

O }v|~} O hbyl kj} ~ll`lm }j fl nhb`wojkokd

lo}hlv kb}ojkba ~laio~hkl~~#jv tbv+

Kjjkl nbk fl

`jvl njkyoknlm }hb} o} o~ ~j`l}o`l~ }hl m|} ji

b ~}b}l }j ijvdj bk bmybk}bdl! }j v|k b vo~e! bkm

lylk }j okc|vl o}~lai ok ~j`l mldvll! ok jvmlv }j

hlaw bkj}hlv bn}oyla jv baajt bkj}hlv }j mlylajw

o}~lai! oi (O `|~} bmm/ o} o~ ~b}o~iolm }hb} }ho~ o~

}j }hl bmybk}bdl ji `bkeokm+ Bkm! b~ }j tbv!

O ~hj|am aoel }j ~b fvolia hjt O vldbvm o} (thonh

o} tj|am fl bf~|vm }j mj oi O }hj|dh} }ho~ yolt

b `lvla wlv~jkba jkl/+ Nlv}boka O flaolyl }hb}

b tbv `b fl vodh} bkm }hlvlijvl b m|} 5bkm

O mj kj} ~ll hjt }j `bok}bok }hb} bk jiilk~oyl

tbv nbk klylv fl ~j+ Kjv nj|am O ijv b `j`lk}

bm`o} thb} o~ ji}lk }belk ijv dvbk}lm }hb}

wlbnl o~ bk |knjkmo}ojkba djjm+ Kj}hokd o~ ~j

lxnlw} }hl fl~} wj~~ofal aoil5bkm wlbnl! }hj|dh o}

o~ }hl kjv`ba ij|kmb}ojk ji }hb}! o~ kj `jvl+

Hlknl! thlk O b~e `~lai thl}hlv O to~h ijv }hl

}j}ba mo~bwwlbvbknl ji tbv! O bk~tlv$

_l~! oi! jv

thlk! |kok}lvv|w}lm wlbnl nbk wlvijv` }hl jiionl

bkm dlklvb}l }hl djjm ji tbv $+ ]hlvl bvl tbv~

ba`j~} lk}ovla lyoa5f|} tbv! jk }hl thjal! `b

vj|dha fl nj`wbvlm to}h }vbdlm O `lbk }hl

}vbdon bn}ojk~ bkm ~|iilvokd~ wjv}vblm f dvlb}

wjl}~+ Oi }hokd~ hbm }j fl nab~~lm vj|dha b~ djjm

bkm lyoa! tbv bkm }vbdlm tj|am fl wabnlm b`jkd}hl lyoa~+ F|} oi }hl mo~bwwlbvbknl ji lo}hlv

`lbk} }hl mo~bwwlbvbknl! jv lylk b ajtlvokd! ji

}hj~l kjfal bkm dajvoj|~ lklvdol~ ji }hl ~j|a thonh

2O} o~ vomon|aj|~ }j doyl }ho~ kb`l }j }hl ~}b}l$~ kjv`ba

m|} ji mlylajwokd o}~ jtk aoil+



ok ]HL \KO]LM ^]B]L^ JI L\VJWL 9<

bwwlbv ok fj}h bkm bvl ok wbv} }hl nb|~l ji fj}h!

}hl aoil ji wlvwl}|ba wlbnl tj|am fl b wjjv }hokd!

~|wlvionobaa al~~ }lvvofal wlvhbw~ }hbk }hl wvl~lk}

aoil! f|} `|nh al~~ dvlb} bkm djjm+ Kjv! oi O `b

~b ~j! mj O |kmlv~}bkm hjt }ho~ yolt nbk ~ll`

hlb}hlko~h }j bk jkl thj flaolyl~ }hb} ~|iilvokd!

bkm lylk tvjkd! hbyl ~j`l `lbkokd ok }hl tjvam+

F|} }hj~l thj }hoke }h|~ bfj|} tbv bvl kj}

}hlvlijvl nhb`wojk~ ji tbv+ ]hl `b flaolyl

}hb} o} mjl~ aol ok `bk$~ wjtlv ~ajta f mldvll~

}j dbok ok wlbnl baa }hl djjm ji tbv5

}hb} o} o~

`jk~}vj|~ }j nbaa tbv bk lkm ok o}~lai! jv lylk! oi

tl ~wlbe ~}von}a! jkl ji }hl w|vwj~l~ ji }hl ~}b}l5

}hb} `bk tbv~! wlvhbw~ `j~}! hbyl fllk! ~j ibv

b~ tl nbk ~ll! kllmal~~ bkm }hlvlijvl! ok }hlov

jvodok! thjaa tvjkd 5bkm }hb} }hl mo`ok|}ojk

ji tbv o~ b~~|vlma }j fl ml~ovlm bkm w|v~|lm+

Bkm ~j O hb~}lk }j b ilt vl`bve~ jk }hl ~lnjkm

~|fcln} ji }hl aln}|vl+

]ho~ ~|fcln} o~ kj} }hl njkmo}ojk~ ji }hl wlbnl }j

thonh tl bvl ajjeokd ijvtbvm kj ~bil `b}}lv ijv

w|faon mo~n|~~ojk lylk f wlv~jk~ `jvl nj`wl}lk}

}hbk O+ Bkm! i|v}hlv! }hl wvjwj~ba~! jv vb}hlv }hl

jkl wvjwj~ba ji thonh }hlvl o~ }o`l }j ~wlbe! flajkd

ok

`yolt b} alb~} }j b i|}|vl `jvl jv al~~

mo~}bk}! bkm ok bk nb~l ~|f~lr|lk} }j }hl wlvojm

thlk! b~ tl }v|~}! }hl illaokd~ wvjm|nlm f }ho~

tbv toaa fl mokd btb+ Ijv tl ~|vla nbkkj}

o`bdokl }hb} bk b`fo}oj|~ ~nhl`l nbk tjve

|kal~~ o} hb~ flhokm o} wj~o}oyl djjmtoaa b~ tlaa

b~ b ml~ovl }j byjom }hl lyoa~ ji tbv+



99 OK]LVKB]OJKBA @JVBAO]_ `

Al} |~ b~~|`l! bkm ~j mo~ò~~! b~ b }hokd thonh

~ll`~ nalbva njòkd }j fl ok wvoknowal bmò}}lm!}hl m|} ji ~}b}l~ }j jf~lvyl ok}lvkb}ojkba abt!

2

bkm }j vlilv }j bvfo}vb}ojk ok ~j`l ijv` ~|nh

`b}}lv~ b~ `b ~bila fl ~j vlilvvlm5bkm O toaa

`lvla vlòkm }hl ml~wjkmlk} }hb} }hl wvjdvl~~

}jtbvm~ }hb} bmò~~ojk m|vokd }hl ab~} ioi} jv

lylk}tlk} lbv~

hb~ fllkkj}hokd

al~~ }hbk

o``lk~l+ Lylk ok }ho~ `b}}lv! kj mj|f}! `|nh

vl`bok~ }j fl mjkl5f|} thb} o~ ml~ovlm o~ `|nh

`jvl }hbk }ho~+ O} o~ bk bvvbkdl`lk} jv ok~}o}|}ojk

aoela }j moòko~h }hl nhbknl~ ji tbv bfj|} }hl

`jvl moiion|a} bkm mbkdlvj|~ r|l~}ojk~ 3 ijv

lxb`wal }hl r|l~}ojk! kj} ji }hl nj`waono} ji

^lvfobk jiionoba~ ok }hl `|vmlv ji }hl Bvnhm|el!

f|} thl}hlv ^lvfob tb~ w|v~|okd b wjaon! jv

lknj|vbdokd b `jyl`lk}! bo`lm b} }hl ok}ldvo}

ji B|~}vob-H|kdbv 5b r|l~}ojk thonh! O o`bdokl!

klo}hlv ~}b}l tj|am hbyl nbvlm }j ~|fò} }j

b nj|v} |kal~~ o} hbm fllk wvl}} ~|vl thb} }hl

mlno~ojk tj|am fl+ Bkm! oi tl vlnbaa }hl moiilvlknl~

2 ]ho~ nbkkj} fl nbaalm bk |knjkmo}ojkba m|}! oi }hb}

`lbk~ b m|} thonh ok kj novn|`~}bknl~ nbk fl ~|wlv~lmlm

f b hodhlv m|} (lylv m|} o~ |knjkmo}ojkba lxnlw} b~ bdbok~}

b hodhlv/+ O hjkj|v }hl Dlv`bk Nhbknlaajv ijv ho~ ivbke

~}b}l`lk} }hb} }hl yojab}ojk ji Fladobk kl|}vbao} tb~ bk$

\kvlnh}$

(b yojab}ojk ji abt 5 o+l+ ~j`l}hokd thonh o~ ba`j~}

batb~! f|} kj} batb~! tvjkd/+ Thb} tb~ iba~l tb~ }hl

ml~nvow}ojk! b~ $b `b}}lv ji aoil bkm mlb}h$! ji }hl ~|wwj~lm

~|wlvojv m|} }belk }j c|~}oi }hl ~|wlv~l~~ojk ji }hl okilvojv+

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vlylab}ojk! ok }hl whvb~l$

b ~nvbw ji wbwlv$! ji }hl flaoli }hb}

}hl ~|wlv~l~~ojk ji b m|} o~ b }voial+




wjok}lm

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vlb~jk! wlviln}a o`wbv}oba! bkm wj~~l~~lm ji jylv-

thlaòkd ijvnl+

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L|vjwl hb~ fllk `jj}lm ijv ~j`l nlk}|vol~+2

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bdj! bkm mvlt }hl j|}aokl ji b ~nhl`l ok ho~ l~~b

jk Wlvwl}|ba Wlbnl+ O} tb~ b ibyj|vo}l omlb to}h

@bssoko+ Bkm o} o~ kjt njòkd ok}j }hl ijvldvj|km

ok ybvoj|~ ~hbwl~! ji thonh }hl ijaajtokd o~ wlvhbw~

}hl `j~} mlioko}l+ ]hl ~}b}l~ ji L|vjwl! filmlvb}ojk jv to}hj|} o}! tj|am ijv` b wlv`bklk}

nj|knoa }j mlnoml baa ok}lvkb}ojkba moiilvlknl~!

bvfo}vbfal jv j}hlv! bkm! oi klnl~~bv! }j nbvv

j|} }hl mlno~ojk }hvj|dh bk bv`lm ijvnl! }j

thonh ok ~j`l bdvllm tb }hlov ~lylvba bvòl~

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}hj|dh}! tj|am klylv! jv b} bk vb}l ylv vbvla!

bvo~l+

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2 ^ll }hl ok}vjm|n}ojk }j }hl }vbk~ab}ojk ji Ebk}$~ l~~b

(28?>! kjt vlw|fao~hlm/+ ]hlvl o~ b ~aodh}lv ~el}nh ok T+ B+




mbkdlv~+ ^llal! ~jjk bi}lv }hl Ivbknj-Dlv`bk

Tbv (@bnòaabk$~ @bdbsokl! @bvnh! 2842/! njk-

~omlvlm }hl \ko}lm ^}b}l~ omlb! to}h vl~|a}~ thonh

`b fl }h|~ njkmlk~lm! (o/ ]hl \kojk `|~} fl

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f|}

b ajkd bkm |kvlò}}okd wvjwbdbkmb b`jkd baa }hl

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o`wjv}bk}/ òdh} r|o}l wj~~ofa nj`wla }hlov

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}hl nhbknl~ ji tbv tj|am fl b~ `|nh moòko~hlm

b~ }hl nbk fl+$ ]hlvlijvl! to}hj|} mo~n|~~okd

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vl`bve~ jk }hl |k`jmoiolm ~nhl`l+

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jv lxwln} }hb} b ioi}-òaaojk ~}b}l ~hj|am hbyl

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kj}+ Ok bk nb~l! thb}lylv }hl yj}okd-bvvbkdl-

`lk}~ ji }hl nj|knoa òdh} fl! o} ~ll`~ tlaakodh

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ok ]HL \KO]LM ^]B]L^ JI L\VJWL 9?

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6+ Thlk b mlnvll |kibyj|vbfal }j b wjtlvi|a

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njk~}bk}a w|} }hlov m|} }j L|vjwl ok ivjk} ji

}hlov m|} }j }hlov jtk wljwal+

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thb} }hl }hj|dh} }hlov nj``jk ok}lvl~}~ jylv

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wvl~lk} wj~o}ojk jv la~l albm }j noyoa tbv ok }hl

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}hb} }hlvl tb~ lylv noyoa tbv ok }hl B`lvonbk

\kojk 5 f|} |da ibn}~ mj kj} ybko~h f flokd

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ok vbnl jv kb}ojkbao} ibv `jvl }hbk }hl B`lvonbk

~}b}l~+

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lxb`wal! b tl~}lvk hl`o~whlvl+ Tj|am }hl B`lvo-nbk \kojk fl toaaokd }j cjok }hl L|vjwlbk! bkm

~j }j lk}bkdal o}~lai ok j|v mo~w|}l~ : Bkm! oi o}

tlvl! tj|am `bk L|vjwlbk ~}b}l~ nbvl }j doyl

o} }hl nhbknl : ^nbvnla! |kal~~ o} flnb`l thb}

~j`l tvo}lv~ bwwbvlk}a o`bdokl o} }j fl bavlbm!




bk l`oklk}a wlbnl-ajyokd! ~lai-~bnvoionokd! bkm

~nv|w|aj|~ Wjtlv+Al} |~ ~|wwj~l! }hlk! }hb} o} ~}blm j|}~oml+

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}hl L|vjwlbk ~}b}l~ tj|am kj}! wvl~|`bfa! fl

hlam }j okyjayl }hl vl~}+ Bkm l} }hl ~|nnl~~ ji

}hl L|vjwlbk \kojk tj|am mlwlkm b djjm mlba

jk }hl dvjt}h ji b ~wlnoba

L|vjwlbkillaokd

thonh mjl~ kj} kjt lxo~}5 bkm! c|~} b~ }hl dvjt}h

ji kb}ojkba illaokd hb~ fvj|dh} dvlb} mbkdlv~ to}h

o}! ~j! }hj|dh mj|f}al~~ ok ~`baalv `lb~|vl! tj|am

}hl dvjt}h ji }hb} L|vjwlbk illaokd+ Bkm ok }hl

Tl~}! tl `|~} vl`l`flv! tl hbyl kj} jka }hl

\ko}lm ^}b}l~ f|} }hl @jkvjl mjn}vokl+ ]hl

wj~~ofoao} O b` wjok}okd }j o~ b ivodh}i|a jkl! bkm!

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}hl ~bom! b lbv bdj! ji b wj~~ofoao} thonh b}

}ho~ `j`lk} o~ bk bwwbaaokd ibn}+

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ok}j B~ob bkm }hb} }hl j}hlv dvlb} L|vjwlbkWjtlv~ hbyl njajkol~ jv mlwlkmlknol~ j|}~oml

L|vjwl+ Thlk }hl omlb ji b L|vjwlbk \kojk tb~

iov~} fvjbnhlm! }hl mbkdlv~ ji thonh O hbyl ab}la

fllk ~wlbeokd tlvl kj} l} ok ~odh}+

<+ ]hlvl o~ ~}oaa bkj}hlv! bkm b ylv dvbyl jkl+

Ho~}jv o~ b njk}ok|ba nhbkdl! bkm! b~ tl baa hjwl

bkm ~j`l ji |~ flaolyl! }hl nhbkdl o~! ok }hl `bok!

b wvjdvl~~+ F|} o~ o} kj} wvjfbfal! }j ~b }hl alb~}!

}hb} }j b L|vjwlbk \kojk }hl lb~ol~} bkm }hl `j~}

}l`w}okd nj|v~l tj|am dlklvbaa fl }j mo~nj|vbdl




nhbkdl bkm `bok}bok }hl ~}b}|~ r|j : Bkm oi o}~

iov~} jv nholi

jfcln}

tlvlwlbnl!

tj|am o} kj} ~ll`

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f }hl ~lnl~~ojk ji Lkdabkm bkm Ivbknl! tj|am o}

kj} nlv}boka hbyl mo~nj|vbdlm bkm lylk vl~o~}lm

`j~} ji }hl nhbkdl~ }hb} tl kjt }hoke djjm

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tl `b illa ibova ~ln|vl }hb} }hl L|vjwlbk\kojk tj|am kj} vl~l`fal o} ok ~|wwjv}okd `lvl$

aldo}o`bn $! f|} nbk tl illa ~ln|vl }hb}! ok }hl

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ji `bkeokm$

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djjmtoaa ji wjw|ab}ojk~ thonh nbkkj} fl lxwln}lm

2 ]hl njkm|n} ji }hl$

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hb~ fllk `boka njknlvklm to}h }vj|fal~ bvo~okd ivj` }hl

mlnb ji }hl ]|veo~h L`wovl! bkm }hb} }ho~ L`wovl hb~ kj}

fllk njk~omlvlm b~ b i|aa `l`flv ji }hl L|vjwlbk$

Ib`oa $!

bkm ~j hb~ kj} fllk }vlb}lm b~ jkl ji }hl \ko}lm ^}b}l~ ji

L|vjwl tj|am hbyl }j fl+



46 OK]LVKB]OJKBA @JVBAO]_ `

}j hbyl ijvl~odh} bkm ~eoaa+ F|} }hl mj kj}

bwwlbv}j fl `jvl }hbk

mbkdlv~bkm moiion|a}ol~!

kjv mjl~ }hl omlba ji b \ko}lm ^}b}l~ (kj} klnl~~bvoa

b ilmlvb}ojk/ ~ll` }j njkiaon} to}h bk}hokd

i|kmb`lk}ba ok }hl kb}|vl ji }hl ~}b}l5

thoal

fj}h }hl nj|v~l ji ho~}jv bkm }hl `okm~ ji `lk

mj ~ll` }j hbyl fllk `jyokd ijv ~j`l }o`l ok

}ho~ movln}ojk+ Jk }hl j}hlv hbkm! b~ hb~ fllk

~|ddl~}lm bavlbm! bk b}}l`w} }j vlbaosl }hb}

omlba ok }hl o``lmob}l i|}|vl tj|am ba`j~}

nlv}boka fl ybok bkm! oi ybok! hodha mbkdlvj|~ 5

bkm }hlvl bvl vlb~jk~ kj} l} `lk}ojklm ijv

ilbvokd }hb} }hl }o`l thlk o} nj|am ~|nnllm `|~}

fl mo~}bk}+ @|~} tl kj} bnnlw} thb} @bssoko |~lm

}j ~b ji ~|nh bk omlba }hb} o} nj|am kj} fl `bmlvlba |k}oa }tj wvl-vlr|o~o}l~ hbm fllk b}}boklm :

2

]hl `bw ji L|vjwl `|~} iov~} fl vl-mvbtk! hl

~bom! ~j }hb} }hl moyo~ojk~ ji ~}b}l~ njvvl~wjkm to}h

}hj~l ji kb}ojkbao}+ B mlaoylvbknl aoel }ho~ `|~}

fl }belk ~j`lthb} ajj~la+ O} mom kj} `lbk ijv

@bssoko }hb} }hl \kojk ji Lkdabkm! ^nj}abkm!

Tbal~! bkm Ovlabkm `|~} fl mo~~jaylm! jv }hb} }hl

Dlv`bk L`wovl `|~} nlb~l }j lxo~}5bkm tl bvl

}jam }hb} }hlvl bvl l}hkonba |ko}ol~ ok }hl ~j|}h-lb~}

ji L|vjwl thonh bvl dljdvbwhonbaa ~j mo~}vof|}lm

}hb} }hl nj|am kj} ijv` ~okdal ~}b}l~+ F|}!

bk vlbaa klnl~~bv r|baoionb}ojk flokd bm`o}}lm!}hl dlklvba ~}b}l`lk} bwwlbv~ ~j|km+ ]hl ~lk}o-

`lk} ji kb}ojkbao} hb~ |kr|l~}ojkbfa fllk jkl

2 O mj kj} vl`l`flv! bkm hbyl kj} ij|km! bk wb~~bdl ok

ho~ tvo}okd~ thonh ~hjt~ ok thb} wvlno~l ijv` hl njknloylm

}ho~ omlba+



ok ]HL \KO]LM ^]B]L^ JI L\VJWL 4>

ji }hl nholi nb|~l~ ji |kvl~} bkm tbv ok L|vjwllylv ~oknl }hl Wjtlv~ l~}bfao~hlm ok

282<b~~}l`

fb~lm jk aldo}o`bn+ Bkm }ho~ ~lk}o`lk}! thonh

o~ kj} b ~lk}o`lk} f|} b wb~~ojk bkm ba`j~}

b vlaodoj|~ ibo}h! ~hjt~ kj} }hl ~aodh}l~} ~odk ji

mokd btb+ O} hb~ tlaakodh ml~}vjlm }hl

]|veo~h L`wovl ok L|vjwl! ok @bssoko$~ yolt jkl

ji }hl }tj `bok jf~}bnal~ }j wvjdvl~~+ ]hl j}hlv

tb~ }hl B|~}vobk L`wovl 5bkm }hl tjveokd ji

}hb} ~b`l wb~~ojk ok ^lvfob `b hbyl oko}ob}lm

}hl mo~~ja|}ojk ji }hb} L`wovl }jj+

Bnnjvmokd }j @bssoko! }hl ~lnjkm wvl-vlr|o~o}l ji

b \ko}lm ^}b}l~ tb~ }hb} baa }hl ~}b}l~ njknlvklm

~hj|am hbyl flnj`l ml`jnvb}on+ Ebk}! |~okd

bkj}hlv }lv`okjajd! hbm ~bom }hl ~b`l }hokd+

Thb} o~ ok r|l~}ojk hlvl o~! ~|vla! kj} nholia }hl$

ml`jnvb}osb}ojk$

ji ijvlodk wjaon bkm mowaj`bn!

bfj|} thonh `|nh kjk~lk~l o~ flokd tvo}}lk c|~}

kjt! bkm ~j`l djjm ~lk~l+2 Thlk tl nbaa b ~}b}l

ml`jnvb}on! bkm thlk tl |~l }hl tjvm ok b ~}von}a

wjao}onba ~lk~l! tl `lbk! vj|dha ~wlbeokd! }hb}

o} hb~ b ylv abvdl laln}jvb}l! bkm }hb} }hl wjtlvthonh bn}~ ijv }hl ~}b}l vlbaa vlwvl~lk}~! bkm o~

vl~wjk~ofal }j! }ho~ laln}jvb}l+ Bkm! }hj|dh tl

`b illa al~~ njkiomlk} }hbk @bssoko tb~! }hb}

ml`jnvbnol~ tj|am batb~ fl ivolkma bkm klylv

`jvl w|dkbnoj|~ }hbk kjfal~ jv eokd~! `j~} ji |~

wlvhbw~ toaa bdvll }hb} }hl wvj~wln}~ ji wlbnl toaa

kj} fl dvlb}a o`wvjylm ~j ajkd b~ }hl wjtlv }j

2 ]hl ab}}lv! ijv lxb`wal! ok }hl ok~}v|n}oyl ao}}al fjje

nbaalm ]hl Tbv bkm Ml`jnvbn! f `l`flv~ ji }hb} bm`ovbfal

~jnol}!$

]hl Tjvelv~$ Lm|nb}ojkba B~~jnob}ojk $+



4= OK]LVKB]OJKBA @JVBAO]_ `

`bel tbv vl~}~! jwlka jv j}hlvto~l! lo}hlv to}h

bk b|}jnvb}! to~l bkm

djjm

jv ijjao~h bkm oaa-

toaalm! b~ nhbknl `b ml}lvòkl! jv to}h vlwvl-

~lk}b}oyl~ ji ~ln}ojkba ok}lvl~}~! ~jnoba! òao}bv!

f|vlb|nvb}on! jv iokbknoba! baa ji thonh! }hj|dh ok

ybvokd mldvll~! bvl ~lwbvbfal ivj` kb}ojkba

ok}lvl~}~ bkm wvjyoml `j}oyl~ ijv |kklnl~~bv

tbv~+ Jka o} `|~} fl vl`l`flvlm }hb} b ~}b}l

o~ kj} ml`jnvb}on `lvla flnb|~l o}~ djylvk`lk}

ibova vlwvl~lk}~ }hl kb}ojk+ Ok }ho~ tbv! ijv

lxb`wal! }hl Dlv`bk Djylvk`lk} bwwlbv~ }j

vlwvl~lk} }hl Dlv`bk wljwal b~ i|aa b~ j|v Djylvk-

`lk} mjl~ j|v~+ _l} Dlv`bk o~ ok kj ~lk~l

ml`jnvb}on! bkm Lkdabkm! wjao}onbaa! o~+2

]ho~ fvokd~ `l }j b ab~} tjvm+ Wlvhbw~ ~j`l

ji ` hlbvlv~! ao~}lkokd }j }hl lbvaolv wbv} ji

}ho~ aln}|vl! `b hbyl ~bom }j }hl`~layl~ 3

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}hl Dlv`bk~ }j tjv~how ijvnl bkm }j dajvoi }j}hl`~layl~ }hlov ml~ovl ijv mjòkb}ojk+$ ]ho~ wbv-

}on|abv nhbvdl bdbok~} Dlv`bk whoaj~jwh o~ ok }hl

ib~hojk! bkm! ba}hj|dh b wvjwlv mo~n|~~ojk ji o} o~

j|} ji }hl r|l~}ojk hlvl! O ~hj|am aoel }j vlilv }j o}+

Lylk oi o} hbm `|nh }v|}h! tl Lkdao~h bvl kj}

Dlv`bk~!bkm ok}jxonb}ojk

fomlb~ o~ kj}

lxbn}ab iboaokd ji }hl Lkdao~h kjv lylk ji }hl ^nj}nh!

thj mj vlylvlknl ok}laaln}+ F|} }hl }v|}h ok

2 B~ vldbvm~ o}~ ~jnoba ~wovo} bkm o}~ ~}bkmbvm ji ~jnoba

yba|l~! Lkdabkm nbk hbvma fl nbaalm ml`jnvb}on+ O} o~

wvjfbfa al~~ ~j }hbk Ivbknl tb~ |kmlv }hl }hovm Kbwjaljk+



ok ]HL \KO]LM ^]B]L^ JI L\VJWL 4<

}ho~ nhbvdl o~ kj} dvlb}+ Thb} hb~ alm! bwwbvlk}a!

b abvdl k|`flv ji Dlv`bk~ }j }hl ~}vbkdl! wlv-

ylv}lm ~}b}l ji òkm tl to}kl~~! o~ ~|vla kj}! ok

}hl `bok! omlb~! whoaj~jwhonba jv j}hlv! f|} iov~}

bkm ijvl`j~} thb} hb~ hbwwlklm }j Dlv`bk+

Bi}lv flokd ijv ajkd lbv~! lylk ijv nlk}|vol~!

b$

Hbàl} b`jkd }hl kb}ojk~$

5 dvlb}! }hb} o~

}j ~b! ok }hl w|vla ~wovo}|ba ~whlvl~ ji vlaodojk!

whoaj~jwh! `|~on! wjl}v! f|}! }j baa bwwlbvbknl!

oknbwbfal ok }hl tjvam ji wjao}onba bn}ojk! ~hl

ij|km hlv~lai jk b ~|mmlk! ioyl-bkm-ijv} lbv~

bdj! }hl `j~} wjtlvi|a ~}b}l ok L|vjwl+ ^hl jtlm

}ho~! }jj! ok }hl `bok! kj} }j b ajkd bkm bvm|j|~

liijv} ji hlv wljwal~ (ijv }hb} tj|am hbyl hbm

b moiilvlk} liiln}/! f|} }j b `lvla òao}bv ijvnl

lkabvdlm bkm wlviln}lm f }hl |knjk~}o}|}ojkba

bn}ojk ji b ~}b}l~`bk bkm b eokd+ Bkm jk }hl

~|nnl~~ ji }ho~ òao}bv ijvnl bkm ji b @bnhob-

ylaaobk mowaj`bn ok nvlb}okd }hl L`wovl }hlvl

ijaajtlm (thb} ba~j tb~ }j !b abvdl lx}lk} klt/ bk

o``lk~l oknvlb~l ok okm|~}voba bkm nj``lvnoba

bn}oyo}! ok tlba}h! bkm ok wjw|ab}ojk+ O} tj|am

fl kj dvlb} tjkmlv! O }hoke! oi bk wljwal$~ hlbm

tlvl }|vklm f ~|nh b nhbkdl+

Klx} }j }ho~ nholi nb|~l nj`l~ }hl ibn} (b~! jk

}hl }l~}o`jk ji j}hlv~! O ~|wwj~l o} }j fl/ }hb}

}hl yolt~ bkm illaokd~ }h|~ dlklvb}lm njknlvkokd}hl dvlb}kl~~ bkm }hl i|}|vl ji Dlv`bk hbyl

fllk ijv lbv~ b~~om|j|~a ij~}lvlm ok }hl wljwal

}hvj|dh bk bmòvbfa liionolk} ~~}l` ji |koylv-

~o} bkm ~nhjja lm|nb}ojk+2

2O `|~} wjok} j|} }hb} o} f kj `lbk~ ijaajt~ ivj` }hl




Kjt thb} hb~ whoaj~jwh hbm }j mj to}h }hl

omlb~ ~j ok~}oaalm! bkm to}h j}hlv omlb~ }hb} hbyl

djkl }j wvjm|nl b wlvylv}lm omlba bkm ~}b}l ji

òkm : ^j`l}hokd! kj mj|f}! f|} ji }hb} ~j`l-

}hokd ylv ao}}al flajkd~ }j }hl dvlb} whoaj~jwhlv~+

B albmokd Dlv`bk ho~}jvobk! O b` }jam! nvo}onosl~

Wab}j bkm Bvo~}j}al flnb|~l }hl ~b ba`j~}

kj}hokd bfj|} }hl ~}b}l$~ flokd l~~lk}obaa òdh}+

Wlvhbw~ }hl }hj|dh} }ho~ |kmlkobfal ibn} }jj jf-

yoj|~ }j kllm l`whb~o~ 5f|} ok bk nb~l }hl ~b`l

nvo}ono~` òdh} fl wb~~lm jk Ebk} bkm Hldla+ O}

o~ }v|l }hb} ok Hldla$~ Vlnh}~whoaj~jwhol }hlvl bvl

b ilt lxwvl~~ojk~ thonh! }belk ok o~jab}ojk bkm

lxbddlvb}lm b~ b whoaj~jwhlv$~ omlb~ bvl bw} }j

fl! òdh} mj hbv` 5 f|} ok baa o}~ wbdl~! thoal

}hlvl o~ `|nh bfj|} toaa bkm }hl toaa ijv djjm!

}hlvl o~ ao}}al lkj|dh bfj|} ijvnl+2

Dlv`bk$~

mjn}vokl ji }hl ~}b}l$~ `jvba lkm }hb} }hl ~}b}l ~hj|am wvj-

`|adb}l jv lknj|vbdl jkl wbv}on|abv yolt vldbvmokd }hl m|}ol~

ji o}~ no}oslk~ jv o}~ jtk i|}|vl+ Jk }hl njk}vbv! jkl `b

hjam }hb} mjn}vokl bkm l} hjam }hb} }hl ~}b}l ~hj|am bf~}bok

ivj` mjokd }ho~ bkm! hjtlylv `|nh o} `b ~|wwjv} jv lkijvnl

lm|nb}ojk! ~hj|am! to}hok }hl klnl~~bv aoò}~! albyl$

omlb~$

}j wvlyboa jv iboa }hvj|dh }hl wvjnl~~ ji ivll nj`wl}o}ojk+2 Ok ho~ aln}|vl~ jk }hl Whoaj~jwh ji Ho~}jv! Hldla ~wjel

ji$

tjvam-ho~}jvonba$

okmoyom|ba~ bkm wljwal~! thj vlwvl~lk}

ijv b }o`l }hb}$

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thj~l$

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bkmwlvhbw~

~j`l vb~h Dlv`bk vlbmlv

òdh} nv!

$

_l~!Ivbknl b nlk}|v bdj! bkm Dlv`bk kjt+$ F|} hl toaa kj}

iokm b tjvm ok Hldla }j nj|k}lkbknl ho~ nabo`5bkm oi hl

f|oam~ ho~ hjwl~ jk òao}bv wjtlv hl òdh} wjkmlv Hldla$~

iokba ~lk}lknl bfj|} }hl b~}j|kmokd yon}jvol~ ji Kbwjaljk 3

$

Klylv tb~ }hl wjtlval~~kl~~ ji yon}jv ~hjtk ok b nalbvlv

aodh} }hbk }hlk+$ O mj kj} `lbk }j o`wa }hb}! bnnjvmokd }j




dvlb}l~} whoaj~jwhlv ~oknl Hldla! O ~|wwj~l! o~

Aj}sl! b }lbnhlv bfj|} b~ aoela b~ @oaa jv Dvllk}j lknj|vbdl }hl tjv~how ji ijvnl+ Okmllm! ~j

ibv b~ O ekjt! }hl jka whoaj~jwhlv thj o~! ok

b mldvll tjv}h kj}onl! vl~wjk~ofal ijv }hb} tjv~how

o~ Kol}s~nhl! thj tb~ klo}hlv bk bmòvlv ji }hl

Wv|~~obk ~}b}l kjvf bk`lbk~ b dvlb} whoaj~jwhlv+

Hl tb~! hjtlylv! b `bk ji

dlko|~!

to}h bwjl}on

o`bdokb}ojk bkm bk bmòvbfal ~}al 5bkm ok

Dlv`bk }hb} o~ b }hokd vbvlv }hbk b whoaj~jwhlv

bkm! }j }hl `b~~ ji vlbmlv~! `|nh `jvl mbkdlvj|~+

Oi hl nj|am hbyl tvo}}lk b~ Ebk} tvj}l hl tj|am

~nbvnla hbyl mjkl `|nh ò~nholi+ Kjfjm nj|am

flbv }j vlbm Ebk} thj tb~ kj} flk} jk iokmokd

}v|}h! f|} }v|}h o~ kj} }hl r|bvv }hb} Kol}s~nhl$~

}hj|~bkm~ ji vlbmlv~ h|k}+

Oi Dlv`bk tlvl mjj`lm }j tok }ho~ tbv! ~hl

òdh} njk}ok|l ijv hjt ajkd! tl nbkkj} }laa

}j fl }hl yon}o` ji b wlvylv~l omlba+ F|} bk

Lkdao~h`bk thj vlylvl~ bkm ajyl~ }hb} ~j|a ji

hlv thonh ~wlbe~ ok hlv `|~on! whoaj~jwh! bkm

wjl}v! `|~} ml~ovl hlv }j}ba mlilb} ijv hlv jtk

~bel b~ tlaa b~ ijv ho~ nj|k}v$~ bkm }hl tjvam$~+

O} o~ oknvlmofal }hb} }hb} ~j|a o~ mlbm! bkm }hb}

bkd|o~h tj|am kj} tbel o} ivj` o}~ lyoa mvlb`+

Hldla! thb} tl nbaa }hl fl~} ok}lk}ojk~ bvl fj|km }j wvlyboa+

Kj whoaj~jwhlv tb~ al~~ oknaoklm }j odkjvl wboki|a ibn}~+ Ho~

thjal whoaj~jwh òdh} lylk fl nbaalm bk b}}l`w} }j |kmlv-

~}bkm bkm c|~}oi }hl`+



OY

]HL NHBKDOKD @OKM JI

B KB]OJK B] TBV

F_ A+ W+ CBNE^

O JTLj|

b tjvm ji

lxwabkb}ojk

ijv }hl

~llòkdb|mbno} mo~wablm ok }hl }o}al ji ` aln}|vl+

Thb} vodh} hbyl O! thb} vodh} hb~ bk jkl! }j

~wlbe ijv }hl òkm ji }hl kb}ojk : ^|vla }hl

`j~} }hb} jkl nbk mj o~ }j ml~nvofl }hl nhbkdl~

ji ho~ jtk òkm+ ]hl òkm ji }hl kb}ojk o~

fljkm ho`+

O mj kj} flaolyl }ho~+ ]hlvl o~ jkl òkm ok baa

ji |~ b} }hl wvl~lk} `j`lk} bkm o} o~ }hl òkm

ji }hl kb}ojk+ ]hl òkm ji }hl kb}ojk hb~

flnj`l! }j b dvlb}lv mldvll }hbk lylv flijvl! }hl

òkm ji }hl okmoyom|ba no}oslk+ ]hb} o~ }hl

dvlb}l~} ji baa }hl nhbkdl~ thonh hbyl }belk wabnl

~oknl }hl tbv fldbk+ ]hl kb}ojkba òkm o~ kj

ajkdlv b `lvl }hl`l ijv ~wln|ab}ojk+ O} hb~

lk}lvlm! ok ~j`l `lb~|vl! ok}j lylv jkl ji |~+

O} hb~ flnj`l bk bn}oyl wvoknowal ji j|v njk-

~noj|~kl~~+ O} hb~ fvj|dh} dvlb} }hj|dh}~ bkm

dvlb} vl~ja|}ojk~ }j `|a}o}|ml~+ O} hb~ fj}h

b`waoiolm bkm ~o`waoiolm j|v aoyl~+ O} hb~ tbelklmwjtlv~ }hb} ~a|`flvlm

5o} hb~ vlyoylm dvlb}

`l`jvol~ }hb} tlvl hbai ijvdj}}lk 5o} hb~ aokelm

|~ }jdl}hlv bkm `bml |~ jkl+

\kmlv }hl~l novn|`~}bknl~ }hlvl o~ kj b|mbno}

ok ~wlbeokd ji }hl òkm ji }hl kb}ojk+ ]hl



oy NHBKDOKD @OKM JI B KB]OJK B] TBV 4?

mo~}okn}ojk fl}tllk j|v jtk }hj|dh}~ bkm }hl

kb}ojk$~ }hj|dh}~ o~ flokd jfao}lvb}lm+ B~e }hliov~} hjkl~} `bk j| `ll} }j }laa j| thb} hl o~

}hokeokd! bkm oi hl bk~tlv~ ibo}hi|aa! hl toaa }laa

j| ~j`l}hokd ji thb} }hl kb}ojk o~ }hokeokd+

Klylv! ok

` `l`jv!

hb~ ok}lvnj|v~l to}h

}hj|dh}i|a `lk fllk b~ ~|ddl~}oyl bkm ~}o`|ab}okd

b~ o} hb~ fllk ~oknl }hl tbv fvjel j|}+ O} o~

hbvma wj~~ofal! }j-mb! }j lk}lv ok}j njkylv~b}ojk

to}h bk lm|nb}lm wlv~jk to}hj|} kj}okd }hl

l`lvdlknl ji ~j`l klt wjok} ji yolt+ \kmlv }hl

~}vbok bkm wvl~~|vl ji }hl }o`l `lk~$ `okm~ bvl

olamokd omlb~ bkm `beokd mo~njylvol~+ ]hlvl o~

ok njk~lr|lknl b nlv}bok yoyomkl~~ ok }hl ok}la-

aln}|ba aoil ji }hl nj|k}v thonh vlaolyl~! }j ~j`l

lx}lk}! }hl `jvba mo~}vl~~+ Ok }hl wvl~lknl ji

mbkdlv j|v ok}laaodlknl! j|v o`bdokb}ojk! j|v toaa!

bvl |k|~|baa toml btbel+ Tl fldok }j wlvnloyl

}hl ao`o}~ ji bnnlw}lm ijv`~ ji }hj|dh}! }hl

okbmlr|bn ji }hl ~}bkmbvm~ f thonh tl hbyl

fllk bnn|~}j`lm }j wb~~ c|mdl`lk} jk aoil bkm

jk ho~}jv! bkm }hl wbv}oba kb}|vl ji }v|}h~ tl

hbm vldbvmlm b~ iokba bkm nj`wal}l+ B dvlb} mo~-

}|vfbknl! aoel }hb} ji bk lbv}hr|bel! o~ wb~~okd

flklb}h j|v aoil! bkm }hl lal`lk}~ ji }hb} aoil bvl

vlbvvbkdokd }hl`~layl~ ok klt wlv~wln}oyl~+ Tlbvl yov}|baa aoyokd ok bkj}hlv tjvam nj`wbvlm

to}h }hb} ok thonh tl tlvl baoyl lodh} `jk}h~ bdj+

]hl tjvam flijvl }hl tbv tb~ nj`wbvb}oyla

~bil 5}hl tjvam ji }j-mb o~ }hvlb}lklm+ Lodh}



8j ]HL NHBKDOKD @OKM oy

`jk}h~ bdj tl ajjelm j|} ok}j b i|}|vl thonh

~ll`lm b~~|vlm+ Tl tlvlabokd

j|}wabk~!

f|okd! ~laaokd! f|oamokd! `bvvokd bkm doyokd ok

`bvvobdl! aoel }hl `lk ji jam flijvl }hl Ajvm

vboklm iovl jk ^jmj` bkm Dj`jvvbh+ J|v ~jk~

tlvl dvjtokd |w bkm tl tlvl bvvbkdokd }hlov

wlbnli|a nbvllv~+ ]j-mb j|v ~jk~ bvl ok bv`~!

bkm |kmlv jvmlv~ ijv }hl ivjk}! bkm b~ }hl db}hlv

vj|km |~ ijv }hl wbv}okd ilb~}! tl }hbke Djm }hb}

tl nbkkj} vbo~l }hl yloa ji }hl i|}|vl+ J|v `j~}

ok}o`b}l }ol~ bvl }hvlb}lklm to}h wj~~ofoao}ol~ ji

thonh tl mbvl kj} }hoke+ ]h|~ b} }hl ylv nlk}vl

ji j|v aoil }hl lbv}hr|bel fldok~! bkm o} v|k~

j|}tbvm |k}oa lylv omlb! lylv hbfo} ji òkm!

lylv ok}lvl~}! lylv njkyon}ojk! hb~ vlnloylm ~j`l

~hbvl ji }hl ~hjne+ F|} }hl ~hjne! ibv ivj`

wbvba~okd }hl kb}ojk$~ òkm! ~lvyl~ vb}hlv }j

aoflvb}l o}~ vl~lvyl~ ji ok}laaln}|ba yo}bao}+ ]hl

klt tjvam ok thonh tl iokm j|v~layl~ o~ kj}

}lvvofal jka 5o} o~ i|aa ji nhbaalkdl }j j|v }hokeokd

ibn|a}ol~+ O} wvjyoml~ b mboa ~}o`|a|~ }j ~wovo}|ba

n|voj~o}+ ]h|~ }hl ok}lvnj|v~l ji }hj|dh}i|a

`lk dvjt~ `jvl yoyom! bkm o} flnj`l~ lb~ }j

|kmlv~}bkm hjt! ivj` njkmo}ojk~ aoel }hl~l! klt

fov}h~ ji }hl ~j|a hbyl nj`l }j kb}ojk~5}o`l~ ji

mbkdlv bkm nbabò} flokd ji}lk ijaajtlm f }o`l~

ji nvlb}oylkl~~ ok baa }hl bv}~ ji aoil+

Abmol~ bkm dlk}al`lk! bvl tl kj} baa }hokeokd

`jvl }hbk tl mom flijvl }hl tbv fldbk }hokeokd

`jvl mllwa! `jvl lbvkl~}a! `jvl njk~}bk}a :

]hlvl o~ b klt }hj|dh}i|akl~~ ok }hl bov thonh o~

vbo~okd }hl alyla ji ok}laaodlknl ok baa nab~~l~ ji }hl



oy JI B KB]OJK B] TBV 82

nj``|ko}+ ]hl `b}}lv~ tl bvl }hokeokd bfj|}

bvl

fod

bkm }lvvofal bkm~walkmom!

baa b} }hl ~b`l

}o`l+ Tl bvl b~eokd r|l~}ojk~ thonh o} o~ bk

lm|nb}ojk }j b~e! lylk }hj|dh ijv }hl }o`l flokd

tl nbkkj} bk~tlv }hl`+ Flnb|~l }hl r|l~}ojk~

bvl dvlb} r|l~}ojk~ }hl bvl doyokd |~ b c|~}lv

~lk~l ji wvjwjv}ojk+ Tl bvl }hokeokd b ao}}al

`jvl bfj|} j|v m|}ol~ bkm b ao}}al al~~ bfj|} j|v

vodh}~+$

F|~okl~~$

~}oaa djl~ jk5

f|} kj} r|o}l

b~ |~|ba! ijv ~j`l}hokd `jvl o`wjv}bk} }hbk

f|~okl~~ o~ ok j|v òkm~+ Tl bvl `lb~|vokd j|v-

~layl~ f hodhlv ~}bkmbvm~+ ]hl hlvjo~` ji }hl

ijvnl~! }hl mboa ~wln}bnal ji j|v j|kd `lk djokd

}j }hl tbv! vlòkm~ |~ ji l}honba }v|}h~ tl hbm

hbai ijvdj}}lk+ Dvlb} r|l~}ojk~ bfj|} ~jnol} bkm

noyoaosb}ojk bvl nhbaalkdokd j|v òkm~ bkm nj`-

wlaaokd |~ }j ajje b} }hl` ivj` klt bkdal~ ji

yo~ojk+ O} o~ djjm ijv |~ }j fl$

fvj|dh} |w ~hbvw$

f }hl~l }hokd~+ ^}oaa fl}}lv! }hb} tl ~hj|am fl

ijvnlm }j }hoke ji }hl` kj} b~ `lvl bnbmlòn

r|l~}ojk~! f|} b~ r|l~}ojk~ ji aoil bkm mlb}h+

Bkm fl~} ji baa! thlk }hl thjal wljwal o~ ijvnlm

}j }hoke bfj|} }hl` b} }hl ~b`l }o`l+ Tl bvl

njòkd }jdl}hlv ok}j }hl wvl~lknl ji }hl~l wvjf-

al`~+ ]hb} `bel~ bk lkjv`j|~ moiilvlknl+ Jkl

vlb~jk th }hl dvlb} njknlvk~ ji aoil bvl kj}

fl}}lv nbvlm ijv o~ }hb} ok kjv`ba }o`l~ }hlok}lvl~} }belk ok }hl` o~ wolnl`lba+ _j| }hoke

ji }hl` }j-mb bkm O }hoke ji }hl` }j-`jvvjt!

to}h }hl vl~|a} }hb} O b` hj} thoal j| bvl njam!

bkm O b` nvo}onba thoal j| bvl lk}h|~ob~}on+ F|}

}hl klt }hj|dh}i|akl~~ o~ kj} ji }hb} fvjelk!



86 ]HL NHBKDOKD @OKM oy

ok}lvv|w}lm eokm+ O} o~ ~o`|a}bklj|~ bkm toml-

~wvlbm+ Tl bvl baa ok o} b} jknl+ _j| vl`l`flv

thb} L`lv~jk ~b~ bfj|} }hl ~}vbkdl }hokd~ }hb}

`b hbwwlk thlk Djm al}~ ajj~l b }hokelv jk }ho~

wabkl}+ F|} }ho~ }o`l b }hokeokd nj``|ko} hb~

fllk al} ajj~l+ @j`lk}j|~ vl~|a}~ bvl fj|km }j

ijaajt+

O b` oknaoklm }j flaolyl }hb} }hl òkm ji }hl

kb}ojk tb~ klylv ok b `jvl hjwli|a ivb`l+ O nbk-

kj} dj }j }hl alkd}h ji b tvo}lv ok jkl ji }hl

mboa wbwlv~ thj ~b~ }hb} Lkdabkm tb~ klylv ~j

hbww+ ]hl }vbdlm o~ }jj mllw ijv }hb}+ F|}

O mj }hoke }hb} Lkdabkm tb~ klylv ~j wvjò~okd+

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}j fl fl}}lv }hbk }hl fl~} tl hbyl lylv hjwlm ijv!

}hlvl tj|am fl kj nb|~l ijv ~|vwvo~l+

OO

Bkm hlvl tl nj`l }j b ~}vbkdl bkm wbvbmjxonba

}hokd+ Jkl ji }hl iov~} liiln}~ ji }ho~ btbelklmok}laaodlknl o~ }j vbo~l b mj|f} b~ }j thl}hlv }hl

òkm~ ji kb}ojk~ bvl b~ ok}laaodlk} b~ tl }hj|dh}

}hl` }j fl+ Ijv b ajkd }o`l wb~} b eokm ji

h|`bko~` hb~ fllk n|vvlk} thonh }jje }hl ijv`

ji bk lk}h|~ob~}on ibo}h ok }hl$

`bvnh ji òkm $+

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`lk! jvdbkoslm ok `jmlvk ~jnol}ol~! tlvl flnjòkdibv `jvl vlb~jkbfal }hbk }hlov ib}hlv~+ F|} ajje

b} }ho~ tbv " Thb} nj``lk} mjl~ o} ~|ddl~} jk

}hl$

`bvnh ji òkm$

: ]hoke kj} ji }ho~ kb}ojk

jv ji }hb}! mo~ò~~ }hl r|l~}ojk ji thj~l mowaj`bn



oy JI B KB]OJK B] TBV 8>

tb~ vodh} jv tvjkd! bkm yolt }hl tbv b~ }hj|dh

o}

tlvl!thb} okmllm o}

o~!

b~okdal

bn}ojkwlv-

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wolnl ji to~mj` : ^wlbeokd ijv `~lai! O nbk jka

~b }hb} }hl tbv! yoltlm b~ b ~okdal bn}ojk!

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fl wlvijv`lmf

b ijja+ O nbkkj} dl}btb

ivj`

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}hl mllm~ ji `lk! hb~ }hlvl lylv fllk ~llk ~|nh

bk lxhofo}ojk ji aoò}lm ok}laaodlknl : Thj ok ho~

~bkl ~lk~l~ tj|am mj ~|nh b }hokd :

C|~} }hoke thb} hb~ hbwwlklm+ Ijv dlklvb-

}ojk~ wb~} }hl dlklvba alyla ji ok}laaodlknl ok

Tl~}lvk L|vjwl hb~ fllk vo~okd+ ]hl okmoyom|ba

o~ fl}}lv lm|nb}lm+ @oaaojk~ ji }hl~l fl}}lv

lm|nb}lm okmoyom|ba~ bvl nj`foklm ok}j ~jnol}ol~

`jvl jv al~~ ml`jnvb}on+ F|} thb} hb~ flnj`l

ji }ho~ yb~} bddvldb}l ji ok}laaodlknl : Hb~ o} baa

djkl ok}j }hl nj``jk ~}jne : O~ o} baa l`wajlm

ijv }hl nj``jk djjm : Mjl~ }hl ok}laaodlknl ji

lylv no}oslk vlokijvnl }hl ok}laaodlknl ji lylv

j}hlv no}oslk! ~j }hb} ^}b}l~ flnj`l lkmjtlm to}h

}hl ~|` }j}ba ji baa }hl to~mj` ok baa ji }hlov

`l`flv~ : Bwwbvlk}a kj}+ @j~} ji }ho~ ok}la-

aodlknl ~ll`~ }j fl tb~}lm btb ok `|}|banvo}ono~`! ok }hl tbv ji òkm~! flijvl }hl ^}b}l

nbk dl} wj~~l~~ojk ji thb} vl`bok~+ Mjl~ o} kj}

~ll` b~ }hj|dh }hlvl tlvl ~j`l wvjnl~~ ji okklv

jwwj~o}ojk b} tjve f thonh b `|a}o}|ml ji òkm~

toaa ji}lk kl|}vbaosl lbnh j}hlv$~ ok}laaodlknl 5~j



8= ]HL NHBKDOKD @OKM oy

}hb} ^}b}l~! ok~}lbm ji flokd to~lv }hbk okmoyom|ba~!

ji}lkwlvwl}vb}l

ijaaol~ ji thonh }hl alb~}ok}laaodlk}

ji }hlov `l`flv~ tj|am fl hlbv}oa b~hb`lm :

O b` oknaoklm }j }hoke! }hlvlijvl! }hb} tl ~hbaa

l`lvdl ivj` }hl tbv to}h b nhb~}lklm njkiomlknl

ok }hl `lvl$

`bvnh ji `okm $+ Tl ~hbaa }hoke

`jvl! tl bvl bavlbm }hokeokd `jvl! ji }hj~l

j}hlv r|bao}ol~! ~|nh b~ }hl wabok ~lk~l ji vodh}

bkm tvjkd! to}h thonh }hl `bvnh ji `okm kllm~

}j fl falkmlm flijvl o} nbk mj o}~ tjve+ @bkmo~oaa|~ojk~ ji }ho~ eokm bvl jk }hl tb+ ]hlvl

o~ b illaokd bfvjbm thonh o~ kj} r|o}l bv}on|ab}l b~

l}! }hb} }hl tbv hb~ ~j`lhjt fvj|dh} |~ ok}j

njk}bn} to}h Vlbao}! bkm }hb} j|v omlb~ `|~} fl

`jmoiolm bnnjvmokda+$

Tl bvl |w bdbok~} }hl

vlba }hokd$

o~ b whvb~l j| `|~} ji}lk hbyl hlbvm+

O} o~ ivlr|lk}a |~lm ok ~jamolv~$ al}}lv~ tvo}}lk

ivj` }hl ivjk}5

O hbyl lknj|k}lvlm o} ok ~lv`jk~!

wjao}onba ~wllnhl~! bkm klt~wbwlv bv}onal~! ok njk-

ylv~b}ojk~ to}h tjveokd `lk5bkm ok }hl nj`-

`lk}~ ji mo~}okd|o~hlm whoaj~jwhlv~+

Kjt O toaa kj} b}}l`w} }j mliokl thb} }hl$

vlba }hokd $o~+ O b` kj} r|o}l ~|vl }hb} O ekjt+

F|} O }hoke O nbk wjok} j|} jkl ji o}~ nhbvbn}lv-

o~}on~+ ]hl$

vlba }hokd$

b~ tl bvl kjt illaokd

o}~ wvl~lknl o~ kj} b `lvl ~|fcln} ijv ~}|m 3 o} o~

~j`l}hokd tl hbyl }j jfl+ O} o~ b nj``bkm!b ~|``jk~! b }v|`wl} kj}l+ Ok jvmokbv }o`l~

Vlbao} ~hjt~ |~ o}~ ok}lvl~}okd ~oml+ C|~} kjt o}

o~ ~hjtokd o}~ o`wlvb}oyl ~oml+ Ok jvmokbv }o`l~

tl }bae bfj|} o}+ C|~} kjt o} o~ }baeokd }j |~+

O nbk ba`j~} o`bdokl }hb} Vlbao} o~ wbokd jii



oy JI B KB]OJK B] TBV 8<

bk jam ~njvl o} hbm bdbok~} |~+ Tl hbm fllk

tvo}okd whoaj~jwhonba l~~b~ bfj|} o}! }vlb}okd o}

b~$

j|v ~|fcln} $! b~ }hj|dh tl hbm o} ok }hl

hjaajt ji j|v hbkm5

bkm wlvhbw~ Vlbao} tb~

dl}}okd b ao}}al }ovlm ji hlbvokd o}~lai mlioklm bkm

mo~n|~~lm+ Bkhjt }hl vlba }hokd o~ kj ajkdlv

wb~~oyl+ O} hb~ flnj`l ok}lk~la bn}oyl+ O} hb~

doylk|~ b

~hjne!o} hb~ vj|~lm |~ }j j|v

m|}bkm

w|} b njk~}vbok} |wjk j|v toaa~+ ]hl njk~lr|lknl

o~ }hb} b djjm mlba ji kjk~lk~l o~ flokd ekjnelm

j|} ji |~+ Al} |~ hjwl o} toaa kj} vl}|vk " Tltlvl `|nh }jj nj`ijv}bfal! `|nh }jj nj`wabnlk}!

`|nh }jj ~laio~h! flijvl }hl tbv+ Bkm tl tlvl

hbvma wvlwbvlm ijv ~j ~|mmlk b nhbkdl ji fl-

hbyoj|v jk }hl wbv} ji }hl vlba }hokd+

ok

Jkl liiln} ji }ho~ ~hjne hb~ fllk }j nhbkdl j|v

b}}o}|ml }jtbvm~ }hl ^}b}l! bkm }j `bel |~ }hoke

moiilvlk}a ji }hl vodh}~ bkm m|}ol~ ji }hl ^}b}l+

Ijv `bk lbv~ wb~}! }hlvl hbm fllk b }lkmlkn

b`jkd |~ }j ajje }j }hl ^}b}l b~ bk j`kowj}lk}

wjtlv thj~l i|kn}ojk bkm m|} tlvl }j dvb}oi

j|v ml~ovl~ bkm mj j|v fommokd+ Thb}lylv tl

tbk}lm! fl}}lv }vbml! hodhlv tbdl~! lb~olv njk-

mo}ojk~ ji aoil! ~nhjjavjj`~! wabdvj|km~! aofvbvol~!

bv} dbaalvol~! ijjm ijv j|v nhoamvlk! wvjyo~ojk ijv

j|v jam bdl bkm ~j jk }hvj|dh bk lkmal~~ ao~}

thb}lylv o} tb~! tl lxwajo}lm }hl ^}b}l+ Bkm }hl

^}b}l! aoel bk okm|adlk} `j}hlv! dbyl ok }j |~ baa

vj|km+ Kjt }ho~ jkl hbm ho~ }|vk! bkm kjt }hb}5

bkm }hlvl tb~ b djjm mlba ji r|bvvlaaokd b`jkd |~




b~ }j thj~l }|vk nb`l klx}+ ]hlvl ~ll`lm kj

aoò} }j thb}}hl ^}b}l nj|am mj ijv

|~!bkm kj

aoò} lo}hlv }j thb} tl hbm }hl vodh} }j ml`bkm+

O} tb~ b ml`jvbaosokd f|~okl~~ ml`jvbaosokd }j

|~ thj dj} j|v tb! ml`jvbaosokd }j }hl ^}b}l

thonh dbyl |~ j|v tb+ F|} o} tlk} jk `lvvoa

bkm }hl toaml~} lxwln}b}ojk~ tlvl bfvjbm ji yb~}

ibyj|v~ l} }j nj`l+ B ilt `jvl }lb~okd~! b ilt

`jvl wo~}ja~ hlam b} }hl hlbm ji }hl ^}b}l! bkm

b$

~nhl`l$

tj|am fl ijv}hnjòkd thonh tj|am

vlkmlv |~ baa hbww bkm djjm ok ~wo}l ji j|v~layl~+

]hlk! jkl iokl `jvkokd ab~} B|d|~}! }hlvl nb`l

b v|ml btbelkokd+ Tl dj} b `l~~bdl ivj` }hl

^}b}l nj|nhlm ok abkd|bdl tl hbm klylv hlbvm

flijvl+$

O vlr|ovl j|* ~bom }hl ^}b}l!$

}j wabnl

j|v wvjwlv} bkm j|v aoyl~ b} ` ~lvyonl+ Kjt

bkm ijv ~j`l }o`l }j nj`l! O doyl kj}hokd f|}

b~e lylv}hokd+ Bv` j|v~layl~ ijv ` mlilknl+

Doyl `l j|v ~jk~ bkm fl toaaokd }hb} }hl ~hj|am

mol ijv `l+ Vlwb thb} j| jtl `l+ @ }|vk

hb~ nj`l*]hb} o~ hjt }hl Vlba ]hokd }bae~ }j `lk thlk

o} |~l~ }hl ^}b}l b~ o}~ `j|}hwolnl+ Njk~omlvokd

hjt ~}vbkdl bkm |kbnn|~}j`lm }hl abkd|bdl tb~!

O }hoke }hl vl~wjk~l }hl kb}ojk `bml tb~ }j o}~

nvlmo}+ Kj ~jjklv mom }hl ^}b}l }|vk o}~ o`wlvb-

}oyl ~oml }jtbvm~ |~ }hbk bk ok~}bk}wlbnl

ilaa

|wjk j|v tbvvokd ibn}ojk~+ Tl hbm baa fllk

tbo}okd ijv }hb} tjvm ji nj``bkm }j `bel |~

jkl tbo}okd f|} kj} ekjtokd thb} tl tbo}lm

ijv+ J|v ml`bkm~ jk }hl ^}b}l hbm fllk ijv

moiilvlk} }hokd~ 3 }hl ^}b}l$~ ml`bkm jk |~ tb~




ijv }hl ~b`l }hokd ijv |}}lv`j~} ~lai-~bnvoionl+

O}fvj|dh} |~ }jdl}hlv b~ kj}hokd la~l nj|am hbyl

mjkl+ ]ho~ tb~ }hl iov~} vl~|a} ji j|v njk}bn}

to}h }hl Vlba ]hokd+

OY

]ho~ btbelkokd ji b ~lk~l ji m|} }j }hl ^}b}l

o~ albmokd }j b `jvl }hjvj|dh |kmlv~}bkmokd ji

}hl wbv}on|abv ^}b}l }j thonh tl hbwwlk }j

flajkd O `lbk ji nj|v~l }hl Fvo}o~h L`wovl+

]ho~ o~ bkj}hlv bkm b ylv wvjò~okd nhbkdl ok

}hl kb}ojkba òkm+ M|vokd }hl ab~} ilt `jk}h~

b klt yo~ojk hb~ nj`l }j `bk ji |~ ji thb} }hl

Fvo}o~h L`wovl vlbaa o~+

^wlbeokd ji Fvo}jk~ ok dlklvba! O b` bivbom o}

`|~} fl njkil~~lm }hb} j|v ekjtalmdl ji }hl

L`wovl! j|v dvb~w ji o}~ ~odkoionbknl! hbyl fllk

okbmlr|b}l }j }hl o``lk~l h|`bk o~~|l~! bkm

}j }hl njvvl~wjkmokd vl~wjk~ofoao}ol~! thonh }hl

L`wovl okyjayl~+ Tl hbyl fllk wvj|m ji }ho~

yb~} hlvo}bdl! tl hbyl nj`wabnlk}a lkcjlm }hl

bmybk}bdl~ thonh nj`l }j baa ji |~ ivj` o}~

wj~~l~~ojk! tl hbyl }baelm ybd|la bkm abvdla

bfj|} o`wlvobao~`! f|} tl hbyl hbvma }belk j|v

o`wlvoba m|}ol~ }j hlbv}+ ^j`l ji |~ `b hbyl

mjkl ~j! f|} kj} }hl kb}ojk b~ b thjal+ ]j }hl

`bcjvo} ji }hl laln}jvb}l }hl L`wovl hb~ fllkb ~oml o~~|l! jv b }hokd }hb} òdh} fl ali} }j ajje

bi}lv o}~lai+ O} ~ll`lm }jj fod bkm }jj fvjbma

fb~lm }j fl ok mbkdlv ji mo~}|vfbknl+ Ilt ji |~

dbyl `|nh }hj|dh} }j o}5ilt ji |~ baajtlm j|v

o`bdokb}ojk~ }j wab vj|km o}~ `lbkokd 5~}oaa




iltlv }jje }hl }vj|fal }j ~}|m o}~ ho~}jv+ Hbm

tl mjkl ~j tl ~hj|am hbyl vlbaoslm! b~ O b`

bivbom kj} `bk mom vlbaosl! }hb} b mb tj|am

mbtk thlk j|v vodh} }j wj~~l~~ }ho~ L`wovl tj|am

fl w|} }j }hl wvjji! thlk tl ~hj|am fl nhbaalkdlm

flijvl }hl tjvam }j ~hjt }hb} j|v ok}laaodlknl bkm

j|v ybaj|v tlvl lr|ba }j }hl yb~} o`wlvoba lk}lv-

wvo~l jk thonh tl hbm lkdbdlm+

F|} al} |~ kj} ijvdl} }hb} }hl Fvo}o~h L`wovl!

ok o}~ wvl~lk} lx}lk} bkm jvdbkosb}ojk! o~ b nj`-

wbvb}oyla vlnlk} whlkj`lkjk+ Ok ~osl! ok tlba}h!

ok }hl noyoaosb}ojk ji o}~ nj`wjklk} wbv}~ bkm

}hlov naj~l vlab}ojk~ to}h jkl bkj}hlv! o}~ nhbvbn-

}lvo~}on~ bvl ~j moiilvlk} ivj` thb} }hl tlvl

b nlk}|v bdj }hb} tl nbk mvbt kj wbvbaala to}h

}hl Kbwjaljkon lvb+ Bkm kjt! ijv }hl iov~} }o`l

ok o}~ ho~}jv! }ho~ Dvlb}lv Fvo}bok o~ flokd b}}bnelm

bkm b}}bnelm to}h |klxb`walm ylhl`lknl bkm

vl~ja|}ojk+ O} o~ b klt lxwlvolknl! bkm aoel baa

klt lxwlvolknl~ o} o~ nj`wlaaokd b vlbmc|~}`lk} ji

}hj|dh}+]ho~ o~ b tbv ji }hl L`wovl! f }hl L`wovl! ijv

}hl L`wovl bkm f }hl L`wovl O `lbk baa ijv

thonh }hl L`wovl ~}bkm~! o}~ omlba~ b~ tlaa b~ o}~

bn}|bao}ol~+ ]hl Njajkol~ bkm Okmob bvl iodh}okd

ijv |~ bkm tl bvl iodh}okd ijv }hl`+ J|v ilaajt

~|fcln}~ ok Okmob bvl vlwvl~lk}lm f b dvlb} bv`ji iokl tbvvojv~! thj hbyl hlawlm }j nhlne }hl

tj|am-fl okybmlv~ ji j|v ~hjvl~+ D|vehb~! ^oeh~!

bkm Wb}hbk~ hbyl ~hlm }hlov fajjm }hb} Ajkmjk

`odh} fl ~bil+ @jhb``lmbk! Hokm|! bkm Nhvo~-

}obk hbyl ibaalk ~oml f ~oml ok mlilknl ji }hl



oy JI B KB]OJK B] TBV 8?

aoflv}ol~ ji j|v vbnl+ ]ho~! O ~b! o~ b klt }hokd

ok j|vho~}jv+

Tl illa bmllwlklm ok}o`bn

to}h

}hl~l tomla ~|kmlvlm vbnl~5}hl mjòkojk~ jylv

}hl ~lb~ ~ll` kj i|v}hlv jii }hbk }hl klx} nj|k}+

]hl Dlv`bk~ wvlmon}lm }hb} }hl j|}fvlbe ji tbv

tj|am ~wao} }hl L`wovl ok}j ivbd`lk}~+ O} hb~

doylk }hl L`wovl b ~walkmom ~jaombvo} ~|nh b~

o} klylv flijvl wj~~l~~lm+ O} hb~ `bml |~ b

dvlb}lv kb}ojk! kj} ok }hl ~lk~l }hb} o} hb~ bmmlm

}j j|v mjòkojk~! f|} ok }hl mllwlv ~lk~l }hb} o}

hb~ nb|~lm j|v wjao}onba njk~noj|~kl~~ }j moab}l

}j }hl o`wlvoba ~nbal+ ]hl wjao}onba jvdbkosb}ojk

ji }hl L`wovl o~ bnr|ovokd b njvwjvb}l òkm! c|~}

b~ }hl `j}hlv nj|k}v bi}lv }hl mlilb} ji }hl

^wbko~h Bv`bmb btjel }j b klt njk~noj|~kl~~ ji

hlv kb}ojkba okmoyom|bao} bkm fldbk }j ekjt

hlv~lai ijv thb} ~hl tb~+

]hl wbvbaala o~ wvjij|kma ok}lvl~}okd+ O} }jje

}hl Lkdao~h wljwal `bk nlk}|vol~ }j mo~njylv

}hlov jtk nj|k}v+ ]hl Lkdao~h ok }hl vlodk ji

Hlkv YOOO hbm b ybd|lv kj}ojk ji Lkdabkm }hbk

tl hbyl ji Nbkbmb (ylv ilt hbm ~llk b `bw ji

Lkdabkm/ 5ji ^nj}abkm }hbk tl hbyl ji Nlajk 5

ji Ovlabkm }hbk tl hbyl ji Nlk}vba Bivonb+ F|}

c|~} b~ }hl~l ybd|l njknlw}ojk~ dbyl wabnl ok

nj|v~l ji }o`l }j yo~ojk bkm vlbaosb}ojk bkm

wb}voj}on ajyl ijv Lkdabkm! ~j kjt tl Fvo}o~h bvl

fldokkokd }j }hoke ji }hl L`wovl b~ ~j`l}hokd

`jvl }hbk b njki|~lm lx}lk~ojk ji j|v kb}ojkba

fj|kmbvol~! jv b~ b dvj|w ji bwwlkmbdl~ }j j|v

kb}ojkba hj`l+ ]hl L`wovl o~ flnjòkd j|v

nj|k}v! bk okhlvo}bknl ji thonh tl hbyl }j wvjyl



?7 ]HL NHBKDOKD @OKM oy

j|v~layl~ tjv}h! bkm tl bvl flnjòkd o}~ no}oslk~

ok hlbv} b~ tlaa b~ ok kb`l+ Kj} }hb} }hl nhbkdl

o~ bavlbm nj`wal}l jv lylk ylv ibv bmybknlm+

F|} kj naj~l jf~lvylv ji wvl~lk} }lkmlknol~ toaa

mj|f} }hb} }hl `jyl`lk} ji }hl kb}ojkba òkm

o~ ok }hl movln}ojk ji thonh O ~wlbe+ J|v o`wlvoba

~j|a o~ fldokkokd }j dlvòkb}l+ Oi }hl nhbkdl

njk}ok|l~ o}~ l}honba bkm ~wovo}|ba njk~lr|lknl~

toaa fl ylv dvlb}+

Ok njkklxojk to}h }ho~ lx}lk~ojk ji j|v kb}ojkba

njk~noj|~kl~~ jkl `b kj}l b} }hl wvl~lk} }o`l

~j`l n|voj|~ r|l~}ojkokd~ b`jkd }hj|dh}i|a `lk

b~ }j }hl flbvokd ji ml`jnvb}on }hljv jk j|v

o`wlvoba jfaodb}ojk~+ Tl nbaa j|v~layl~ b ml`j-

nvbn 5f|} }hlvl bvl `j`lk}~! lylk ok }hl nj|v~l

ji mlbaokd to}h mj`l~}on wvjfal`~! thlk tl iokm

o} hbvm }j vlnjknoal }hl ibn}~ to}h }hl }hljv+

Bkm }hl moiion|a} flnj`l~ dvlb}lv ok wvjwjv}ojk

b~

tl lx}lkm j|v }hj|dh}~ }j }hl o`wlvoba ~nbal+

Bnnjvmokd }j }hl ml`jnvb}on }hljv }hl wljwal

bvl }j fl njk~|a}lm b~ }j baa }hb} njknlvk~ }hlov

ok}lvl~}~+ Tlaa! }hlvl o~ kj}hokd }hb} njknlvk~

j|v ok}lvl~}~ r|o}l ~j mllwa b~ }hl lxo~}lknl ji

}hl L`wovl+ F|} thlk hb~ }hl wljwal fllk

njk~|a}lm ok }hl `b}}lv : Wvj|m b~ }hl Fvo}o~h

`b fl ji wj~~l~~okd bk l`wovl jk thonh }hl ~|k

klylv ~l}~! o} o~ nlv}bok }hb} }hl wljwal b~ b thjal

hbyl klylv fllk b~elm thl}hlv }hl to~hlm }j

wj~~l~~ ~|nh bk l`wovl jv kj}+ ]hl hbyl klylv

fllk b~elm hjt abvdl }hl to~hlm }hl L`wovl }j



oy JI B KB]OJK B] TBV ?2

fl5

jv thl}hlv }hl tj|am jv tj|am kj} fl

njk}lk} to}h~j`l}hokd

al~~ jvdvlb}lv+

Ok bk

bdl thlk baa }hokd~ wjao}onba bvl ~|wwj~lm }j fl

ml}lvòklm f yj}okd o} o~ b n|voj|~ novn|`~}bknl

}hb} }ho~! }hl dvlb}l~} ji wjao}onba r|l~}ojk~! hb~

klylv fllk yj}lm jk b} baa+ Kb `jvl+ ^j ibv b~

O ekjt! }hl Fvo}o~h wljwal hbyl klylv ~bom }j

}hl`~layl~! b~ }hl Dlv`bk~ hbyl vlnlk}a fllk

~bokd!$

Dj }j! kjt5

tjvam-mjòkojk ~hbaa fl

j|v~+$ O} tj|am }bx }hl ho~}jvobk }j iox }hl wlvojm

thlk }hl ml~odk ijv b tjvam-toml l`wovl flnb`l

b mlioko}l b`fo}ojk ji }hl Fvo}o~h wljwal+ ]v|l!

}hlvl hbyl fllk ~}b}l~`lk aoel }hl ab}l Ajvm

Flbnjk~iolam! jv Ajvm Nhb}hb` ok bk lbvaolv bdl!

thj `bml wabk~ ijv oknvlb~okd }hl mjòkojk~ ji

}hl Nvjtk+ F|} }hl wjw|abv toaa mom kj} jvodokb}l

}hl~l ml~odk~! `|nh b~ o} `b hbyl bwwab|mlm

}hl` thlk }hl hbm fllk nbvvolm j|} }hj|dh

lylk }ho~ hb~ kj} batb~ fllk }hl nb~l+ @jvljylv!

}hl njk}vja lxlvno~lm lylk f ~}b}l~`lk jylv }hl

wvjnl~~ ji o`wlvoba lxwbk~ojk hb~ fllk ji b mo~-

}okn}a wolnl`lba nhbvbn}lv+ B~ jkl bkklxb}ojk

ijaajtlm bkj}hlv kjkl ji j|v òko~}lv~ hb~ ijvl~llk

thlvl }hl wvjnl~~ tj|am lkm+ Kjkl ji }hl` hb~

hbm b yo~ojk ok bmybknl ji }hl L`wovl b~ o} lxo~}~

}j-mb ok lx}lk}! ok wjw|ab}ojk! bkm ok tlba}h+

B~ ^llal ajkd bdj wjok}lm j|}! tl hbyl njk-

r|lvlm hbai }hl tjvam ok b io} ji bf~lknl ji òkm+

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]j fldok to}h! }hlvl o~ }hl ibn} ~}bvokd |~ ok }hl

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~}bkm+ B~ }hl mjòkbk} ok}lvl~} ji kb}ojk~ bkm

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}vobao~` hb~ fllk |kbfal }j vl~}vbok }hl ijvnl~

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ok `|}|ba ml~}v|n}ojk+ ]hl lylk} hb~ wvjylm tl

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thlk |knhlnelm f j}hlv ijvnl~ `b fl b wj~o-

}oyl nb|~l ji tbv+

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b~ tl ~b!$

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}belk wabnl:

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l} flnj`l }v|a ok}lvkb}ojkba ok nhbvbn}lv :



oy JI B KB]OJK B] TBV ?4

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fl }hl njkylv~ojk ji }hl thjal h|`bk vbnl ok}j

b \koylv~ba Cjok} ^}jne Nj`wbk : Bvl tl! ok

b tjvm! }j njk}lk} j|v~layl~ to}h }hl ~|wwvl~~ojk

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~}okn} thonh }hl jam aldo~ab}ojk ~j|dh} }j vl~}vbok

f }hl nj``bkm$

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kb}ojkba tlba}h jk bvòl~ jv ijv}vl~~l~ jv iall}~+

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ji bk lkjv`j|~ b`j|k} ji tlba}h ho}hlv}j ~l}

b~oml ijv òao}bv w|vwj~l~+ ]hl dvlb}lv wbv} ji

}ho~ tlba}h tj|am iajt ok}j okm|~}voba nhbkkla~+

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f }tlk} òaaojk~ ji `lk+ ]ho~ o~ b wvj~wln}

}hb} j|dh} }j `bel }hl `j|}h~ tb}lv ji }hj~l thj




}hoke }hb} okm|~}voba tlba}h o~ }hl ij|kmb}ojk ji

h|`bkdjjm+

Dvlb} Fvo}bok! Ivbknl! V|~~ob! Dlv`bk! }hl

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vbnl tlaa-jii+

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ok }hl kb}ojk~ }hl`~layl~+

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vl`bve `bml }j `l f bk B`lvonbk ~}b}l~`bk

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nhlne~

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ojj ]HL NHBKDOKD @OKM oy

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nj|am jka fl vlylbalm f o}~ }vo|`wh+ ^lamj`!

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lk}lvwvo~l jk thonh tlbvl

lkdbdlm! tl }hvjt|wjk j|v ilaajt yon}o`~ }hl fab`l ijv }hl nj``jk

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j|v~layl~ }hlvlijvl }hl bvl vl~wjk~ofal ijv j|v

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thj ok }hl faokmkl~~ ji }hlov ml~wbov ilaa |wjk }hl

iov~}-nab~~

wb~~lkdlv~

bkm }jvl }hl` }j wolnl~+

Ok ~hjv}! }hl nj``jk w|v~|o} ji tlba}h o~ kj}

b h|`bk fjkm+ O} albm~ }j }hl okylk}ojk ji

~nhl`l~ bkm `bnhoklv ji lylv eokm `b}lvoba!

wjao}onba! bkm ~jnoba5 f|}! ji o}~lai! o} nbk klylv

albm }j }hl yo}ba jvdbkosb}ojk ji `bkeokm+ Kb

vb}hlv! ok ~wo}l ji baa }hb} hb~ fllk ~bom ji o}~

|koiokd }lkmlkn! tl nbkkj} mj|f} }hb} o}~

iokba tjveokd o~ }j mo~ok}ldvb}l }hl nj``|ko}+

^llelv~ ji f|volm }vlb~|vl okybvobfa r|bvvla

b`jkd }hl`~layl~! ijv vlb~jk~ thonh bvl `bkoil~}

}j b nhoam+ ]hl `b bvvbkdl }hl `j~} lr|o}bfal

~nhl`l ijv }hl moyo~ojk ji }hl ~wjoa~! bkm ~lba }hlov

`|}|ba ajba} to}h ilbvi|a jb}h~! f|} flijvl }hl

yjbdl o~ jylv }hl nbw}bok toaa fl b} }hl bvm-

bv` bkm }hl mlne toaa fl ~aowwlv to}h }hl fajjm

ji hbai }hl nvlt+ Thl}hlv }hl ~boa |kmlv }hl

Cjaa Vjdlv! jv |kmlv }hl vlm lk~odk ji okm|~}voba

noyoaosb}ojk! `bel~ ao}}al moiilvlknl+ Thl}hlv }hl




~wjoa fl f|volm ok b wovb}l$~ nbylvk jv ok }hl

|klxwajo}lmvl~j|vnl~ ji }hl

lbv}h!o} baa

nj`l~}j

}hl ~b`l }hokd+

Kjv `|~} tl ijvdl} }hb} }hl mo~v|w}oyl }lk-

mlknol~ ji w|vl okm|~}vobao~` hbyl ho}hlv}j fllk

abvdla hlam ok nhlne f òao}bvo~` o}~lai+ ]hlvl

nbk hbvma fl b mj|f} }hb} ijv `bk lbv~ wb~}

}hl nj``jk ilbv ji ijvlodk bddvl~~ojk bkm }hl

nj``jk kllm ji flokd wvlwbvlm ijv o} hbyl wablm

b ylv njk~omlvbfal wbv}! bdbok~} njk}vbv ijvnl~

tjveokd ivj` to}hok! ok `bok}bokokd }hl njhl~ojk

ji lylv jkl ji }hl dvlb} ^}b}l~ kjt b} tbv+

Bkm oi }hl r|l~}ojk tlvl vbo~lm! ok thonh ji }hl

dvlb} nj``|ko}ol~ ji }hl `jmlvk tjvam hbyl }hl

~odk~ ji lnjkjòn mo~v|w}ojk fllk `j~} bf|kmbk}!

~hj|am tl kj} hbyl }j wjok} ijv bk~tlv }j }hb}

nj|k}v thonh o~ b} jknl }hl tlba}hol~} bkm }hl

alb~} `lkbnlm f ijvlodk tbv! bkm thlvl baa

nab~~l~ hbyl }hl abvdl~} ~hbvl ji }ho~ tjvam$~ djjm~

}hl \ko}lm ^}b}l~ :

F }ho~ }o`l tl bvl baa bdvllm bfj|} jkl }hokd 3

òao}bvo~` O `lbk }hl eokm ji òao}bvo~` ok

thonh Dlv`bk hb~ ~l} }hl lxb`wal `|~} dj+

Thl}hlv b kjfalv òao}bvo~` `b bvo~l hlvlbi}lv

o~ b r|l~}ojk 3 f|} ji }ho~ eokm tl hbyl hbm

lkj|dh bkm `jvl }hbk lkj|dh+ F|} al} |~ fl

|kmlv kj mla|~ojk b~ }j }hl ~lr|la+ Thlkòao}bvo~` djl~ }hl nhlne toaa fl vl`jylm thonh

hb~ ~j ibv wvlylk}lm okm|~}vobao~` ivj` wvj-

m|nokd o}~ fo}}lvl~} iv|o}~+ Oi! }hlvlijvl! }hl tbv

`lvla olam~ }hl kldb}oyl vl~|a} ji ml~}vjokd

òao}bvo~`! tl `b ab j|v bnnj|k} to}h }hl



276 NHBKDOKD @OKM JI B KB]OJK B] TBV oy

nlv}bok} }hb} }hlvl bvl l} dvlb}lv }vj|fal~ ok

~}jvl ijv }hl tjvam+

F|} }hlvl o~ dvj|km ijv hjwl ok }hl ylv `bdko-

}|ml ji }hl wvl~lk} nbabò}+ Al} `l vlòkm j|

ji ~j`l}hokd O hbyl bavlbm `lk}ojklm ok bkj}hlv

njkklxojk 3 O `lbk }hl tb ok thonh }hl al~~jk~

ji }hl tbv bvl njòkd ~o`|a}bklj|~a }j yb~}

`|a}o}|ml~ ji wlv~jk~+ Bwwa }hb} }j }hl òkm

ji L|vjwl b~ b thjal+ Baa }hl kb}ojk~ okyjaylm

ok }hl ~}v|ddal bvl albvkokd }hl ~b`l al~~jk b} }hl

~b`l }o`l+ Baa bvl lkdbdlm }jdl}hlv ok }hl fo}}lv

f|} ~ba|}bv wvjnl~~ ji mo~njylvokd }hlov ~j|a~+

B wolnl`lba vlwlk}bknl ji }hl kb}ojk~! ijaajtokd

b ~lvol~ ji wbv}oba njkiaon}~! òdh} liiln} ylv ao}}al5

b ~o`|a}bklj|~ vlwlk}bknl! o`wj~lm f b tjvam-

tbv! `b liiln} b dvlb} mlba+

Thb}lylv klt to~mj`! thb}lylv yo~ojk ji }hl

tlbe ~wj} ok noyoaosb}ojk bvl njòkd }j j|v~layl~

b~ b vl~|a} ji }hl tbv! tl `b fl ylv ~|vl }hb}

}hl ~b`l to~mj`! }hl ~b`l yo~ojk! bvl njòkd! ok

}hl ~b`l tb! }j j|vbaaol~

bkm }j j|v lklòl~+Vlbaosokd }ho~! `b tl kj} flaolyl }hb} flklb}h

}hl iolvnl bkm fajjm jwwj~o}ojk~ ji }hl hj|v

b wvjij|km wvoknowal ji |ko} o~ b} tjve :



TBV BKM HB]VLM 2

F_ D+ I+ ^]J\]

THB] o~ }hl vlba b}}o}|ml ji }hj~l thj nbaa

}hl`~layl~ Nhvo~}obk~ bkm wvjil~~ }j bnnlw} }hl

}lbnhokd ji }hl Klt ]l~}b`lk} }jtbvm~ }hl ^lv-

`jk jk }hl @j|k} bkm l~wlnobaa }jtbvm~ ~|nh

wvlnlw}~ b~$

Ajyl j|v lklòl~$

: ]hb} }hlvl

o~ hlvl b h|dl bkm ~}bv}aokd moylvdlknl fl}tllk

}hljv bkm wvbn}onl ~ll`~ |kmlkobfal+ O} o~

lr|baa nalbv }hb} }hl moylvdlknl o~ kj} `lvla

ji }hl eokm thonh |kbyjombfa ~lwbvb}l~ `jvba

omlba~ ivj` }hl bn}|ba njkm|n} ji o`wlviln} h|`bk

flokd~+ Ijv }ho~ jka `lbk~ }hb}! flnb|~l ji }hl

ivboa} ji h|`bk kb}|vl! tl nbkkj}! lylk to}h j|v

fl~} lkmlbyj|v~! aoyl |w }j }hl alyla ji }hl `jvba

omlba5

o} mjl~ kj} `lbk }hb} tl vli|~l ~oknlvla

}j vlnjdkosl }hl omlba b~ b wvbn}onba d|oml b~

b ~}bkmbvm }j thonh djjm `lk toaa lkmlbyj|v }j

njkijv` }hlov bn}ojk~ b~ ibv b~ aol~ ok }hlov wjtlv+

F|} }hl wvlnlw}$

Ajyl j|v lklòl~$

mjl~ kj}

~ll` }j fl dlklvbaa vlnjdkoslm ok }ho~ tb b~

b wvbn}onba d|oml bòm }hl ~}vl~~ bkm ~}vbok ji

mboa aoil+ O} o~ kj} lylk dlklvbaa bwwlbalm }j

b~ b ~}bkmbvm ijv bwwvjyokd jv njkml`kokd }hl

jvmokbv flhbyoj|v ji `lk+ O} o~ kj} liiln}oyla

2@ okmlf}lmkl~~ ok }ho~ Wbwlv }j Fo~hjw F|}alv toaa fl

jfyoj|~ }j baa thj ekjt ho~ ~lv`jk~ jk$

Vl~lk}`lk}$

bkm

jk$

]hl Ijvdoylkl~~ ji Okc|vol~ $+



27= TBV BKM HB]VLM y

~bkn}ojklm f w|faon jwokojk bkm ~lk}o`lk}+ Oi

tl okr|ovl th }ho~ o~ ~j! }hlvl bwwlbv }j fl }tj

bk~tlv~! ybd|la bkm njki|~lma |kmlvaokd }hl

wj~o}ojk ji nj``jk ~lk~l+ ]hl iov~} o~ }hb} bk

~|~}boklm liijv} }j w|v~|l }hl omlba |kmlv }hl

bn}|ba njkmo}ojk~ ji h|`bk aoil o~ ~j o`wj~~ofal

}hb} o} o~ |~lal~~ }j b}}l`w} o}+ ]hl ~lnjkm o~

}hb} oi tl mom ~|nnllm ok ajyokd j|v lklòl~ bkm

ok bn}okd b~ oi tl ajylm }hl`! }hl vl~|a} tj|am

fl mo~b~}vj|~5}hl djjm tj|am fl lxwj~lm to}hj|}

mlilknl }j }hl ijvnl~ ji lyoa bkm aoil tj|am kj

ajkdlv fl tjv}h aoyokd+ Ijv jkl jv fj}h ji }hl~l

vlb~jk~ o} ~ll`~ }j fl }bno}a b~~|`lm }hb} ok

wvbn}onl tl bvl c|~}oiolm ok ~l}}okd b~oml }hl wvlnlw}$

Ajyl j|v lklòl~$

bkm ok ~|f~}o}|}okd ijv o}

}hl wvlnlw}$

Ajyl j|v ivolkm~ bkm hb}l j|v

lklòl~ $+ B} }hl ~b`l }o`l o} o~ dlklvbaa

dvbk}lm }hb} |kmlv njkmo}ojk~ moiilvlk} ivj` j|v~

}hl v|al ji ajyl tj|am fl |koylv~baa bwwaonbfal+

F|} }ho~ njknl~~ojk }|vk~ j|} jk lxbòkb}ojk }j

`lbk ylv ao}}al+ Ijv }hl ~}b}l ji }hokd~ njk}l`-wab}lm |kmlv thonh tl òdh} fl vlb~jkbfa

lxwln}lm }j ajyl j|v lklòl~ ~ll`~ }j fl jkl

|kmlv thonh j|v lklòl~ tj|am fl wvlwbvlm }j

ajyl |~ jv òdh} lb~oa fl okm|nlm }j ajyl |~! bkm

}ho~ ba`j~} b`j|k}~ }j ~bokd }hb} tl nbk jka

flvlb~jkbfa vlr|ovlm

}j ajyl j|v lklòl~ thlk

}hlvl bvl kj lklòl~ ijv |~ }j ajyl+

]ho~ njkiaon} fl}tllk }hljv bkm wvbn}onl

vl`bok~ ijv }hl `j~} wbv} okbv}on|ab}l bkm ~|f-

njk~noj|~+ ]hlvl o~ ab}lk} |klb~okl~~5

f|} }hl

wvjfal` o~ kj} mlioko}la ibnlm lylk f }hj|dh}i|a

`lk+ ]j fvokd o} ok}j nalbv njk~noj|~kl~~ b ~wlnoba



y TBV BKM HB]VLM 27<

nvo~o~ o~ vlr|ovlm+ Ijv `bk ji |~ }hl wvl~lk} tbv

to}h o}~ wboki|a oknomlk}~ bkm nj`waonb}ojk~ hb~

hbm }ho~ liiln}+ Kjv o~ o} moiion|a} }j ~ll th }ho~

~hj|am fl ~j+ Ok tbv! jv! b} bk vb}l! ok ~|nh b tbv

b~ }ho~! tl mlyj}l baa j|v lklvdol~ }j }hl }b~e ji

okiaon}okd h|v}! aj~~! bkm ml~}v|n}ojk jk }hl lkl`!

bkm hl ok ho~ }|vk mlyj}l~ baa ho~ lklvdol~ }j }hl

}b~e ji okiaon}okd h|v}! aj~~! bkm ml~}v|n}ojk jk |~+

Klo}hlv ~oml! o} tj|am ~ll`! nbk mj }ho~ liionolk}a

to}hj|} flokd ~|~}boklm f ~}vjkd bkm lkm|vokd

illaokd+ F|} }ho~ illaokd nbk ~nbvnla wbv}bel ji

}hl kb}|vl ji ajyl+ O} `|~}! o} tj|am ~ll`! fl bk

l`j}ojk }hl vlylv~l ji }ho~+ Thl}hlv bkm ok thb}

~lk~l }hlvl nbk fl bk l`j}ojk jwwj~lm }j ajyl

thonh o~ l} kj} omlk}oiolm to}h hb}l! o~ b r|l~}ojk

thonh O ~hbaa hbyl }j mo~n|~~ ab}lv jk+ Ok bk nb~l!

o} toaa ~nbvnla fl mlkolm }hb} }hl bn}|ba illaokd

dlklvb}lm lylk ok djjm bkm tlaa-`lbkokd `lk f~|nh njkmo}ojk~ b~ }hj~l ji }hl wvl~lk} tbv bvl

}j b abvdl lx}lk} }j fl nab~~lm b~ illaokd~ ji hb}vlm+

Thlk }hl lkl` o~ hlam }j hbyl fllk d|oa}

ji nv|la bkm okh|`bk njkm|n} njk}vbv }j }hl

vlnjdkoslm |~bdl ji noyoaoslm tbvibvl! o} ~ll`~ }j

fl ~}oaa `jvl o`wj~~ofal }j `bel bk wvl}lknl ji

ajyokd }hl lkl` jv ji mjokd bk}hokd f|} hb}l

}hl lkl`+ Hjt nbk tl ajyl }hl b|}hjv~ bkm

wlvwl}vb}jv~ji

}hl Fladobk b}vjno}ol~:

Kj} jkao~ }ho~ b}}o}|ml vldbvmlm b~ oklyo}bfal ok tbv f|}

o} o~ ba~j ila} }j fl c|~}oiobfal ok b ~wlnoba tb f}hl ~wlnoba njkmo}ojk~+ O} o~ }belk }j fl c|~}oiobfal

ijv vlb~jk~ thonh bvl kj} ok dlklvba bwwaonbfal

}j ~o`oabv vlab}ojk~ fl}tllk wvoyb}l okmoyom|ba~+

Jkl vlb~jk o~ }hb} b okmoyom|ba o~ ok }hl



279 TBV BKM HB]VLM y

`bok wvj}ln}lm bdbok~} }hl dvj~~lv ijv`~ ji okc|v

f

}hl ~jnoba jvmlv ji }hl nj``|ko} }j thonh

hl flajkd~! f o}~ abt~ bkm ok~}o}|}ojk~! bkm f

w|faon jwokojk bkm ~lk}o`lk}5

}j }ho~ lx}lk} hl

hb~ kj kllm }j }bel }hl abt ok}j ho~ jtk hbkm~+

Ok tbv }ho~ kj ajkdlv hjam~ djjm+ Tl ~ll` ok

tbv }j fl vlm|nlm }j }hl wj~o}ojk ji bko`ba~ thj

hbyokd movln}a }j vlwla hbv` bkm bddvl~~ojk

}hl`~layl~! kllm ijv }hb} lkm }hl wvoò}oyl bkm

ok~}okn}oyl l`j}ojk ji faokm bkdlv thonh o`wla~

}hl` }j h|v} bkm ml~}vj okmo~nvoòkb}la }hl

lklòl~ thj }hvlb}lk }hlov jtk ml~}v|n}ojk+ O}

o~ }v|l }hb} ok tbv }hlvl o~ ~j`l wvj}ln}ojk bdbok~}

nlv}bok ijv`~ ji okc|v ok thb} o~ nbaalm }hl

l~}bfao~hlm |~bdl ji noyoaoslm tbvibvl+ F|} b~ tlekjt f vlnlk} lxwlvolknl! }ho~ ~bild|bvm nbkkj}

fl ~bila vlaolm jk5bkm o} o~ c|~} thlk lylk }ho~

~lò-aldba wvj}ln}ojk iboa~! }hb} tl }lkm }j doyl

i|aa wab }j }hl illaokd ji hb}vlm jv bkbajdj|~

illaokd~! to}h }hl ~lk~l }hb} tl bvl vodh} ok ~j

mjokd+ Bkj}hlv jfyoj|~ vlb~jk th tl kb}|vbaa

vldbvm hb}vlm ji j|v lklòl~ b~ l~wlnobaa c|~}oiolm

ok }hl nb~l ji tbv o~ }hb} hlvl o} o~ kj} j|v jtk

wvoyb}l okc|vol~ thonh tl vl~lk} f|} okc|vol~ mjkl

}j }hl thjal nj``|ko} ji thonh tl bvl `l`flv~+

Tl bvl ~j `|nh ok }hl hbfo} ji njkkln}okd thb}

o~

`jvbaa tvjkdto}h ~laio~hkl~~ }hb}

thlk}hlvl

o~ kj ~laio~hkl~~! tl }lkm }j b~~|`l }hb} }hlvl

nbk fl kj}hokd tvjkd jv b} bk vb}l kj}hokd

~lvoj|~a tvjkd+ I|v}hlv! b flklyjalk} mo~wj~o}ojk

}jtbvm~ }hl nj``jk lkl` o~ ila} b~ mo~ajba}

}j j|v jtk wljwal+ O} }lkm~ }j btbelk okmodkb}ojk

jv mo~d|~} b~ vlylbaokd b tbk} ji wb}voj}o~`+ Jk



y TBV BKM HB]VLM 274

}hl j}hlv hbkm! }hl `j~} |k~wbvokd hb}vlm ji }hl

nj``jk lkl`! }hj|dh tl `b `jvl jv al~~

njkml`k o} jk j}hlv dvj|km~! o~ b} alb~} bwwvjylm

b~ bk lxwvl~~ojk ji wb}voj}o~` 5bkm wb}voj}o~` o~

b yov}|l ji baa j}hlv~ `j~} o`wjv}bk} bkm okmo~wlk~-

bfal ok }o`l ji tbv+ Hlknl lylk }hj|dh tl njk-

ml`k baa hb}vlm b~ ~|nh! l} oi tl nbkkj} hbyl }hl

`j~} ok}lk~l bkm liionolk} wb}voj}o~` to}hj|} o} tl

illa c|~}oiolm ok wvlilvvokd }hl }tj }jdl}hlv+

^|nh njk~omlvb}ojk~ b~ }hl~l ~ll` }j `bel b

~}vjkd nb~l ijv vldbvmokd hb}l! jv b} alb~} ~j`l

l`j}ojk l~~lk}obaa beok }j o}! b~ bk b}}o}|ml thonh

`b fl ji}lk fj}h |kbyjombfal bkm c|~}oiobfal ok

mlbaokd to}h j|v lklòl~! bkm `jvl l~wlnobaa to}h

}hl lklòl~ ji j|v nj|k}v ok }o`l ji tbv+ Kjkl}hl al~~ o} vl`bok~ }v|l }hb} }ho~ b}}o}|ml o~! wvo`b

ibnol! ylv hbvm }j vlnjknoal to}h }hl ~wovo} bkm

}lkmlkn ji Nhvo~}obk `jvbao}! bkm wbv}on|abva

to}h ~|nh wvlnlw}~ b~$

Ajyl j|v lklòl~5

fal~~

}hl` }hb} n|v~l j| 5mj djjm }j }hl` }hb}

ml~wo}li|aa |~l j| bkm wlv~ln|}l j|$+ Hlknlbaa ji |~ thj! thb}lylv `b fl j|v yolt ji }hl

mjd`b~ ji Nhvo~}obk ]hljajd! bdvll ok bnnlw}okd

}hl `jvba }lbnhokd ji Nhvo~} b~ lxwvl~~okd }hl

hodhl~} h|`bk omlba! bvl wabnlm ok b moiion|a}

wj~o}ojk+ O} ajje~ aoel b `lvl lyb~ojk bkm kj}

b ~ja|}ojk ji }ho~moiion|a}

}j njk}lk} j|v~layl~

to}h ~bokd }hb} }hl Nhvo~}obk omlba! }hj|dh o}

o~ ok o}~lai }hl hodhl~}! nbkkj} bkm j|dh} kj} }j

fl w|v~|lm |kmlv }hl bn}|ba njkmo}ojk~ ji h|`bk

aoil+ ]hlvl bvl kj} }tj vlab}oyla okmlwlkmlk} bkm

~lwbvb}l eokm~ ji }v|}h! }hl }hljvl}onba bkm }hl

wvbn}onba+ Thb} o~ iba~l ok wvbn}onl `|~}! }j



oj8 TBV BKM HB]VLM y

}hb} lx}lk}! fl iba~l ok }hljv ba~j+ ]hl hodhl~}

omlba o~ }hl omlba thonh tlj|dh}

}j lkmlbyj|v }j

w|v~|l |kmlv baa vlalybk} njkmo}ojk~+ ]hlvl o~

lyomlknl }hb} }ho~ o~ vlnjdkoslm f ~j`l Nhvo~}obk~

thj lk}lv}bok kj `o~doyokd b~ }j }hl vodh}lj|~kl~~

ji }hl wvl~lk} tbv! bkm thj bvl njkyoknlm ji }hl

klnl~~o} ji wvj~ln|}okd o} to}h }hl |}`j~} slba bkm

lklvd! bkm l}! b} }hl ~b`l }o`l! illa }hb} o} o~

hbvm jv o`wj~~ofal }j mj ~j thoal vl}bokokd ijv

}hl lkl` bk}hokd beok }j b Nhvo~}obk mo~wj~o}ojk+

Tl hbyl hlvl! wlvhbw~! }hl `j~} i|kmb`lk}ba

vlb~jk th ~j`l njk~nolk}oj|~ `lk thj! ok dlklvba!

flaolyl ok wvblv bkm ok }hl liionbn ji wvblv!

kjkl }hl al~~ ~hvoke ivj` wvbokd ijv }hl mlilb}

ji }hl lkl` ok tbv+ J}hlv dvj|km~ bvl w|}

ijvtbvm! f|} }hl ~ll` ybaom ok }ho~ wbv}on|abv

nb~l jka oi }hl bvl ybaom bdbok~} wvblv ok

dlklvba+ O} o~ |vdlm! ijv ok~}bknl! }hb} Djm njk}vja~

}hl nj|v~l ji lylk}~ ok bnnjvmbknl to}h Ho~ jtk

to~mj` bkm djjmkl~~! bkm }hb} o} o~ }hlvlijvl

b i|}oal o`wlv}oklknl }j b}}l`w} }j movln} Ho~

bn}oyo} }j thb} tl lvvokd `jv}ba~ }hoke fl~}!

hjtlylv ~oknlvl bkm tlaa-`lbkokd tl `b fl+

Bk wl}o}ojk! o} o~ ~bom! thonh o~ ijv j|v jtk lkm~

o~ njkml`klm ok bmybknl! ok ~j ibv b~ j|v jtk lkm~

bvl kj} Ho~ lkm~5bkm ok ~j ibv b~ }hl mj njoknoml

to}h Ho~ }hl wl}o}ojko~

~|wlvia|j|~+ ]belk ~}von}a!

}ho~ bvd|`lk} tj|am n|} b} }hl vjj} kj} jka ji baa

wvblv f|} ji baa h|`bk bn}oyo}+ Ijv thb}lylv

lkm~ tl w|v~|l bkm f thb}lylv `lbk~! o} o~

batb~ wj~~ofal }hb} j|v bo` mjl~ kj} njoknoml

to}h }hl moyokl w|vwj~l+ O} tj|am ijaajt! oi }hl



y TBV BKM HB]VLM 27?

bvd|`lk} tlvl ~j|km! }hb} }hl }v|a vlaodoj|~

b}}o}|ml tj|am fl }j ~o} ~}oaa to}h j|v hbkm~

ijamlm bkm al} lylk}~ }bel }hlov nj|v~l+ ]hl

ibaabn aol~ ho }hl b~~|`w}ojk }hb} thb} o~ fl~}

ok `b}}lv~ thonh njknlvk h|`bk flokd~ o~ ml}lv-

òklm okmlwlkmlk}a ji }hl }hj|dh}~ bkm illaokd~

ji }hl h|`bk flokd~ }hl`~layl~+ Ok wbv}on|abv!

o} aol~ ok }hl b~~|`w}ojk }hb} thb} o~ fl~} ijv |~

bkm ijv }hl tjvam `|~} fl ml}lvòklm r|o}l

okmlwlkmlk}a ji thl}hlv tl wvb ijv o} jv kj}+

Bkj}hlv vlb~jk |vdlm bdbok~} wvbokd ijv ~|nnl~~

ok tbv o~ }hb} djjm `lk jk }hl j}hlv ~oml bvl

wvbokd ijv }hlov jtk ~|nnl~~ bkm ijv j|v mlilb}

to}h b nalbv njk~nolknl bkm i|aa flaoli ok }hl

vodh}lj|~kl~~ ji }hlov nb|~l+ Thb} hb~ fllknbaalm

$

}hl ~wln}bnal ji ~lvoj|~ `lk ok jwwj~o}l

nb`w~ vbo~okd }hlov nj`wl}o}oyl wvblv~ }j }hl

jkl Djm$ `b tlaa bwwlbv }j vlm|nl }j bk

bf~|vmo} }hl wvblv~ jk fj}h ~oml~+ _l} O mj

kj} ~ll }hb} }ho~ njk~omlvb}ojk hb~ bk vlba tlodh}+

Ijv o} o~ kj} b~~lv}lm }hb} djjm `lk j|dh} }jvlivbok ivj` |~okd j}hlv tb~ ji w|v~|okd thb}

}hl bvl ~oknlvla njkyoknlm o~ b djjm lkm! `lvla

flnb|~l j}hlv djjm `lk to}h lr|ba ~oknlvo} bvl

jwwj~lm }j }hl`+ O nbk iokm kj njdlk} vlb~jk

ijv `beokd bk lxnlw}ojk ok }hl nb~l ji wvblv+

]hl |~l ji

wvblvok b

wvjwlv ~wovo} nbk!b}

alb~}!mj

kj hbv`+ I|v}hlv! o} o~ }j fl vl`l`flvlm }hb}

thlk wvblv o~ jiilvlm ok b vodh} ~wovo}! baa ~wlnoba

wl}o}ojk~ hbyl flhokm }hl` }hb} dlklvba b}}o}|ml ji

òkm thonh o~ lxwvl~~lm ok }hl tjvm~$

]h Toaa

fl mjkl $+ ^j ibv b~ }ho~ o~ ~j }hl bdvll`lk} o~



kj TBV BKM HB]VLM y

`jvl i|kmb`lk}ba }hbk }hl jwwj~o}ojk+ ]hl vlba

moiion|a} ila} f }lkmlv njk~nolknl~ ok wvbokd ijv

~|nnl~~ ok tbv ~ll`~ }j `l }j fl ji b moiilvlk}

kb}|vl+ Thb} hjam~ }hl` fbne o~ }hlov ~lk~l

}hb} }hl nbkkj} wvb ok }hb} ~wovo} thonh tj|am

bajkl `bel }hlov wvblv~ bnnlw}bfal! bkm }hb} }hl

nbkkj} lylk wvlyboa jk }hl`~layl~ }j `bel b ~oknlvl

liijv} }j b}}bok }ho~ ~wovo}+ ]hl illa }hb} }hl

nbkkj} bwwlba }j Djm }j fl jk }hlov ~oml |kal~~!

ok ~j ibv b~ aol~ ok }hlov wjtlv! }hl ok }hl ~b`l

bn} lkmlbyj|v }j wabnl }hl`~layl~ jk }hl ~oml ji

Djm! }j njkijv` }hlov toaa bkm }hlov thjal `lk}ba

b}}o}|ml }j Ho~ toaa b~ movln}lm }j thb} o~ hodhl~}

bkm fl~}+ F|} hjt o~ }ho~ wj~~ofal thlk }hl kj}

jka njk}ok|l }j hbvfj|v ok }hlov hlbv} iolvnl bkml`fo}}lvlm l`j}ojk~! thonh bwwlbv ovvlnjknoabfal

to}h }hl wvlnlw} $Ajyl j|v lkl`ol~$! f|} naokd

}j }hl` ok ~|nh b tb }hb} }hl nbkkj} to}hj|}

hwjnvo~ wvl}lkm }j }v }j ab }hl` b~oml jv

lylk wvb ijv mlaoylvbknl ivj` }hl` : ]hl illa

}hb} |kmlv ~|nh njkmo}ojk~ }hl tj|am fl bwwlbaokdkj} }j }hl }v|l Djm f|} }j ~j`l wbv}o~bk mlo}

~|nh b~ }hl Ebo~lv `|~} hbyl hbm ok yolt thlk hl

~wjel ji Djm b~$

}hl njk~}bk} baa ji Wv|~~ob |kmlv

}hl Dvlb} Laln}jv bkm }hl Dvlb} Eokd $+

Al} o} fl i|aa |kmlv~}jjm }hb} O b` kj} hlvl

lxwvl~~okd bkyolt

njknlvkokd}hl

c|~}oionb}ojkji wvblv jv }hl liionbn ji wvblv! jv njknlvkokd

Nhvo~}obk mjn}vokl jv Nhvo~}obk `jvbao}+ F|} oi

tl albyl ~|nh r|l~}ojk~ lk}ovla jk jkl ~oml! }hl

njknlw}ojk ji wvblv b} alb~} ~|wwaol~ |~ to}h b

|~li|a `jml ji bwwvjbnhokd j|v wvl~lk} wvjfal`+



y TBV BKM HB]VLM ok

Ijv kj illaokd~ nbk fl vodh} illaokd~ thonh ok }hl

nb~l ji b `bk thj vlbaa flaolyl~ ok wvblv tj|am

vodh}a mlfbv ho` ivj` ~lleokd ok ho~ lx}vl`l

kllm }hl hlaw ji b Wjtlv thj` hl vldbvm~ b~ baa

to~l bkm baa djjm+ Tl `b! }hlk! w|} j|v

r|l~}ojk }h|~ 3 Hjt ibv o~ o} }v|l }hb} illaokd~

ji hb}vlm jv illaokd~ ok bk tb beok }j hb}vlm

j|dh} }j wvl~lk} b fbvvolv ji }ho~ eokm : O} o~ }v|l

}hb} thb} tl dbok f }ho~ `jml ji ~}b}okd }hl

r|l~}ojk o~ jka b wjok} ji yolt thonh hlaw~ |~ }j

dvbwwal to}h o} lbvkl~}a bkm }hjvj|dha to}hj|}

okm|adokd ok tlbe bkm oaajdonba nj`wvjò~l+ O}

mjl~ kj} movln}a fvokd |~ bk klbvlv }j b ~ja|}ojk+

Ijv ok jvmlv }j ml}lvòkl thb} o~ bnnlw}bfal }j

Djm tl `|~} iov~} ml}lvòkl thb} o~ djjm+ J|vnj|v~l tj|am okmllm fl wabok oi tl nj|am }bel

~|nh wvlnlw}~ b~ $Ajyl j|v lklòl~$! ~j }j ~wlbe

b} }hlov ibnl yba|l bkm }vlb} }hl` to}hj|} i|v}hlv

mo~n|~~ojk jv ok}lvwvl}b}ojk b~ iokbaa b|}hjvo}b}oyl+

F|} lylk }hljajdobk~! b~ ~|nh! ijv }hl `j~} wbv}

vli|~l }j mj }ho~+ ^}oaa al~~ o~ o} bmò~~ofal }hb}O ~hj|am mj ~j+ Ijv O b` }vokd }j mlba to}h }hl

wvjfal` jk o}~ jtk ok}vok~on `lvo}~ to}hj|} bwwlba

}j b|}hjvo}+ ]ho~ flokd ~j O nbk wvjnllm jka

ok jkl tb+ O `|~} fldok f b~eokd thb} vlb~jk~

}hlvl bvl ijv hjamokd }hb} hb}vlm bkm eokmvlm

l`j}ojk~ bvl lyoa5

}hlk ok }hlaodh}

ji }hl~l

vlb~jk~ O `|~} b}}l`w} }j ml}lvòkl ok thb}

~lk~l bkm to}hj|} thb} aoò}~! oi }hlvl fl bk

aoò}~! }hl dlklvba wvoknowal hjam~ djjm+ Hlvl tl

`b ajje ijv ~j`l hlaw }j }hl dvlb} whoaj~jwhlv~+

Ijv ~j`l ji }hl~l hbyl `bok}boklm! jk okmlwlkmlk}



H6 TBV BKM HB]VLM y

dvj|km~! }hl Nhvo~}obk mjn}vokl ok o}~ dlklvba

~wovo} bkm }lkmlkn+ Wab}j! ijv ok~}bknl! hjam~

iovà }hb} }hl `bxo` o~ lk}ovla tvjkd thonh

fom~ |~ mj djjm }j j|v ivolkm~ bkm hbv` }j j|v

lklòl~+ ]hl vodh}lj|~ `bk! hl ok~o~}~! toaa ok baa

nb~l~ bo` jka b} mjokd djjm! thl}hlv }j lklòl~

jv ivolkm~+ ^wokjsb! }jj! ab~ mjtk }hl wvoknowal

}hb}$

baa hb}vlm o~ lyoa $! bkm lylk b}}l`w}~ }j

ml`jk~}vb}l o} aoel b wvjwj~o}ojk ok L|naom+ ]hlvl

o~ b Nhvo~}obk whoaj~jwhlv! Fo~hjw F|}alv! thj hb~

doylk |~ bk bmòvbfal mo~n|~~ojk ji }hl thjal

~|fcln} jk vb}ojkba dvj|km~+

B} }ho~ wjok} O `|~} wvlwbvl }hl dvj|km ijv

i|v}hlv bmybknl f lxwvl~~okd `jvl lxbn}a }hl

kb}|vl ji }hl wvjfal`+ ^j ibv! }hl r|l~}ojk O hbylvbo~lm o~ thl}hlv hb}vlm bkm eokmvlm l`j}ojk~ bvl

ok baa nb~l~ lyoa+ F|} }hl }lkmlkn ji jvmokbv

abkd|bdl o~ }j b~~jnob}l }hl ylv tjvm! hb}vlm!

to}h ~j`l ijv` ji fbm illaokd+ Ivj` }ho~ wjok}

ji yolt! }j b~e }hl r|l~}ojk! Nbk hb}vlm lylv fl

djjm:

~j|km~aoel

b~eokd thl}hlv thb}o~

fbmnbk fl djjm+ F|} }hl vlba o~~|l nbk lb~oa fl

~}b}lm ~j b~ }j byjom }ho~ wbvbmjx+ ]hlvl o~

b nlv}bok wvoò}oyl bkm ok~}okn}oyl l`j}ojk nbaalm

bkdlv! nj``jk }j `bk bkm bko`ba~5

ok bko`ba~!

o} }lkm~ }j fl lxno}lm f ~|nh njkmo}ojk~ b~ jylv}

jv }hvlb}lklm b}}bne! wboki|a tj|km~ jv fajt~! bkm

ji}lk f bk eokm ji jwwj~o}ojk jv ok}lvilvlknl! jv

f }hl }hvlb} ji ~|nh jwwj~o}ojk jv ok}lvilvlknl! jv

lylk f }hl `lvl wvl~lknl ji b kb}|vba lkl`+

]hl vlba jv }hvlb}lklm okc|v `b fl lo}hlv }j

}hl bko`ba o}~lai jv }j o}~ j|kd jv o}~ `b}l! jv!



y TBV BKM HB]VLM 22>

ok }hl nb~l ji dvldbvoj|~ bko`ba~! }j }hl nj``|ko}ji thonh o} o~ b `l`flv+ ]hlvl o~ b `jmoiolm bkm

vl~}vboklm ijv` ji }ho~ wb~~ojk thonh bvo~l~ fl}tllk

bko`ba~ naj~la njkkln}lm f ~jnoba }ol~! b~ thlk

}hl `j}hlv ~abw~ hlv j|kd jv }hl `j}hlv nb}

fjxl~ }hl eo}}lk$~ lbv~+ F|} thlvl }hl l`j}ojk

o~ bvj|~lm f bk j|}~omlv }hlvl o~ ok dlklvba kj

~|nh aoò}b}ojk+ ]hl o`w|a~l o~ faokma bkm

okmo~nvoòkb}la movln}lm }j mb`bdl bkm ml~}vj+

F wvlilvlknl! ji nj|v~l! }j mb`bdl bkm ml~}vj }hl

lkl`! bkm ok }hl klx} wabnl! thb}lylv o~ ok bk

tb b~~jnob}lm to}h }hl lkl`! f|} ba~j fljkm}ho~ }hlvl o~ b dlklvba ml~}v|n}oyl o`w|a~l thonh

ylk}~ o}~lai jk thb}lylv `b lknj|k}lv o}+ Njk-

~omlv! ijv ok~}bknl! }hl flhbyoj|v ji b vbdokd f|aa

jv ji b `bk thj ok ho~ i|v ml~}vj~ i|vko}|vl

bkm fvlbe~ nvjnelv+ Kjt! ~j ibv b~ bko`ba~ bvl

njknlvklm! }ho~ wb~~ojk o~ kj} }hl ~|fcln} lo}hlv

ji `jvba bwwvjyba jv mo~bwwvjyba+ O} o~ ~o`wa b

kb}|vba lkmjt`lk} aoel }hl }ll}h bkm nabt~ ji }hl

nb}! jv }hl ylkj` ji }hl ~kbel! jv }hl `bajmjv-j|~ ~lnvl}ojk ji }hl ~e|ke+ O} hb~ }hl fojajdonba

i|kn}ojk ji wvl~lvyokd }hl okmoyom|ba bkm }hl

~wlnol~ ok }hl ~}v|ddal ijv lxo~}lknl5f|} o} hb~

kj `jvba ~odkoionbknl+ ]hl ~b`l hjam~ djjm ba~j

ijv b `bk! ~j ibv b~ hl `lvla vlbn}~ aoel bk

bko`ba ok b ~|mmlk bkm}vokd

~o}|b}ojk thonh

}bel~ ho` f ~|vwvo~l+ F|} o} o~ r|o}l j}hlvto~l

to}h nj`walx h|`bk ~lk}o`lk}~ thonh bvl mlyl-

ajwlm ivj` }hl wvoò}oyl l`j}ojk ji bkdlv bkm

vl`bok }j }hl lkm l~~lk}obaa beok }j o}+ Ok }hl

bko`ba! }hl l`j}ojk jnn|v~ b~ b }vbk~olk} vlbn}ojk

o



H= TBV BKM HB]VLM y

}j b }vbk~olk} ~o}|b}ojk+ Ok h|`bk flokd~ o}

wb~~l~ ok}j b ybvol} ji `jvl jv al~~ wlv`bklk}

mo~wj~o}ojk~ jv ~lk}o`lk}~! thonh wlv`lb}l bkm

njk}vja nj`walx ~~}l`~ ji }hj|dh} bkm njkm|n}+

Okmllm! ok ~j`l ok~}bknl~! ~|nh b mo~wj~o}ojk

`b fl }hl `bok~wvokd ji jvdbkoslm }hj|dh} bkm

bn}ojk }hvj|dhj|} b aoil}o`l! b~ tl ~ll ok }hl nb~l

ji Hbkkofba$~ b}}o}|ml }j }hl Vj`bk~+ Kjt }hl

r|l~}ojk tl hbyl }j mlba to}h o~ }ho~! Bvl baa }hl~l

mlylajwlm ~lk}o`lk}~ thonh hbyl }hlov vjj} ok

}hl wvoò}oyl l`j}ojk ji bkdlv }j fl njkml`klm

b~ lyoa5bkm oi kj}! jk thb} wvoknowal bvl tl }j

mvbt b mo~}okn}ojk : Oi f }hl tjvm hb}vlm tl

bdvll }j `lbk baa fbm wb~~ojk~ ji }ho~ eokm! }hlk

}hl r|l~}ojk toaa fl! Bvl baa bkdv ~lk}o`lk}~ bkm

mo~wj~o}ojk~ }j fl nab~~lm b~ ijv`~ ji hb}vlm : Ok

mlbaokd to}h }ho~ wvjfal` tl hbyl l~wlnobaa }j

njk~omlv }hl ~}b}l ji }hokd~ dlklvb}lm f tbv+

J|v iov~} ~}lw toaa fl }j lxbòkl }hl dvj|km~ ijv

vldbvmokd hb}vlm b~ klnl~~bvoa lyoa+ Tl `b }hlk

wvjnllm }j okr|ovl thl}hlv }hl~l dvj|km~ bwwa}j baa ijv`~ ji bkdv l`j}ojk thonh nj`wla |~ }j

h|v} jv ml~}vj j|v ilaajt `lk+ ]hl vlb~jk~ ijv

vldbvmokd hb}vlm b~ lyoa ~ll` baa nbwbfal ji flokd

fvj|dh} |kmlv jkl hlbm+ Hb}vlm o~ lyoa okb~`|nh

b~ o} o~ faokm! okb~`|nh b~ o} wlvwl}|b}l~ b} b hodhlv

alyla }hljvodokba

faokm bkm|kmo~nvoòkb}okd

nhbvbn}lv ji }hl wvoò}oyl l`j}ojk ji bko`ba

bkdlv+ ^j ibv b~ }ho~ o~ }hl nb~l! o} o~ oknj`wb}ofal

to}h }hl mlylajw`lk} ji }hl hodhlv kb}|vl ji

`bk b~ b vb}ojkba flokd+ ]hl `j~} i|kmb`lk}ba

dvj|km ijv }ho~ wj~o}ojk o~! wlvhbw~! `j~} nalbva




~}b}lm f ^wokjsb+ ]hl ~|wvl`l djjm ijv h|`bk

flokd~! hl b~~lv}~!o~

}j fl ij|km jka ok }hlov|kojk bkm nj-jwlvb}ojk to}h lbnh j}hlv+

$

Kj}hokdo~ `jvl |~li|a }j b `bk }hbk b `bk+$ O} o~ jka

to}h j}hlv `lk }hb} b `bk nbk lk}lv jk }hb} ~jv}

ji |kojk thonh o~ klnl~~bv b} jknl ijv ho~ jtk

lxo~}lknl bkm mlylajw`lk} b~ b h|`bk flokd bkm

ijv }hlov~+$

Lxnlw}`bk tl ekjt ji kj

wbv}on|abv}hokd ok kb}|vl ok thj~l @okm tl nbk vlcjonl+ To}h

kj}hokd la~l nbk tl |ko}l ok ivolkm~how jv ok bkeokm

ji ~jnoba aoil$ (L}h+ Y+ 2=! Bww+ 69/+ Hlknl }hlvl

o~ b i|kmb`lk}ba mo~}okn}ojk fl}tllk j|v vlab}ojk

}j h|`bk flokd~ bkm }j j}hlv }hokd~+ Ok }hl nb~l

ji bk}hokd la~l!$ B vldbvm ijv j|v jtk tlaibvl

mjl~ kj} vlr|ovl |~ }j wvl~lvyl o}! f|} albm~ |~

lo}hlv }j wvl~lvyl jv ml~}vj o}! jv }j bmbw} o} }j

j|v tbk}~ ok bk tb bnnjvmokd }j }hl ybvolm

|~l~ ji thonh o} bm`o}~$

(ofom+/+ O} o~ j}hlvto~l ok

}hl nb~l ji h|`bk flokd~+ ]j ~lle }j ml~}vj

}hl` o~ yov}|baa }j ~lle }j ml~}vj j|v~layl~+ F|}

}hl wb~~ojk ji hb}vlm faokm~ |~ }j baa }ho~5

o}

faokm~ |~ }j }hl ibn} }hb} }hl l~~lk}oba djjm ji `bk

o~ }j fl ~j|dh} ok |kojk to}h ho~ ilaajt `lk bkm

o`wla~ |~ }j `bok}bok mo~|kojk to}h }hl` bkm }j

~lle j|v hodhl~} djjm ok h|v}okd bkm ml~}vjokd

}hl`+ Kjv o~ o} jka ok o}~ njk~lr|lknl~ }hb}

hb}vlm b~ ~|nh o~ lyoa+ B~ njk}vbv }j }hl vb}ojkba

kb}|vl ji `bk! b~ faokmokd ho` }j ho~ }v|l djjm!

o} tjve~ aoel b mo~lb~l jv b nbknlvj|~ dvjt}h ok

}hl ~j|a ji }hj~l thj illa o}+$

Kj}hokd nbk fl ~j

djjm ijv b `bk b~ ~|nh b }l`wlv ji `okm b~ toaa

|ko}l ho` to}h$

ho~ ilaajt `lk bkm }hl` to}h



k9 TBV BKM HB]VLM y

ho`5

thoal kj}hokd jk }hl njk}vbv nbk fl ~j

fbm ijv ho` jv ok ho` b~ }hb} thonh~l}~

ho` bkm}hl` b} ybvobknl+ Baa hb}vlm! }hlk! o~ lyoa bkm

}hlvl nbk fl kj dvlb}lv lyoa+

Baa }ho~ bwwaol~ }j hb}vlm ji }hl lkl` ok tbv+

Okmllm }hl lyoa o~ }hl dvlb}lv flnb|~l }hl hb}vlm

o~ fl}tllk dvlb} bkm hodha jvdbkoslm nj``|ko}ol~

ok~}lbm ji fl}tllk okmoyom|ba~+ ]hlvl o~! hjtlylv!

jkl ibn} thonh }lkm~ }j yloa bkm mo~d|o~l }hl lyoa

ji hb}vlm ok }ho~ nb~l+ Tbv mo~|ko}l~ kb}ojk~!

f|} to}hok lbnh kb}ojk o} ~}vlkd}hlk~ |kojk bkm

`|}|ba nj-jwlvb}ojk+ Kjt }ho~ ok o}~lai o~ djjm+

F|} o} o~ kj} djjm! oi bkm ~j ibv b~ }hl ~j|vnl ji

|ko} o~ wbv}onowb}ojk ok b nj``jk hb}vlm+ ]j

}ho~ lx}lk} }hl kb}ojk o~ ok }hl wj~o}ojk ji }hl

okmoyom|ba hb}lv bkm o~ faokmlm b~ hl o~ }j o}~ jtk

}v|l djjm+ ^wlbeokd fvjbma! c|~} ok ~j ibv b~

tbv albm~ b kb}ojk }j }vlb} thb} o~ djjm ijv o} b~

l~~lk}obaa ~lwbvb}l ivj` bkm jwwj~lm }j thb} o~

djjm ijv j}hlv kb}ojk~ bkm ijv `bkeokm ok dlklvba!

tbv mjl~ }hb} kb}ojk hbv`+ ]hl ho~}jv ji

Dlv`bk oaa|~}vb}l~ }ho~ ~|iionolk}a+ ]hl vjj} ji

}hl `o~nholi o~ }j fl ~j|dh} ibv fbne ok }hl hjvvofal

]hov} _lbv~$ Tbv+ F|} ~|f~lr|lk} tbv~ hbyl

~lvylm }j ellw o} baoyl }hl ^lylk _lbv~$ Tbv! }hl

Kbwjaljkon Tbv! bkm bfjyl baa! }hb} wvjnl~~ ji

nl`lk}okd }hl Dlv`bk L`wovl to}h fajjm bkmovjk thonh Fo~`bvne bv}oionobaa bkm yojalk}a

~|f~}o}|}lm ijv }hl kb}|vba mlylajw`lk} thonh

tb~ albmokd }j }hl ~b`l vl~|a} ok b fl}}lv ijv`+

]hl Ivbknj-Wv|~~obk Tbv flajkd~ }j }hl ~b`l

~lvol~+ O} o~ bk lb~oa ok}laaodofal bkm lylk bk




lxn|~bfal vl~|a} ji }hl nj|v~l ji Dlv`bk ho~}jv

}hb} kb}ojkba ~lk}o`lk} ok Dlv`bk hb~ nj`l hbai-

|knjk~noj|~a }j }vlb} lylk wlbnl b~ oi o} tlvl

b ~}b}l ji ~|wwvl~~lm bkm mo~d|o~lm tbvibvl! bkm

}j illa kj ~ln|vo} ijv o}~ kb}ojkba lxo~}lknl bkm

kb}ojkba mlylajw`lk} |kal~~ }hl `boalm io~} o~

njk}ok|baa ~hbelk ok }hl ibnl ji o}~ lklòl~ ok }hl

Lb~} bkm ok }hlTl~}!

bkm |kal~~ o} o~

njk}ok|baawvlwbvlm }j wj|knl jk }hl` flijvl }hl nbk wj|knl

jk o}+ O} hb~ kjt bn}|baa wj|knlm ok thb} o~

nbaalm b wvlylk}oyl tbv+ ]hl }l`wlv bkm b}}o}|ml

thonh alm }j }ho~ vl~|a} o~ l~~lk}obaa thb} O ij|km

~j`l }hov} lbv~ bdj dlklvbaa moii|~lm b`jkd}hl nj``jk wljwal ji Flvaok bkm l~wlnobaa b`jkdjam ~jamolv~ ji }hl Ivbknj-Wv|~~obk Tbv3 `lk$~

òkm~ tlvl mtlaaokd jk }hl klnl~~o} ji b vlnejk-

okd to}h V|~~ob! bkm ji b vlkltlm h|òaob}ojk ji

Ivbknl5

}hlvl tb~ mllw hj~}oao} }j Lkdabkm

òkdalm to}h njk}l`w} ijv j|v tb~ ji }hokeokd

bkm bn}okd bkm to}h clbaj|~ ji j|v |kml~lvylm

vonhl~ bkm wvj~wlvo}+ ]ho~ b}}o}|ml ji òkm hb~ ok

jkl tb hbm o}~ vltbvm+ Ok }hl wvl~lk} ~}v|ddal

}hl Dlv`bk~ ~}bv}lm fl}}lv wvlwbvlm ijv tbv }hbk

}hlov jwwjklk}~+ F|} ijv }ho~ bmybk}bdl }hl

hbyl wbom bkm bvl aoela }j wb ylv mlbva+ _j|

`b fl oknaoklm }j ~b$

^lvyl }hl` vodh}$

+ F|} oi

}ho~ o~ }belk }j hkwa }hb} }hl Dlv`bk wljwal o~

`|nh tjv~l f kb}|vl ok }ho~ vl~wln} }hbk j}hlv

wljwal~ O `|~} mo~bdvll+ O mj|f} thl}hlv |kmlv

aoel ho~}jvonba njkmo}ojk~ bk wljwal tj|am hbyl

mjkl fl}}lv+

Hb}vlm! tl hbyl ~bom! o~ fbm flnb|~l o} o~



k8 TBV BKM HB]VLM y

faokm5bkm i|kmb`lk}baa }hl faokmkl~~ njk~o~}~ ok

iboa|vl }j vlnjdkosl }hl }v|l djjm ji `bk ok `|}|ba|kojk bkm nj-jwlvb}ojk+ F|} }hlvl bvl `bk j}hlv

~|fjvmokb}l tb~ ok thonh o}~ l~~lk}oba faokmkl~~

o~ `bkoil~}lm+ ]j hb}l o~ }j yolt }hl bn}ojk~

bkm nhbvbn}lv~ ji j}hlv~ }hvj|dh b `lmo|` thonh

iba~oiol~ bkm mo~}jv}~+ ]j r|j}l Fo~hjw F|}alv!$

}hl thjal nhbvbn}lv bkm flhbyoj|v ji }hj~l tl

hb}l o~ njk~omlvlm to}h bk ll }j }hb} wbv}on|abv

wbv} thonh hb~ jiilkmlm |~! bkm }hl thjal `bk

bwwlbv~ `jk~}vj|~ to}hj|} bk}hokd vodh} jv

h|`bk ok ho`$

+ Hb}vlm ok ibn} ~lle~ jka o}~ jtk

bwwvjwvob}l ijjm bkm mo~vldbvm~ jv vlcln}~ thb}-

lylv mjl~ kj} ~|~}bok o}~ jtk aoil bkm mlylajw`lk}+

Tl nbk ~ll }ho~ nalbvalkj|dh ok }hl b}}o}|ml ji j|v

lklòl~ }jtbvm~ j|v~layl~+ Tl nbk ~ll! ijv ok~}bknl!

hjt hbvm o} o~ ijv }hl Dlv`bk òkm! b} }hl wvl~lk}

`j`lk}! }j }hoke bk}hokd }hb} o~ djjm ji Lkdabkm

bkm Lkdao~h`lk5 hjt hbvm! ijv ok~}bknl! }hl

iokm o} }j bmò} }hb} tl bvl vlbaa wb}voj}on! }hb}

j|v ~jamolv~ bvl bk}hokd f|} hovlaokd~! bn}|b}lm

f `lvla `lvnlkbv `j}oyl~! jv }hb} }hl nbk

iodh} liionolk}a! jv }hb} lylk j|v iall} o~ bk}hokd

f|} b wvl}lk}oj|~ ~hb`+ F|} }j }hl vlialn}oyl

jf~lvylv o} o~ wabok lkj|dh }hb} b ~oòabv mo~wj~o-

}ojk wvlyboa~! }hj|dh kj}! O hjwl! ok }hl ~b`l

mldvll! b`jkd j|v~layl~+ Bvl tl wvlwbvlm }j

njk~omlv ibova }hl wj~~ofoao} }hb} }hl Dlv`bk~

ok lk}lvokd jk }hl wvl~lk} tbv tlvl bn}|b}lm f

`j}oyl~ thonh tlvl kj} thjaa fbm! jv }hb} }hl

vlbaa ilbvlm bkm flaolylm }hb} }hl kl|}vbao}

ji Flado|` tj|am fl yojab}lm f Ivbknl! jv ok




dlklvba }hb} }hl ilbvlm bkm flaolylm to}h thb}

~ll`lm }j }hl` djjm vlb~jk }hb} |kal~~ }hl }jje}hl oko}ob}oyl f b wvlylk}oyl tbv! }hl }hl`~layl~

tj|am fl b}}bnelm bkm }belk b} b mo~bmybk}bdl :

Hb}vlm kj} jka faokm~ |~ }j thb} `b fl

ibyj|vbfal }j }hl lkl` 5o} ba~j faokm~ |~ }j

thb}lylv `b fl tvjkd ok j|v jtk illaokd~ bkm

flhbyoj|v }jtbvm~ }hl`+ O} }lkm~ }j

wabnl}hl

fab`l baa jk jkl ~oml+ ]ho~! b~ tl ekjt! o~ ylv

vbvla }hl nb~l+ O} o~ ylv |kaoela }j fl }hl nb~l

ok b tbv fl}tllk dvlb} noyoaoslm kb}ojk~+ ]hl

wvl~lk} tbv o~! O b` i|aa njkyoknlm! `j~} c|~}

bkm klnl~~bv+ _l} O ba~j flaolyl }hb} ib|a}~ jk j|v

~oml hbyl okmovln}a njk}vof|}lm ok ~j`l mldvll }j

wvlwbvl }hl tb ijv o}+2

O ~hbaa `lk}ojk jka jkl `jvl ji }hl `bkoijam

tb~ ok thonh hb}l albm~ }j faokmkl~~+ O} ~hvoke~

ivj` bk ~lvoj|~ bkm o`wbv}oba lkmlbyj|v }j

}vbnl }hl lyoa thonh jiilkm~ o} }j }hl njkmo}ojk~

thonh `b bnnj|k} ijv o} bkm vlkmlv o} ok}laaodofal+

]hl o`w|a~l ji hb}l o~ kj} }j |kmlv~}bkm! f|} }j

ml~}vj+ ]j okr|ovl ok}j njkmo}ojk~ bkm }j ~lle

bk lxwabkb}ojk tj|am jka moylv} bkm mo~}vbn} o}+

O} wvlilv~! }hlvlijvl! }j njknlk}vb}l o}~lai jk }hl

wlv~jk~ hb}lm b~ oi }hl tlvl }hl ~jal |a}o`b}l

~j|vnl~ ji }hl lyoa! b~ oi }hl lyoa tlvl m|l `lvla

}j }hlov ok}vok~on bkm ~wjk}bklj|~ fbmkl~~+ O} o~

}ho~ b}}o}|ml ji `okm thonh albm~ |~ }j }|vk btbto}h o`wb}olknl ivj` bk b}}l`w} }j lxwabok!

ijv ok~}bknl! }hl Fladobk b}vjno}ol~ ~j b~ }j `bel

2B`jkd }hl~l ib|a}~ O ~hj|am nj|k} j|v iboa|vl }j ok}lv-

ylkl ok }hl ^nhal~tod-Hja~}lokTbv+




o} ok}laaodofal hjt }hl nj|am fl nj``o}}lm jv

njkmjklm f b wljwal thjok }hlov

jvodokba h|`bkkb}|vl bvl kj} ~j ylv moiilvlk} ivj` j|v~layl~+

]hl b}}l`w} }j lxwabok o~ }vlb}lm b~ bk b}}l`w}

}j lxwabok btb! bkm vl~lk}lm b~ oi o} tlvl b c|~}o-

ionb}ojk jv mlilknl jv mlkoba ji ibn}+

@ dlklvba wj~o}ojk o~ }hb} hb}vlm o~ fbm okb~-

`|nh b~ o} o~ faokm! bkm O b` |kbfal }j mo~njylv

bk}hokd la~l thonh c|~}oiol~ |~ ok }vlb}okd o} b~

klnl~~bvoa lyoa+ ]hl r|l~}ojk o~ thl}hlv baa

~lk}o`lk}~ bkm l`j}ojk~ wbv}beokd ji }hl kb}|vl

ji bkdlv bvl }j fl njkml`klm jk }ho~ bnnj|k}+

J|dh} tl }j ~l} flijvl |~! b~ j|v omlba! ivllmj`

ivj` baa ~|nh l`j}ojk~ bkm ~lk}o`lk}~! bkm }hl

~|f~}o}|}ojk ji j}hlv `j}oyl~ ijv }hl` : Al} |~

wvjyo~ojkbaa ~|wwj~l }hb} }ho~ o~ }hl omlba! bkm

lxb`okl hjt o} tj|am tjve oi o} tlvl njk~o~}lk}a

ijaajtlm+ Ok }hl iov~} wabnl tl `|~} njk~omlv

hjt tl ~hj|am wvjnllm ok b}}l`w}okd }j vlbaosl

}hl omlba+ O} `b fl ~|ddl~}lm }hb} tl ~hj|am

ijaajt okybvobfa ok baa nb~l~ }hl v|al$

Jylvnj`llyoa to}h djjm$+ Kjt }hlvl `b fl b ~lk~l ok

thonh }ho~ v|al o~ |koylv~baa bwwaonbfal bkm j|dh}

}j fl |koylv~baa bwwaolm+ F|} ok }hl nj``jk bkm

jfyoj|~ ok}lvwvl}b}ojk ji o}! }ho~ o~ waboka |k}v|l+

B~ nj``jka ok}lvwvl}lm! o} `lbk~ }hb} tl j|dh}

kj} }j h|v} jv ml~}vj }hl lyoamjlv! bkm }hb}ok~}lbm ji }ho~ tl j|dh} }j bwwlba }j ho~ fl}}lv

kb}|vl f ~hjtokd djjmtoaa bkm eokmkl~~ }jtbvm~

ho`+ ]ho~ o~! ji nj|v~l! okioko}la }hl fl~} tbthlvl o} nbk fl ijaajtlm liiln}oyla bkm ijaajtlm

liiln}oyla to}hj|} okn|vvokd dvlb}lv lyoa~ }hbk o}




hb~ bk vlb~jkbfal nhbknl ji n|vokd+ F|} }hl~l

aoò}okd njkmo}ojk~ bvl ylv o`wjv}bk}+ ]hltj|am nalbva bwwa! ijv ok~}bknl! ok nb~l ji bk

b}}bne f ~nbaw-h|k}okd Vlm Okmobk~ jk b ibòa

ji wlbnli|a ~l}}alv~+ Ok dlklvba! }hl tjvm~$

Jylv-

nj`l lyoa to}h djjm$

bvl }j fl }belk b~ r|baoiolm

f }hl wvlnlmokd tjvm~$

Fl kj} jylvnj`l ji lyoa $+

Oi bkm ~j ibv b~ tl nbk jylvnj`l lyoa to}hj|}flokd

jylvnj`l ji lyoa! o} o~ j|v m|} }j mj ~j! j}hlvto~l o}

o~ kj}+ O} `b! hjtlylv! ~}oaa fl `bok}boklm }hb}!

}hj|dh o} o~ bmò}}lma ji}lk vodh} bkm klnl~~bv

}j okiaon} wbok! h|v}! bkm ml~}v|n}ojk jk lyoamjlv~!

l} tl j|dh} kj} }j mj }ho~ ok }hl ~wovo} ji bkdlv+

Tl j|dh} vb}hlv }j bn} w|vla j|} ji vldbvm ijv

}hl hodhl~} b}}bokbfal djjm! bkm tl j|dh} }j

okiaon} wbok bkm mb`b+dl jk lyoamjlv~ jka b~

b klnl~~bv `lbk~ }j }ho~ lkm bkm kj} j|} ji bk

bkdv l`j}ojk tl `b illa }jtbvm~ }hl`+

]ho~ o~ }hl dlklvba wj~o}ojk ji ^wokjsb thlk hl

b~~lv}~ b~ b |koylv~ba wvoknowal }hb} baa$

hb}vlm

o~ fbm $+ O} `b ~ll` b aji} bkm kjfal wj~o}ojk+

F|} o} o~ kj} lkj|dh ijv b `jvba omlba }j bwwlbv

aji} bkm kjfal thlk tl njk}l`wab}l o} ybd|la

ok }hl bf~}vbn}+ O} `|~} fl ok ~|nh movln} njk}bn}

to}h }hl bn}|ba njkmo}ojk~ ji h|`bk aoil b~ }j

biijvm njk~}bk} wvbn}onba d|ombknl ok mlbaokd to}h

}hl~l+ C|mdlm f }ho~ ~}bkmbvm }hl wvjwj~lm

wvoknowal ~ll`~ }j fvlbe mjtk+ O} vlr|ovl~ |~

ok mlbaokd to}h }hl `balyjalknl ji h|`bk flokd~

}j fl bn}|b}lm `lvla f ajyl ji djjm! kj} b} baa

f vl~lk}`lk} bdbok~} }hl lyoamjlv+ J|v `lk}ba

b}}o}|ml j|dh}! jk }ho~ yolt! }j fl batb~ }hb}




b~~|`lm f }hl R|belv ok \knal ]j`$~ Nbfok thj

w|~hlm }hl ~abyl-mvoylv jylv }hl wvlnowonl bkmlxwaboklm ho~ bn}ojk f }hl tjvm~

$

Ivolkm! }hj|

bv} kj} tbk}lm hlvl $+ ]hl i|kmb`lk}ba jfcln}ojk

}j }ho~ o~ }hb} ajyl ji bk}hokd o`waol~ bkm okna|ml~

b njvvl~wjkmokd illaokd ji bylv~ojk }j thb}lylv o~

vlnjdkoslm b~ jwwj~lm }j thb} tl ajyl jv ml~}v|n-

}oyl ji thb} tl ajyl+ ]hl ajyl ji hlba}h! ijv

ok~}bknl! o`waol~ bkm okna|ml~ bylv~ojk }j mo~lb~l

thlvlylv tl `ll} mo~lb~l bkm vlnjdkosl o} b~ ~|nh+

O} mjl~ kj}! ji nj|v~l! o`wa }hb} tl `|~} fl

bkdv to}h mo~lb~l! f|} }hb} o~ flnb|~l tl mj

kj} ajyl hlba}h ok }hl ~b`l tb b~ tl ajyl thb}

o~ djjm ok h|`bk flokd~ bkm ok }hl wlv~jkba

vlab}ojk~ ji h|`bk flokd~ }j lbnh j}hlv+ C|~} b~

}hl ~lk}o`lk} ji ajyl ybvol~ ok o}~ kb}|vl to}h

}hl kb}|vl ji o}~ jfcln}! }hlvl o~ b njvvl~wjkmokd

moiilvlknl ok }hl bylv~ojk thonh o~ o}~ nj|k}lvwbv}+

Thlvl }hl lyoa o~ `balyjalknl! thlvl o} o~ bk

lyoa toaa movln}lm }j okc|~}onl! nv|la}! bkm ~laio~h

bddvl~~ojk! }hl bwwvjwvob}l njvvlab}l ji ajyl

}j }hl djjm o~ ~j`l ijv` ji bkdlv to}h }hl lyoa+

Bkm }ho~ `|~} `lbk bkdlv to}h }hl lyoamjlv+

O} o~ kj} ~b}o~ibn}jv }j ~b }hb} tl `b illa

bylv~ojk }j thb} o~ lyoa ok b `bk bkm jka eokmkl~~

}jtbvm~ }hl `bk ho`~lai+ ]ho~ o~ }j jylvajje }hl

nlk}vba ibn} }hb} }hl lyoa ok }ho~ nb~l o~ bk lxwvl~-

~ojk ji }hl `bk$~ wlv~jkba toaa bkm nhbvbn}lv

thonh nbkkj} fl ~lwbvb}lm ivj` ho`~lai+ Kjv

nbk tl ~|f~}o}|}l ~jvvjt ijv bkdlv+ ^jvvjt o~

bwwvjwvob}l }j `o~ijv}|kl! f|} ok}lk}ojkba okc|v

o~ kj} `lvla b `o~ijv}|kl thonh hbwwlk~ }j



y TBV BKM HB]VLM 26>

flibaa }hl wlv~jk thj okiaon}~ o}+ ]j illa }jtbvm~

o} b~ oi o} tlvl `lvla b ò~ijv}|kl o~ }j fl `jvljv al~~ faokm }j o}~ }v|l kb}|vl+ Ok njk~lr|lknl!

thlk ~jvvjt }bel~ }hl wabnl ji bkdlv! o} iboa~ }j

doyl vo~l }j liionolk} bn}ojk5

}hl }lkmlkn o~ }j

`j|vk jylv }hl jiilkmlv thlvl vlf|el bkm w|ko~h-

`lk} bvl vlr|ovlm f }hl ~o}|b}ojk+

Ok bn}|ba aoil! tl iokm ~j`l thj! jtokd lo}hlv }j}hlov kb}|vl jv }j }hlov novn|`~}bknl~ bkm lm|nb-

}ojk! bvl f|} ao}}al ~|~nlw}ofal ji bkdv l`j}ojk5

ok ~|nh wlv~jk~ tl iokm ba~j b njvvl~wjkmokd iboa|vl

}j |kmlv~}bkm jv flaolyl ok }hl `baonoj|~ b}}o}|ml

ji òkm ok thonh ok}lk}ojkba okc|vol~ hbyl }hlov

~j|vnl+

]hl}|vk b~oml ivj` }hl lyomlknl jv

ok}lvwvl} o} ok }hlov jtk jkl-~omlm tb+ Bk lx}vl`l

ok~}bknl o~ }hb} ji Nhbval~ Ab`f$~ ivolkm! Dljvdl

Mlv! thj! b~ Ab`f }laa~ |~! nj|am iokm kj}hokd

`jvl ~lylvl }j ~b bfj|} }hl tjv~} nvoòkba~ }hbk

}hb} }hl `|~} hbyl fllk ylv lnnlk}von+ ^j ibv

b~ O nbk `bel j|}! O flajkd `~lai }j }ho~ nab~~!

}hj|dh kj} }j }hl ~b`l lx}lk} b~ Ab`f$~ ivolkm+

O kb}|vbaa ~eow ~|nh wb~~bdl~ ok }hl klt~wbwlv~ b~

}hl~l thonh ml~nvofl Dlv`bk b}vjno}ol~ ok Flado|`+

O vli|~l }j vlbm lylk jiionoba vlwjv}~+ O w|} `~lai

jii f hjwokd }hb} ok }hl `bok }hl bvl kj} }v|l!

jv }hb} }hl bvl dvlb}a lxbddlvb}lm! jv }hb} }hl

nbk fl lxwaboklm ~j b~ }j nb~} bkj}hlv aodh} jk

}hl`+ _l} O hbyl fllk dvbm|baa ijvnlm }j flaolyl

ok }hlov vlbao} f lyomlknl thonh O nbkkj}

vlb~jkbfa vl~o~}+ Wlv~jk~ ji }ho~ }wl mj ylv

tlaa ~j ajkd b~ }hl aoyl b ~hla}lvlm aoil! ~wlk}! ijv

ok~}bknl! ok ~}|m+ F|} }hl bvl |kio} }j dvbwwal



26= TBV BKM HB]VLM y

liiln}oyla to}h nlv}bok ijv`~ ji lyoa jv vlbaa }j

bwwvlnob}l }hlov kb}|vl jv i|aa }j vlnjdkosl }hlovlxo~}lknl+ ]hlvl bvl j}hlv `lk thj! }hj|dh }hl

bvl f kb}|vl i|aa ~|~nlw}ofal ji bkdv ~lk}o`lk}~!

~|wwvl~~ }hl` jk wvoknowal! flnb|~l }hl vldbvm

}hl` b~ tvjkd bkm l~wlnobaa flnb|~l }hl bvl

bivbom ji doyokd tb }j hb}vlm+ ^j ibv b~ njknlvk~

}hj~l thj`}hl vlnjdkosl

b~ }hlovwlv~jkba

lklòl~ jv b~ }hl lklòl~ ji }hl ~jnol} }j thonh

}hl flajkd! }hlov `lk}ba b}}o}|ml bkm flhbyoj|v

}lkm~ }j vl~l`fal `jvl jv al~~ }hj~l ji }hl }wl

ji `lk thj bvl kb}|vbaa mlionolk} ok bkdv ~lk}o-

`lk}~+ F|} }hl bvl aoela }j moiilv ivj` }hl~l

ok bk o`wjv}bk} vl~wln}+ Ok }hlov bkxol} }j fl

ibov bkm flklyjalk} }j lklòl~! }hl bvl aoela }j

fl |kibov bkm hbv~h }j }hlov ivolkm~+ Ok jwwj~okd

}hl kb}|vba }lkmlkn }j vldbvm }hl ib|a}~ baa jk

jkl ~oml! }hb} ji }hl lkl`! }hl }lkm }j v|k }j

}hl jwwj~o}l lx}vl`l bkm }j `bel j|} }hb} o}

o~ }hlov jtk ~oml thonh o~ thjaa jv `boka jv b}

alb~} lr|baa }j fab`l ok nb~l~ thlvl bk o`wbv}oba

njk~omlvb}ojk ji }hl lyomlknl tj|am ~hjt }hl

njk}vbv+ ]h|~! to}h }hl` kb}|vba ~lk}o`lk}~ ji

bkdlv }lkm }j nvllw ok! b~ o} tlvl! f b fbne mjjv+

]hl whvb~l$

ivolkm~ ji lylv nj|k}v f|} }hlov jtk$

o~ ji}lk `j~} |kibova bwwaolm+ F|} }hlvl bvl nb~l~

ok thonh o} o~ `jvl jv al~~ bwwaonbfal 5 bkm o}

bwwaol~ bwwvjwvob}la }j }hl }wl ji wlv~jk~ O hbyl

ml~nvoflm+

@ njkna|~ojk! }hlk! o~ }hb} ~j`l mlylajwlm

ijv`~ ji }hl wvoò}oyl l`j}ojk ji bkdlv bvl

klnl~~bv bkm vodh}+ F|} hjt bvl tl }j ml}lvòkl




thb} }hl~l bvl : Hjt bvl tl }j mvbt }hl aokl

fl}tllk }hl` bkm }hl~l ijv`~ ji bkdv wb~~ojkthonh bvl njkml`klm |kmlv }hl dlklvba hlbm ji

hb}vlm jv `balyjalknl : Bi}lv }hl wvlyoj|~ mo~-

n|~~ojk! }hlvl kllm fl kj moiion|a} b~ vldbvm~ }hl

wvoknowal |wjk thonh tl hbyl }j wvjnllm+ Hb}vlm

o~ fbm jka flnb|~l o} o~ faokm bkm ok ~j ibv b~ o}

o~ faokm!c|~}

b~ }hl

tlbeabòbfal

~wovo}

o~ fbm

ijv }hl ~b`l vlb~jk+ Jk }hl j}hlv hbkm! thb}

tl nbaa c|~} vl~lk}`lk} jv vodh}lj|~ okmodkb}ojk!

}hj|dh o} o~ beok }j hb}vlm b~ flokd! aoel o}!

mlylajwlm ivj` }hl wvoò}oyl l`j}ojk ji bkdlv!

o~ djjm okb~`|nh b~ o} o~ lkaodh}lklm okb~`|nh

b~ o} o~ ivll ivj` }hl ybvoj|~ ijv`~ ji faokmkl~~

thonh nhbvbn}lvosl hb}vlm+ Hlvl! ji nj|v~l! }hl

i|kmb`lk}ba faokmkl~~! thonh tl `|~} mj baa }hb}

ok |~ aol~ }j byjom! o~ faokmkl~~ }j }hl hodhl~} djjm

ji h|`bko} b~ njk~o~}okd ok |kojk bkm nj-jwlvb-

}ojk+ Vodh}lj|~ okmodkb}ojk jv c|~} vl~lk}`lk}!

b~ ila} bdbok~} }hl lkl` ji ~jnoba jvmlv! j|dh}

}j fl `lvla }hl jfylv~l b~wln}! }hl klnl~~bv

nj|k}lvwbv}! ji }hl ~wovo} thonh w|v~|l~ |kojk bkm

nj-jwlvb}ojk b~ o}~ ~|wvl`l lkm+ ^j ibv b~ tl

bvl toaaokd bkm bfal }j ijaajt }ho~ wvoknowal! tl

nbkkj} dj tvjkd+

]ho~ mjl~ kj} o`wa }hb} c|~}oiobfal vl~lk}`lk}

klnl~~bvoa tlbelv jv al~~ ok}lk~l }hbk hb}vlm+

]hl mo~}okn}ojk o~ kj} jkl ji mldvll+ C|~}oiobfal

vl~lk}`lk} o~ kj} b ibok}lv ijv` ji hb}vlm+ O} o~

kj}! ~j }j ~wlbe! hb}vlm tb}lvlm mjtk+ ^j ajkd

b~ o} o~ kj} faokm! }hlvl o~ kj dlklvba aoò} }j o}~

~}vlkd}h! wlv~o~}lknl! jv ok}lk~o}+ ]ho~ `|~} fl




wvjwjv}ojklm }j }hl ybvokd njkmo}ojk~+ Ok bk

nb~l!c|~}

vl~lk}`lk} toaa nlb~l thlk o} o~ kj

ajkdlv vlr|ovlm f }hl bn}|ba ~o}|b}ojk+ Hb}vlm!

jk }hl njk}vbv! }lkm~ }j wlv~o~} faokma+

]hl }hljvl}onba wvoknowal jk thonh tl `|~}

wvjnllm `b fl mlkklm ok }ho~ tb+ F|} o}~

wvbn}onba bwwaonb}ojk o~! ji nj|v~l! ylv moiion|a}+

O} o~ hbvm }j$

fl bkdv bkm ~ok kj} $! }j fl vodh}-

lj|~a vl~lk}i|a bkm l} }j byjom }hl faokmkl~~

ji hb}l+ _l}! hjtlylv ibv tl `b fl nj`wlaalm

}j ibaa ~hjv} ji j|v omlba! tl ~hj|am njk~o~}lk}a

lkmlbyj|v }j ellw }ho~ omlba ok yolt b~ j|v ~|wvl`l

wvbn}onba d|oml bkm b~ }hl `lb~|vl ji j|v iboa|vl

bkm ~|nnl~~+ Hlvl b dvlb} hlaw j|dh} }j fl ij|km

ok wvblv f }hj~l thj flaolyl ok wvblv bkm thjvlbaosl }hb} ok wvblv }hl bvl bwwvjbnhokd b Flokd

thj o~ nj`wal}la djjm bkm to~l+ Ok bk nb~l tl

`|~} hlvl! b~ la~lthlvl! fl toaaokd }j }bel vo~e~5

bkm }hj|dh }hl njkylv~l o~ `jvl |~|ba! o} `b~j`l}o`l~ fl fl}}lv }j v|k }hl vo~e ji flokd

bn}|b}lm f hb}vlm }hbk }j v|k }hl ba}lvkb}oyl

vo~e ji kj} illaokd m|l vl~lk}`lk}+

Al} |~ kjt }|vk }j b r|l~}ojk ji ibn}+ Hjt ibv

o~ o} }v|l }hb} tl hb}l }hl Dlv`bk~ bkm }hb} }hl

Dlv`bk~ hb}l |~ : B~ vldbvm~ }hl Dlv`bk~ }hlvl

tj|am ~ll` }j fl kj vjj` ijv mj|f}+ ]hl aj|ma

}laa |~ }hb} }hl hb}l |~ bkm `bel b wbvbml ji }hlovhb}vlm+ F|} o} o~ lb~ }j b}}bnh }jj `|nh o`wjv-

}bknl }j }ho~ ~lai-njk~noj|~ bkm mlaoflvb}l tjveokd

|w ji bk l`j}ojk bkm }hlb}vonba mo~wab ji o}+ ]hl

fl~} nj``lk} o~ ~|wwaolm f }hl won}|vl ok W|knh

ji b Dlv`bk ib`oa wvbn}o~okd hb}vlm ji Lkdabkm




flijvl fvlbeib~} to}h bwwvjwvob}l b}}o}|ml~ bkm

dvo`bnl~+

]hl ~b`l hjam~

djjmijv }hl

~jkdji

hb}vlm+ O} o~ b ~wovo}lm nj`wj~o}ojk+ F|} O b`kj} oknaoklm }j }bel ylv ~lvoj|~a }hl eokm ji

hb}vlm thonh iokm~ avon lxwvl~~ojk ji }ho~ ~jv}+ Ok

~|nh `bkoil~}jl~ tl nj`l |wjk }hl ~lk}o`lk}bao}

~j nhbvbn}lvo~}on ji }hl Dlv`bk~! }hl vj`bk}on ~oml

ji }hl Dlv`bk nhbvbn}lv+ ]hl `jvl ~lvoj|~ ijv`~

ji hb}vlm bvl vb}hlv }hj~l thonh mj kj} i|aa

lxb`okl bkm lxwvl~~ }hl`~layl~ ok }ho~ ib~hojk+

]hl vlba r|l~}ojk o~! Hjt ibv hbyl j|v bkdv

wb~~ojk~ b faokmokd okia|lknl ok wvbn}onl : Nlv}boka

}hlvl o~ bf|kmbk} lyomlknl }hb} }hl Dlv`bk~ bvl

faokmlm ok }ho~ tb+ ]hl flaoli o~ toml~wvlbm

b`jkd }hl` }hb} }hl el }j j|v njkm|n} o~ }hvj|dh-

j|} }j fl ~j|dh} ok jkl `b~}lv `j}oyl! }hl ajyl

ji dbok+ ]hl nhbvdl |~ to}h w|v~|okd j|v

odkjfal lkm~ f ~a bkm |kmlvhbkm `lbk~! yloalm

|kmlv hwjnvo}onba wvl}lknl+ ]hl bvl njkyoknlm!

ijv ok~}bknl! }hb} j|v hjvvjv bkm vl~lk}`lk} b} }hl

fv|}ba b}}bne jk Flado|` tb~ `lvla ~o`|ab}lm!

bkm }hb} }hvj|dhj|} tl nbvl ijv kj}hokd f|} j|v

jtk ~lai-ok}lvl~}+ ]hl ba~j nhbvdl |~ b~ b kb}ojk

to}h b iboa|vl ok }hl wb}voj}on ~wovo} thonh ~|f-

jvmokb}l~ }hl ok}lvl~} ji okmoyom|ba~ bkm wbv}ol~

bkm nab~~l~ }j }hl djjm ji }hl thjal+ ]hl iokm

ok |~ bk ovvl~wjk~ofal ivoyjao} bkm lb~-djokd ~lai-

nj`wabnlkn thonh `bel |~ lk}ovla |kml~lvyokd

ji }hl wj~o}ojk thonh tl nabo` b`jkd noyoaoslm

kb}ojk~+ Jk }hl j}hlv hbkm! }hl lk}lv}bok kj

mj|f} }hb} ok baa }hl~l tb~ ok thonh tl nj`l

~hjv}! }hl }hl`~layl~ bvl ylv ~}vjkd! bkm }hb}




}hl! }hlvlijvl! hbyl b kb}|vba vodh} }j ~|wwabk}

|~+ Kjt O b` ibv ivj`~bokd

}hb} }hlvl o~ kj

ij|kmb}ojk ijv ~j`l b} alb~} ji }hl fbm }hokd~

thonh }hl Dlv`bk~ flaolyl bfj|} |~+ F|} }hl

~tllwokd bkm |}}lva okmo~nvoòkb}l tb ok thonh

}hl hjam }hl~l flaoli~ o~ jfyoj|~a m|l }j }hl faokm-

okd okia|lknl ji hb}vlm bkm eokmvlm ~lk}o`lk}~+

]hb} tl jk j|v ~oml bvl ~oòabva faokmlm bmò}~!

O }hoke! ji kj mj|f}+ Tl bvl njkyoknlm! ijv ylv

njdlk} vlb~jk~! }hb} j|v lklòl~ mlaoflvb}la

fvj|dh} jk }ho~ tbv thlk }hl òdh} hjkj|vbfa

bkm ~bila hbyl `bok}boklm wlbnl+ O mj kj}

flaolyl }hb} tl bvl b} baa faokm jk }ho~ wjok}+

F|} j|v kb}|vba vl~lk}`lk} mjl~! O }hoke! }lkm

}j jf~n|vl j|v yolt ji }hl |kmlvaokd `j}oyl~ ijv

njkm|n} thonh ok bk nb~l nbkkj} fl c|~}oiolm+

Kj mj|f}! b ~wovo} ji bddvl~~ojk! ij~}lvlm f}hl Dlv`bk òao}bv ~~}l` bkm f Dlv`bk

}vbmo}ojk~! tb~ }hl `j~} o`wjv}bk} ibn}jv+ F|}

tl bvl bw} }j jylvajje }hl ibn} }hb} ilbv ba~j

tb~ b ~}vjkd `j}oyl! ilbv ji voyba kb}ojk~ to}h

bk}bdjko~}on ok}lvl~}~ ibaaokd |wjk }hl` bkm

}beokd }hl` b} b mo~bmybk}bdl+ Bkj}hlv lvvjv }j

thonh tl bvl kb}|vbaa wvjkl o~ ij|km ok }hl

b~~|`w}ojk }hb} thb} ~ll`~ lyomlk} }j |~ `|~} fl

lyomlk} }j j|v jwwjklk}~+ ]j |~ o} o~ nalbv }hb}

}hl bddvl~~ojk o~ jk }hlov ~oml+ F|} }hl dvlb} fjmji }hl Dlv`bk wljwal! okna|mokd }hl fl~} `lk

b`jkd }hl`! bvl njkyoknlm }hb} o} o~ }hl thj bvl

}hl yon}o`~ bkm tl thj bvl }hl bddvl~~jv~+ ]hlov

kb}|vba albmlv~ hbyl b~~|vlm }hl` }hb} }ho~ o~ }hl

nb~l! bkm hbyl ~j ~}b}lm }hl ibn}~ b~ }j `bel o}




bwwlbv ~j5bkm }ho~ yolt ij|km vlbm bnnlw}bknl

flnb|~l ji }hb} b}}o}|ml ji ~|~wonoj|~ ilbv }j thonhO hbyl c|~} baa|mlm+ ]hl won}|vl thonh tl bvl bw}

}j `bel ijv j|v~layl~ ji b thjal wljwal v|~hokd }j

bv`~ `lvla ok jvmlv }j `bel bk |kwvjyjelm jk-

~ab|dh} jk o}~ klodhfj|v~ o~ nlv}boka b iba~l jkl!

thonhtl nj|am kj} lk}lv}bok |kal~~ tl tlvl `jvl jv

al~~ faokmlm

fhb}l+ O iokm i|v}hlv lyomlknl ji }hl

~b`l faokmkl~~ ok `|nh ji }hl n|vvlk} }bae bfj|}

}hl klnl~~o} ji nv|~hokd Dlv`bk+ ^j ibv b~ }ho~

`lbk~ }hb} tl j|dh} }j mj j|v tjve ~j }hjvj|dha

}hb} o} toaa kj} kllm }j fl mjkl jylv bdbok o} o~ i|aa

c|~}oiolm+ F|} oi }hl `lbkokd o~ }hb} }hl fl~} jv

}hl jka tb ji liiln}okd }ho~ o~ f ml~}vjokd

}hl kb}ojkba lxo~}lknl ji Dlv`bk! o} ~ll`~ }j

`l }hb} tl bvl flokd ò~alm f j|v wb~~ojk~+

Hjtlylv djjm j|v nb~l `b fl ok }ho~ r|bvvla! tl

~hbaa w|} j|v~layl~ ok }hl tvjkd oi tl vlm|nl j|v

bmylv~bv }j b wj~o}ojk ok thonh o} flnj`l~ ho~

bf~ja|}l m|} }j aj~l ~odh} ji baa j}hlv njk~omlvb-

}ojk~ ok }hl fbvl ~}v|ddal ijv lxo~}lknl+ Bdbok!

O mj kj} }hoke }hb} tl b} baa vlbaosl hjt `|nh tl

~hj|am ò~~ Dlv`bk oi }hlvl tlvl kj Dlv`bk+

Jò}}okd j}hlv `j~} o`wjv}bk} njk~omlvb}ojk~! o}

o~ ylv ibv ivj` nalbv }hb} }hl wjao}onba ~o}|b}ojk

b~ vldbvm~ }hl fbabknl ji wjtlv ok L|vjwl tj|am

fl b} baa o`wvjylm f ~|nh b nhbkdl+ Fl~oml~

}ho~! tl mj kj} ~|iionolk}a njk~omlv thl}hlv o}

aol~ ok j|v wjtlv }j nv|~h Dlv`bk ok }hl tb

wvjwj~lm! jv! oi o} mjl~! thl}hlv }hl b}}l`w} `bkj} nj~} |~ }jj mlbv+

Ok bkj}hlv movln}ojk! }hl faokmkl~~ ji hb}l iokm~

E



O>j TBV BKM HB]VLM y

lxwvl~~ojk ok }hl wvl~lk} }lkmlkn }j mlwvlnob}l

Dlv`bk ao}lvb}|vl! ~nolknl! bkm whoaj~jwh+ ^j`lji }hl }hokd~ thonh bvl kjt flokd ~bom jk }ho~

}jwon O abvdla bdvll to}h+ O hbyl ajkd hlam }hb}

}hl yba|l ji }hl Dlv`bk njk}vof|}ojk }j ao}lvb}|vl!

~nolknl! bkm lylk whoaj~jwh hb~ fllk ~lvoj|~a

jylv-l~}o`b}lm b~ nj`wbvlm to}h }hb} ji j}hlv

kb}ojk~+ F|} `|nh ji }hl n|vvlk} }bae jk }ho~

~|fcln} o~ hjwlal~~a |kmo~nvoòkb}okd bkm lxbddlv-

b}lm+ Ok bk nb~l! o} o~ b`|~okd }j iokm `lk }baeokd

ok }ho~ ylok thj tj|am klylv hbyl }hj|dh} ji

mjokd ~j oi }hlvl hbm fllk kj tbv+ J|v flokd b}

tbv to}h Dlv`bk nbk ~nbvnla `bel bk moiilv-

lknl! jkl tj|am }hoke! }j }hl dvlb}kl~~ ji Djl}hl

jv ji Hldla+

Ok njkna|~ojk! al} `l dj fbne }j ` ~}bv}okd-

wjok}+ Thb} bvl tl }j ~b iokbaa njknlvkokd

}hl wvlnlw}$

Ajyl j|v lklòl~$

: O~ }hlvl bk~lk~l ok thonh o} o~ ji |koylv~ba bwwaonb}ojk : O

}hoke }hlvl `b fl+ O} `|~} kj}! ji nj|v~l! fl

}belk }j `lbk }hb} tl bvl }j ajyl j|v lklòl~

to}h thb} Fo~hjw F|}alv nbaa~$

b wln|aobv biiln-

}ojk$+ ]hlvl bvl `bk thj bvl kj} j|v lklòl~

ijv thj` tl nbk illa kj wln|aobv biiln}ojk+

Fl~oml~! oi tl ajyl j|v lklòl~ ok }ho~ ~lk~l!

thb}! b~ Njki|no|~ o~ ~bom }j hbyl okr|ovlm! bvl tl}j mj ok }hl nb~l ji j|v ivolkm~ : F|} oi tl }bel

}hl `lbkokd }j fl Toaa djjm }j j|v lkl`vb}hlv }hbk lyoa! }hl v|al `b! |kmlv b nlv}bok

njkmo}ojk! fl vldbvmlm b~ |koylv~baa bwwaonbfal+

Oi tl bnnlw} Wab}j$~ mjn}vokl }hb} o} o~ fl}}lv ijv



y TBV BKM HB]VLM 2>2

}hl lyoamjlv ho`~lai }hb} hl ~hj|am ~|iilv w|ko~h-

`lk} }hbk}hb} hl

~hj|am dj |kw|ko~hlm!o}

~ll`~wj~~ofal! hjtlylv moiion|a} ok wvbn}onl! }j okiaon}

wbok bkm h|v} jk ho` thoal vl}bokokd djjmtoaa

}jtbvm~ ho` ok }hl ylv bn} ji mjokd ~j+ Ivj` }ho~

wjok} ji yolt! iboa|vl }j illa c|~} vl~lk}`lk} bkm

lxwvl~~ o} ok bn}ojk o~ bk okc|v }j }hl lyoamjlv

ho`~lai b~ tlaa b~ }j j}hlv~+ F|} o~ o}

batb~fl}}lv ijv }hl lyoamjlv ho`~lai }j fl w|ko~hlm :

Oi o} `bel~ ho` b fl}}lv `bk! tl `b bdvll }hb}

}ho~ o~ ~j+ F|} ~j ibv b~ tl nbk ~ll! o} ~j`l}o`l~ hb~

}hl vlylv~l liiln}+ Oi tl bvl }j c|~}oi }hl wvoknowal

ok o}~ toml~} dlklvbao}! tl `|~} dj fljkm thb}

tl nbk ~ll+ Tl `|~} wj~}|ab}l b `jvba jvmlv jv

~j`l}hokd lr|oybalk} }j b `jvba jvmlv ok }hl

|koylv~l bnnjvmokd }j thonh o} o~ batb~ ok ~j`l

tb |a}o`b}la fl}}lv ijv }hl lyoamjlv }j fl

w|ko~hlm }hbk }j l~nbwl w|ko~h`lk}+ Oi }ho~ o~

Nhvo~}obk mjn}vokl! }hlk Nhvo~}obko} `b njk-

~o~}lk}a `bok}bok }hl |koylv~ba bwwaonb}ojk ji

}hl `bxo`!$

Ajyl j|v lkl`ol~+$

E 6



YO

WB]VOJ]O^@ OK ]HL WLVILN]

^]B]L

F_ F+ FJ^BKR\L]

]HL r|bao} ji wb}voj}o~` o~ ml}lvòklm f thb}tl ml~ovl ijv j|v nj|k}v! b~ }hl r|bao} ji ivolkm-

~how o~ ml}lvòklm f thb} tl ml~ovl ijv j|v

ivolkm+ Bkm }ho~ r|l~}ojk }hl r|l~}ojk thb} o}

o~ }hb} tl ml~ovl ijv j|v nj|k}v o~ ji ~|wvl`l

`j`lk} }j-mb! flnb|~l ok }hl bk~tlv doylk }j o}!

thl}hlvf wvbn}onl

jv okwvoknowal!

bvl vjj}lm }hl

wlv`bklk} |kmlvaokd njkmo}ojk~ ji tbv bkm wlbnl+

B~~|òkd }hlk }hb} thb} o~ }v|l ji wvoknowal~

o~ }v|l ji }hl njvvl~wjkmokd wvbn}onl! thl}hlv jv

kj }hl bn}jv~ |kmlv~}bkm thb} }hl bvl mjokd!

O toaa b~e j| }j njk~omlv to}h `l }hvll }wonba

omlb~ lxwvl~~oyl ji thb} `lk ml~ovl ijv }hlov

nj|k}v! lbnh ji }hl` flbvokd b mo~}okn}oyl vl-

ab}ojk }j }hl nb|~l~ bkm n|~}j`~ ji tbv! bkm }j

}hl wlv`bklk} fb~o~ ji wlbnl+

Bkm ok }ho~ njk~omlvb}ojk O hjwl }hb} tl ~hbaa

ba~j fl la|nomb}okd bk ok}lvl~}okd r|l~}ojk ok }hl

ho~}jv ji vlnlk} }hj|dh}+ Tl ~hbaa ~ll hjt }hl

~walkmom wjao}onba whoaj~jwh ji Dlv`bk b h|kmvlm

lbv~ bdj hb~ wb~~lm jk }hl jkl hbkm ok}j hlv

ok}jxonb}ojk ji }j-mb! thoal jk }hl j}hlv hbkm!

la~lthlvl! ok ibnl ji b `jvl aoflvba lxwlvolknl!

o} hb~ ij|km b mlno~oyl nj`wal}ojk ok b h|`bk bkm

ml`jnvb}on ~lk~l+ ]hl }hvll njknlw}ojk~ }j thonh



yo OK ]HL WLVILN] ^]B]L 2>>

O vlilv hbyl ylv `|nh ok nj``jk! bkm b dvlb}

wbv} ji }hl ok}lvl~} ji j|v okr|ov! bkm ba~j wlvhbw~b ao}}al wvbn}onba yba|l thonh o} òdh} wj~~l~~!

mlwlkm~ jk kj}onokd ylv wvlno~la }hl wjok}~ b}

thonh mo~}okn}ojk~ flnj`l fa|vvlm! bkm }hl omlb~!

`j~}a f `lvl jò~~ojk! bvl bw} }j ~aoml ok}j jkl

bkj}hlv+

Al} |~ `bel b fldokkokd! }hlk! to}h Hldla$~

wjao}onba }hj|dh}! }hl Dlv`bk }hj|dh} ji b h|k-

mvlm lbv~ bdj+ B} }hb} }o`l }hl omlb ji b `bk$~

nj|k}v! b~ ijn|~~lm ok }hl ~}b}l! tb~ b dajvoj|~

yo~ojk! ~}o`|ab}lm abvdla f Dvlle njknlw}ojk~

bkm mvbtokd ~j`l}hokd ivj` Lkdao~h njk~}o}|}ojkba

lxwlvolknl5

thoal ok }hllxo~}okd vlbao}

ji }hl

Wv|~~obk ~~}l` }hlvl tb~ ao}}al }j nb}nh }hl ll!

bkm ao}}al wjtlv! }hlvlijvl! }j kbvvjt }hl j|}ajje+

Kjt }hl l~~lk}oba wjok} ijv |~ hlvl }j dvb~w

iovà! oi tl to~h }j lk}lv ok}j }hl }v|}h ji }hl

`b}}lv bkm o}~ bmcbnlk} ibaabnol~! o~ }hb} Hldla

`lbk~ f }hl ~}b}l! kj} }hl `bnhokl ji djylvk-

`lk}! f|} baa }hb} i|aioa~! ok }hl bn}|ba nj``|ko}!}hl okmoyom|ba$~ òkm bkm toaa+ ]hl okmoyom|ba o~

~|wwj~lm }j ~ll ok o} }hl ijv` ji aoil! bkm `jvl }hbk

}hb}! }hl wbv}on|abv ijv` ji ~lk}o`lk} bkm yjao}ojk!

thonh ho~ kb}ojk hb~ ~j ibv tjvelm j|} ijv o}~lai!

bkm ok thonh hl! }hl wvoyb}l wlv~jk! iokm~ }hl ~|f-

~}bknl ji ho~ jtk òkm! bkm thb} |ko}l~ ho` to}h

j}hlv~+ O} okna|ml~! ji nj|v~l! }hl l}honba }vbmo}ojk

ji }hl ~jnol}! to}h }hl jf~lvybknl~ bkm ok~}o}|-

}ojk~ ok thonh o} o~ l`fjmolm bkm wvl~lvylm 5bkm

`jvl l~wlnobaa o} o~ omlk}oiolm to}h }hl dlklvba toaa

b~ lxwvl~~lm ok }hl abt~ bkm }hl wjao}onba njk~}o}|-



2>= WB]VOJ]O^@ yo

}ojk+ ]hl ~}b}l! ok ~hjv}! o~ }hl bve ok thonh }hl

thjal }vlb~|vl ji }hl okmoyom|ba no}oslk$~ hlbm bkmhlbv} o~ wvl~lvylm bkm d|bvmlm to}hok b tjvam

thonh `b fl mo~jvmlva bkm hj~}oal+

Jkl `b kb}|vbaa b~e! thlvl }hlk mjl~

h|`bko} nj`l ok! bkm hjt vlnjdkosl }hl nabo`~

ji j}hlv kb}ojk~ bkm wlv~jk~ : ]ho~ o~ lxnllmokda

o`wjv}bk}! f|} kj} moiion|a}+ _j|v nj|k}v o~ hlam}j lxwvl~~ }hl thjal ijv` ji aoil ijv thonh j|

~}bkm! bkm }hlvlijvl! to}hok }hb}! j|v `jvba

b}}o}|ml }j h|`bko} bkm }hl tjvam ok dlklvba+

Oi j| bvl bk Lkdao~h`bk! j| wvjfbfa jfcln} }j

~abylv+ F|} }hb} b}}o}|ml o~ kj} b }hokd ji

nhbknl!ok thonh

j|~}bkm j|}~oml

j|v bdlbkm

nj|k}v+ O} o~ wbv} ji }hl j|}ajje b} thonh! jk

}hl thjal! Lkdabkm hbm b} b nlv}bok }o`l bvvoylm!

bkm thonh nb`l }j okmoyom|ba Lkdao~h`lk }hvj|dh

}hlov wbv}onowb}ojk ok }hl kb}ojkba `okm+ Hlvl o~

b wjok} b} thonh b ~aoml ok}j ibaabn o~ }jj wj~~ofal+

]hb} `jvba yolt ji }hl tjvam thonh j| bkm j|v

~}b}l ~}bkm |w ijv o~ jkl }hokd+ B `jvba yolt

thonh njk~omlv~ jka j|v jtk bkm j|v ~}b}l$~

o``lmob}l ok}lvl~}~ o~ r|o}l bkj}hlv }hokd 5f|}

o} o~ ylv lb~ }j njki|~l }hl }tj! fj}h ok wvbn}onl

bkm ok njk}vjylv~+

Tl hbyl ~bom lkj|dh }j okmonb}l }hl yba|l thonh!

bnnjvmokd }j ~|nh omlb~! }hl wvoyb}l okmoyom|ba! ok

}hljv jv f wvbn}onl! vlnjdkosl~ ok ho~ ~}b}l+

Ajjelm b} ok }ho~ tb! j|v nj|k}v! }hl ~}b}l! o~

~o`wa baa tl hbyl+ Okk|`lvbfal nabo`~ `bnj`l }j |~ ivj` j|}~oml! f|} }hl baa nj`l }hvj|dh

o} bkm ~|fcln} }j o}5 c|~} b~ }hl baa nj`l }j |~



yv OK ]HL WLVILN] ^]B]L 2><

}hvj|dh j|v jtk illaokd~ bkm j|v jtk flaoli~+

To}hj|} }hl ~}b}l tl bvl kj}hokd bkm kjfjm+ O}o~ ijv |~ }hl ylhonal ji }hl yba|l ji }hl tjvam+ O}

~}bkm~ ijv j|v njk}vof|}ojk }j }hl dlklvba ~|` ji

thb} h|`bko} hb~ bnholylm bkm thb} `bel~ bkaoil tjv}h aoyokd+

^j ibv thb} tl ml~ovl ijv j|v nj|k}v! j|v yolt

ji o}~ ò~~ojk! o~ }j bnholyl }hl

ylvfl~} tl baa bvl

nbwbfal ji flnjòkd+ F|} }hlvl o~ bkj}hlv ~oml

}j }ho~ ~b`l ~l} ji omlb~+

Jfyoj|~a! }j i|aioa }ho~! o}~ klnl~~bv ò~~ojk!

}hl ~}b}l kllm~ bfjyl baa }hokd~ }j fl ~}vjkd+ @lk

thj hbm aoylm }hvj|dh Kbwjaljkon }o`l~ nj|am

hbyl kj mj|f} bfj|} }hb}+ Thj okmllm tb~ }j

hlaw b ~}b}l oi o} nj|am kj} hlaw o}~lai : Tbv! }hlk!

tb~ }hl oklyo}bfal bvfo}lv! bkm f }hl }l~} ji tbv

}hl ~}b}l `|~} ~}bkm jv ibaa+ Hldla o~ wvo`bvoa

bwwlbaokd }j ibn}~ thlk hl ~b~ }hb} j|}~oml }hl

~lylvba nj``|ko}ol~ }hlvl o~ kj dlklvba toaa+ B~ l}

}hlvl nj|am kj} fl5ijv }hl dlklvba toaa o~ }hl toaa

ji b nj``|ko}! fbnelm f o}~ thjal fjm! òkm!

bkm ~lk}o`lk}+ ]h|~! kj jkl nbk wj~~ofa mon}b}l

ok}j thb} ml`bkm~ ~lwbvb}l ~}b}l~ ~hbaa }hvjt

}hlov |a}o`b}l hjkj|v bkm ~lai-b~~lv}ojk5bkm oi

ok }hl~l }hl njkiaon} }hlvl o~ kj |a}o`b}l ~ja|}ojk

f|} tbv+ Jk jkl ~oml! tl hbyl ~llk! }hl ~}b}l o~

beok }j bv}! whoaj~jwh! bkm vlaodojk 5 o} o~ òkm ok

b njknlk}vb}lm ijv`+ F|} fl}tllk o} bkm }hl~l

j}hlv ~hbwl~ ji òkm }hlvl o~ }hl jkl i|kmb`lk}ba

mo~}okn}ojk+ ]hl ~}b}l o~ òkm $ok }hl tjvam $+ O}

o~ kj} jka j|v }vlb~|vl! f|} o} o~ }hl bve thonh

nbvvol~ j|v }vlb~|vl+ $Ok }hl tjvam$

vodh} nbk



2>9 WB]VOJ]O^@ yo

jka wvlyboa }hvj|dh òdh}+ ^}vlkd}h ok tbv o~

}hlvlijvl }hl iov~} njkmo}ojk ji }hl ~}b}l$~ i|aioa`lk}

ji o}~ i|kn}ojk5bkm flokd }hl iov~} njkmo}ojk! bkm

b njkmo}ojk wln|aobv }j }hl ~}b}l b`jkd }hl ijv`~

ji òkm! o} o~ }jj lb~oa }belk b~ }hl bo` bkm thjal

|w~hj} ji }hl ~}b}l+ ]ho~ bdbok! b~ tl ~hbaa ~ll!

o~ b wjok} b} thonh jkl omlb o~ bw} }j ~aoml ok}j

bkj}hlv+

]hlvlijvl! ~oknl b~ l} }hlvl nbk fl! j|}~oml

bkm bfjyl }hl ~lylvba ~}b}l~! kj dlklvba toaa to}h

b nj``jk hlbv} bkm ijvnl! kj$

wvbl}jv$

c|mdl

vlwvl~lk}okd wjtlv f|} jka b} fl~} bk$

bvfo-

}vb}jv $! baa ok}lvkb}ojkba abt~! }vlb}ol~! bkm |~bdl~

bvl! b} fj}}j`! jka bdvll`lk}~ ji b k|`flv ji

wbv}on|abv toaa~! }hl toaa~ ji bf~ja|}l okmlwlkmlk}

fjmol~+ ^j ibv kb}ojk~ bvl }j jkl bkj}hlv! b~ jamlv

tvo}lv~ hbm ~bom! ok b ~}b}l ji kb}|vl! aoel }hl ~|w-

wj~lm (f|} r|o}l o`bdokbv/ okmoyom|ba~ flijvl

^jnol} tb~ okylk}lm+ Hldla mjl~ kj} ~b }hb}

}hlvl nbkkj} fl! bkm bvl kj}! h|`bkl |~bdl~! njk-

ylk}ojk~! v|al~! bkm }vlb}ol~+ ]hl thjal ji ok}lv-

kb}ojkba abt vl~}~ jk }hl wvoknowal }hb} }vlb}ol~ bvl

}j fl jf~lvylm+ F|} flhokm baa }ho~ }hlvl o~ }hl

~hllv ibn} ji }hl ~lwbvb}l okmoyom|ba wjtlv~! lbnh

bf~ja|}l ok o}~ aoò}lm bvlb5

~j }hb}! b} fj}}j`!

}hl thjal ibfvon ji ok}lvkb}ojkba v|al~ bkm n|~}j`~

o~ c|~} bk bdvll`lk} ji ~lwbvb}l toaa~! bkm kj} bk

lxwvl~~ojk ji b ~okdal dlklvba toaa+ \a}o`b}la!

jv i|kmb`lk}baa! lbnh ji }hl~l ~lwbvb}l toaa~ o~

bkm `|~} fl ml}lvòklm f o}~ jtk njknlw}ojk ji

o}~ jtk tlaibvl+ ]ho~ o~ }hl moiion|a} O }hoke ok

}hl tb ji albd|l~ bkm ilmlvb}ojk~ ok ibyj|v ji



yo OK ]HL WLVILN] ^]B]L 2>4

wlbnl b~ ~|ddl~}lm f Ebk} bkm f Kjv`bk

Bkdlaa+ ]hlbvl

w|vlaml

ibn}j+ ]hlmj kj}

vl~} |wjk }hl ~wovo} ji b ~jaom nj``|ko} 5bkm

lylv wjtlvi|a albd|l }lkm~ ow~j ibn}j }j vbo~l |wb wjtlvi|a nj|k}lvalbd|l bdbok~} o}! to}h dvbyl

vo~e ji tbv+

O} ijaajt~ ivj` }ho~ }hb} }hlvl o~ b i|kmb`lk}ba

mo~}okn}ojk fl}tllk }hl `jvba wj~o}ojk ji }hl

wvoyb}l okmoyom|ba thj tjve~ j|} }hl ml}boa ji ho~

m|} jk }hl fb~o~ ji vlnjdkoslm vodh}~ to}hok b

wvlyoj|~a jvmlvlm bkm jvdbkoslm ~jnol}! bkm

}hb} ji }hl ~}b}l! thonh hb~$

ok }hl tjvam$

}j

wvjyoml bkm ~|~}bok! b} baa hbsbvm~! }hl jvdbkoslm

~jnol} to}hok thonh }hl okmoyom|ba o~ }j aoyl+

]hl }b~e~ ji `jvba~ bkm ji ok}lvkb}ojkba wjao}on~

bvl moiilvlk} ok wvoknowal! }hj|dh }hl lkm }j thonh

}hl nj-jwlvb}l o~ }hl ~b`l+ ]hl o``lmob}l }b~e ji

`jvba~ o~ }j aoyl b aoil! }hb} ji ok}lvkb}ojkba wjao}on~

o~ }j wvjyoml b tjvam to}hok thonh aoil nbk fl aoylm+

]hl ~b`l mo~}okn}ojk `|~} fl w|~hlm fljkm

}hl moiilvlknl ji }hl }b~e~ ok}j }hl moiilvlknl ji

}hlov wj~~ofoao}+ Ijv }hl wvoyb}l okmoyom|ba o} o~

ibova lb~! ok }hl `bok! b} alb~} }j ekjt thb} hl

~hj|am mj! bkm thb} hl ~hj|am kj}+ Hl aoyl~

to}hok b ~nhl`l ji vlnjdkoslm vodh}~ bkm jfaodb-

}ojk~5 bkm! ~}bv}okd ivj` ho~ aldba wj~o}ojk bkm

bnnlw}lm m|}ol~! hl nbk }laa thl}hlv hl o~ flhbyokd

~laio~ha jv dlklvj|~a! v|mla jv nj|v}lj|~a!

eokma jv |keokma+ Ho~ abtlv toaa }laa ho` ho~

aldba vodh}~ 5bkm o} o~ ijv ho` }j ok~o~} |wjk }hl`

jv }j ~|vvlkmlv }hl`+ F|} ok wvoknowal }hl ~}b}l

hb~ kj ~|nh d|oml+ O} o~ kj} aoyokd j|} bk jvmlvlm



2>8 WB]VOJ]O^@ yo

aoil! to}hok b vlnjdkoslm ~nhl`l+ O} nbkkj} }laa

thl}hlv o} o~ flokd al~~ }hbk c|~}! jv `lvla c|~}!

jv eokm bkm dlklvj|~+ Ijv o} lylv nb~l o~ |kmlv

ba}lvokd njkmo}ojk~ bkm klt! bkm o} o~ ~jal c|mdl

ok o}~ jtk nb|~l+ B ~}b}l `b }hoke }hb} o} o~

flhbyokd to}h ~|wlvh|`bk dlklvj~o}! thoal o}~

bk}bdjko~} `b }hoke o} o~ flhbyokd aoel b fbkmo}+

]hlvl o~ kj nj`wal}l jv ml}boalm ~nhl`l bkm ~nbalji njkm|n} bkm ~lk}o`lk} }j jwlvb}l b~ b kjv` ji

illaokd bkm c|mdl`lk}+ Ji nj|v~l }ho~ abkd|bdl

`b ~ll` lxbddlvb}lm ok ibnl ji }hl tlaa-l~}bfao~hlm

|~bdl~ ji ok}lvkb}ojkba abt! bkm }hl lxo~}lknl ji

}vlb}ol~+ F|} }hl moiilvlknl tl hbyl `lk}ojklm

biiln}~ }hl` baa+

\a}o`b}la!

}j vlo}lvb}l }hb}

}lvvofal bmylvf! thonh djylvk~ }hl thjal bvd|`lk}!

o} o~ b~ tl ~b+ B wvoyb}l wlv~jk hb~ }hl al}}lv

bkm ~wovo} ji ho~ `jvba tjvam }j aoyl |w }j! bkm jk

}hl `bok aokl~ bkm nhjonl~ ji aoil }hlvl o~ b tlba}h

ji vlnjdkoslm jfaodb}ojk~ thonh! O mj kj} ~b }laa

ho` thb} }j mj! f|} nlv}boka tbvk ho` thb} hl o~

mjokd+ B ~}b}l o~ ~boaokd b ~lb f|} ~aodh}a nhbv}lm!

bkm thb} `bve~ }hl nhbv}~ mj i|vko~h bvl `j~}a

vlnlk} bkm mlwlkm jk b vlyjnbfal njk~lk}+ B~

b ~|wvl`l wjtlv! o} hb~ b vl~wjk~ofoao} ijv lylv

nhjonl! ji thonh kj wvlnlmlk}~ kjv lx}lvkba vlnj`-

`lkmb}ojk~ nbk moyl~} o}+ B} lylv ~}lw o} o~

`beokd b klt tjvam+

]h|~! ok ~|nh bk omlb ji wb}voj}o~` b~ tl hbyl

fllk ml~nvofokd! }hl b}}o}|ml }j tbv o~ ibyj|vbfal

jk }hl thjal+ ]hlvl o~! o} ~|ddl~}~! bk lal`lk} ok

}hl tjvam thonh o~ }vbk~o}jv bkm bnnomlk}ba! }hl

lal`lk} ji }l`wjvba aoil bkm }l`wjvba djjm~+ O}



yo OK ]HL WLVILN] ^]B]L

o~ kb}|vba bkm klnl~~bv }hb} bnnomlk} ~hj|am wvl

|wjk }hl bnnomlk}ba! bkm }hb} njk}okdlk} yba|l~~hj|am }h|~ fl mo~}okd|o~hlm ivj` ~|f~}bk}oba+

Tbv o~ }hl iolv }l~} ji vlbao}! bkm }hl `belv ji

kb}ojk~+ $Ok }hl tjvam$ bnnomlk} o~ klnl~~bv

bkm hb~ o}~ djjm+ Hlvl o~ b ~}voeokd wb~~bdl 5kj}

b nj`wal}l ~|vyl ji }hl r|l~}ojk! f|}! O }hoke!

vlr|ovokdnjk~omlvb}ojk! bkm

~hjtokd}hl njkyon}ojk

l`fjmolm ok }hl b}}o}|ml tl hbyl }volm }j wjv}vb 3

$

Ji nj|v~l! tbv fvokd~ ok~ln|vo} ji wj~~l~~ojk~!f|} }ho~ bn}|ba ok~ln|vo} o~ jka b klnl~~bv `jyl-

`lk}+ Tl hlbv ivj` }hl w|awo} ~j `|nh ji }hl

|knlv}bok}! ybko}! bkm ionealkl~~ ji }l`wjvba

}hokd~ 5f|} lylv jkl }hoke~ b~ hl hlbv~ o}! hjt-

lylv }j|nhokd `b fl }hl lajr|lknl!&* ~hbaa

`bkbdl }j ellw thb} o~ `okl &+ F|} kjt oi }ho~

|knlv}bok} njkivjk}~ }hl` ok dvo` lbvkl~} ok

}hl ~hbwl ji h|~~bv~ to}h kbelm ~bfvl~! }hlk }hl

}j|nhokd ~wovo} ji lmoionb}ojk! ok }hl ibnl ji

}hl ylv }hokd o} ijvl}jam! fl}bel~ o}~lai }j h|va-

okd n|v~l~ b} }hl yon}jv~+ F|} ok ~wo}l ji baa! tbv~

}bel wabnl thlk }hl jnnb~ojk ml`bkm~ o} 5 }hl

nvjw~ dvjt bdbok 5bkm fbffal o~ `|}l flijvl }hl

dvo` o}lvb}ojk~ ji ho~}jv+$2

Flijvl albyokd }hl~l omlb~ ji b h|kmvlm lbv~

bdj! o} o~ tjv}h thoal }j kj}l }hl dlklvba }l`wlv

ji ok}laaln}|ba Dlv`bk ok }hb} dvlb} bdl+ O} tb~

i|aa! kj mj|f}! ji ~lai-b~~lv}ojk! kj} |kflnj`okd}j b kb}ojk njk~noj|~ ji o``lk~l nbwbno}ol~+ F|}

o} tb~ ~`wb}hl}on bkm vlnlw}oyl+ Kj `lk lylv

tjvelm hbvmlv }j lm|nb}l }hl`~layl~ ok }hl toml~}

lxwlvolknl ji h|`bko} }hbk Djl}hl bkm ho~

2Hldla! Whoaj~jwh ji Vodh}! ~+ >6=+



2=7 WB]VOJ]O^@ yo

njk}l`wjvbvol~+ ]hlov illaokd o~ ibova lxwvl~~lm

ok ~j`l ylv~l~ bmmvl~~lm f ^nhoaalv }j Djl}hl!jk }hl lxnlw}ojkba jnnb~ojk ji b wab f Yja}bovl

flokd wlvijv`lm b} }hl Tlo`bv }hlb}vl+ Tl ~ll

ok }hl` }hl mlaonb}l fbabknl ji ~lai-b~~lv}ojk bkm

vlnlw}oyo}+ Hlvl o~ b vj|dh ylv~ojk 3

]j hj`l-fjvk bv} }ho~ ~}bdl o~ njk~lnvb}lm!

Kj `jvl bvl~}vbkdlv

omja~

tjv~howwlmhlvl

5

]hl ab|vla tl mo~wab to}h hlbv} lab}lm

Jk j|v wjl}on `j|k} o}~ dvjt}h mom vlbv5

]j bv}$~ hodh ibkl! ho`~lai oko}ob}lm!

Fjama }hl Dlv`bk dlko|~ hb~ mvbtk klbv5

Bkm jk }hl }vbne ji Fvo}jk bkm ji Dvlle

Hb~ ~l} ho~ ibnl b w|vlv ib`l }j ~lle+

]hl Fvo}jk bkm }hl Dvllebvl

^hbel~wlbvl bkmBvo~}j}al! jv wlvhbw~ }hl Dvlle ]vbdlmobk~+ Bkm

}hl ~b`l }wl~ ji lxwlvolknl! Lkdao~h bkm Hlaalkon!

tlvl b} tjve ok }hl njknlw}ojk ji wb}voj}o~` tl

hbyl wjv}vblm+ O} o~ kj}! Hldla ~b~! l`whb}onbaa!

}hl `lvl jnnb~ojkba vlbmokl~~ ijv lx}vl`l ~bnvoionl~+

O} o~ }hl vlnjdko}ojk ji }hl

nj``|ko}

b~ j|v ~|f-

~}bknl }hvj|dhj|} baa }hl ml}boalm i|kn}ojk~ ji aoil+

Tl ~hbaa i|v}hlv ~ll }hl ~|wvl`l yba|l ji }ho~

bwwbvlk}a wvj~bon yolt+

Kjt tl kllm kj} bmm `bk tjvm~ ok lxwabokokd

hjt }ho~ b}}o}|ml ji }hl dvlb} }o`l hb~ mldlklvb}lm

ok}j }hl nvllm ji yojalknl bkm ~lai-ok}lvl~} ji thonh

tl hlbv }j-mb+ O} o~ l~~lk}obaa }hl wb~~bdl ji

b abvdl bkm `bk-~omlm whoaj~jwhonba mjn}vokl

ok}j }hl hbkm~ ji odkjvbk} bkm fob~lm b`b}l|v~!

~jamolv~! ho~}jvobk~! wjao}onobk~+2

Tlaa! baa whoaj-

2 ]hl wvjil~~jv~! o} o~ ~bom! hbyl fllk `jfoaoslm ok }hl ~lv-

yonl ji Dlv`bk+ Bkm jk }hl dlklvba `lvo}~ ji }hl mo~w|}l



yo OK ]HL WLVILN] ^]B]L 2=2

~jwh o~ mbkdlvj|~! ijv o} faoke~ kj ~oml ji }hl

}v|}h! bkm

bk

jkl ji o}~ ~}b}l`lk}~! }belk

fo}~lai bkm to}h fob~! `b bn} b~ b òdh} ~}vjkd

tokl jv b~ b hodh lxwaj~oyl+

O} o~ lkj|dh }j vlnbaa }hl }tj wjok}~ ok }hl dvlb}

Dlv`bk whoaj~jwh b} thonh tl kj}lm hjt vlbmoa

jkl omlb ~aoml~ ok}j bkj}hlv+ Jkl o~ thlvl o} ~b~

}hb} b ~}b}l o~ bkm nbk fl ml}lvòklm jka f o}~

jtk djjm+ Tl }volm }j lxwabok }hb} }hl }hokd o~

b }v|o~`+ O}~ djjm o~ }hl ijv` ji aoil bkm illaokd

thonh o} hb~ `bml bkm nhj~lk! bkm okna|ml~ o}~

vlab}ojk~ }j j}hlv~+ F|} oi ijv djjm (Tjha/ j|vlbm lxna|~oyl ~lai-ok}lvl~}! }hl }hokd o~ mjkl+

B dvlb} omlb ~aoml~ flijvl j|v ll~ ok}j }hl

`lbkl~} ji tjvama `bxo`~+ ^j to}h }hl j}hlv

wjok}+ B~ d|bvmobk ji b }vlb~|vl! }hl ~}b}l `|~}

}ho~ o~ ~j+ F|} O b` kj} btbvl ji lyomlknl }hb} whoaj~jwhlv~

ji vlw|}l hbyl bmjw}lm! ~b! Flvkhbvmo$~ jv ]vlo}~nhel$~ yolt~

ji c|~}oionb}ojk f ijvnl+ L|nelk! }hj|dh hl ~}bkm~ |w ijv

ho~ nj|k}v! mjl~ ~j wbv}a jk }hl dvj|km }hb} Flvkhbvmo o~ kj}

vlwvl~lk}b}oyl! bkm tl `|~} fl baajtlm }j mo~nj|k} }hl wjw|abv

|~l ji hbvm ~bokd~ ivj` Kol}s~nhl! }hj|dh hl hb~ ylv wvj-

fbfa ò~alm }hl `|a}o}|ml+ Kol}s~nhl o~ kj} b }hokelv thj`

hl }hb} v|k~ `b vlbm+ T|km}! O }hoke! o~ ~o`wa ò~ok-

ijv`lm bkm nvlm|aj|~! thoal ~}vjkda biiln}lm f kb}ojkba fob~

bkm ybko}+ O `b bmm }hb} }hl omlb ji$

n|a}|vl$

ok }hl

lbvaolv wlvojm o~ vodh} bkm iokl+ O no}l ivj` Ebk} thb} o~

wvjfbfa }hl jvodokba bnnj|k} jio} 3

$

Tlbvl noyoaoslm }j }hl

wjok} ji tlbvo~j`lkl~~! ok}j baa ~jv}~ ji ~jnoba nj|v}l~ bkm

wjao}lkl~~+ F|} flijvl tl nbk fl hlam }j fl `jvbaoslm }hlvl o~

b ylv ajkd tb }j dj+ Ijv n|a}|vl o`waol~ `jvl }hbk noyoaosb-

}ojk! o} o`waol~ }hl omlb ji `jvbao}+$ Ebk}$~ Tlvel (V+/ 4!>6?+

Hl o~ nlk~|vokd }hl lxwlkmo}|vl jk$

lxwbk~ojk $! b~ }htbv}okd

}hl ~wovo}|ba dvjt}h ji }hl no}oslk~+



2=6 WB]VOJ]O^@ yo

fl ~}vjkd ok tbv+ F|} o} o~ moiilvlk} thlk j| ~b

}hb} o}~

~}vlkd}hok tbv ~l}~ o} ivll }j

~|aab} o}~

toaa }hl }vlb~|vl o} hb~ }j d|bvm+

]j `bel }hl~l }tj }vbk~o}ojk~ o~ }hl ~b`l }hokd

b~ }j mvjw j|} ivj` }hl njknlw}ojk ji wb}voj}o~`

baa }hb} tl ~bom bfj|} }hl wj~o}oyl yba|l~ ji thonh

}hl ~}b}l o~ d|bvmobk+ Ok b h|dl nj|k}v! ok}jxo-

nb}lm to}h o}~ klt `b}lvoba wvj~wlvo}! bkm lylk

ok }hl vlba` ji ok}laaln} ~j f|~ to}h `vobm

~wlnobao}ol~ b~ }j fl mlbilklm }j yjonl~ ivj` to}hj|}

f }hl nab`j|v ji o}~ jtk njk}lkmokd ~nhjja~! ~|nh

b }vbk~o}ojk ~ll`~ ba`j~} kb}|vba+

F|} l}! thlk }ho~ }vbk~o}ojk o~ `bml! }hl w|faon

njk~nolknl! }hl nj`wb~~ ji }hl moiion|a} yjbdl! o~

djkl+ Lylv}hokd mlwlkmlm jk o}~ vlnjdko}ojk ji

}hl ~|wvl`l yba|l~ to}hok o}~ jtk djjm 5bkm }hl

nhbkdl albyl~ }hl` b~ `lvl kb`l~ ijv thb}lylv

nbk fl liiln}lm f ijvnl+ Bkm kjt! baa }hl ml

ibn}j }v|}h~ thonh }hl dvlb} whoaj~jwh njknlmlm

to}h vldbvm }j ok}lvkb}ojkba njkylk}ojk~ vl}|vk

|wjk |~ to}h nv|~hokd ijvnl+ _j| nbk iokm

wbvbaala~ ok Hldla! b~ tl ~bt! ijv `|nh ji }hl abk-

d|bdl! l+d+! ji }hl Fjje ji Tbv! bfj|} `lvl |~bdl~

bkm njkylk}ojk~+ ]hl jka moiilvlknl o~ }hb} }hl

kb}ojkba njk~nolknl thonh `bel~ Hldla ~b! ijv

ok~}bknl! }hb} L|vjwl o~ ok bn}|ba h|`bkl flhbyoj|v

b ~okdal ibòa }hl kb}ojkba njk~nolknl o~ kjtmlal}lm ivj` }hl }hljv+

^j f `lvl jò~~ojk bkm lxbddlvb}ojk! }ho~ dvlb}

omlb ji wb}voj}o~` o~ }j}baa wlvylv}lm! bkm tl bvl

fvj|dh} }j }hl wjok} }hb} thb} b `bk ml~ovl~

ijv ho~ nj|k}v o~ òao}bv ~|wvl`bn }j fl |~lm



yo OK ]HL WLVILN] ^]B]L 2=>

to}hj|} ~nv|wal ok }hl wvj`j}ojk ji o}~ lxna|~oyl

ok}lvl~}+

]ho~ tb~ }hl ~lnjkm ji }hl }hvll b}}o}|ml~ jv

omlb~ ji wb}voj}o~` thonh tl `lbk} }j njk~omlv+

Tl hbyl jf~lvylm hjt o} `odh} bvo~l f b hlb}lm

bkm kbvvjtlm njknlw}ojk ji }hl iov~}! |kmlv }hl

ok}jxonb}ojk ji klt bnholyl`lk}~! albmokd }j klt

}l`w}b}ojk~ bkm b`fo}ojk~+

F|} kjt! vln|vvokd ijv b `j`lk} }j }hl whoaj-

~jwh ji }hl dvlb} }o`l! al} |~ njk~omlv b }hovm

lxwvl~~ojk ji wb}voj}o~`! }j thonh o} hb~ doylk vo~l

ok b thjaa moiilvlk} b}`j~whlvl+

O} tb~ b njkyon}ojk! hlam ok nj``jk f }hl }tj

ijv`~ ji wb}voj}o~` tl hbyl fllk njk~omlvokd! }hb}

tbv o~ b klnl~~bv bnnomlk}! bvo~okd j|} ji }hl ylv

kb}|vl ji }hl ~}b}l b~ b ~lwbvb}l ~jylvlodk wjtlv

lxwj~lm }j bnnomlk}! bkm }hlvlijvl! ~j`l}hokd }j

thonh b ~}b}l o~ aobfal flnb|~l bkm ok b~ ibv b~ o} o~

thb} b ~}b}l ~hj|am fl+ Kjt b dvlb} mlba ok }ho~

omlb `b ~ll` }j |~ b }v|o~`+ ^}b}l~ bvl wbv}on|abv

okmlwlkmlk} fjmol~! }hl`~layl~ ~jal |a}o`b}l c|mdl~

ji }hlov moiilvlknl~ bkm }hlov hjkj|v+ Kj okml-

wlkmlk} ~}b}l (b~ Wlvonal~ ~bom/ toaa fvjje bk jvmlv

ivj` bkj}hlv ~}b}l5

oi o} mjl~! o}~ okmlwlkmlknl o~

djkl+ Bkm jk ~|nh b wjok} }hlvl nbk fl kj bvfo-

}vb}ojk+ Tbv o~ }hl |a}o`b}l bvfo}lv! bkm }hlvlijvl

~wvokd~ ivj` }ho~ ylv kb}|vl ji ~}b}l~ 5 bkm o}

mjl~ flhjyl ~}b}l~ }j fl ~}vjkd+ Bkm ijv tbv! b~

ijv baa j}hlv lyoa~ bkm bnnomlk}~! }hlvl o~ b djjm mlba

}j fl ~bom+ Lbnh ji }hl` f o}~lai o~ nalbva b }hokd

}j fl ij|dh} bdbok~}! f|} to}hj|} bk ji }hl` b}

baa tlaa! aoil tj|am ylv ~jjk dlklvb}l klt jkl~+



2== WB]VOJ]O^@ yo

F|} b i|v}hlv r|l~}ojk hb~ fllk vbo~lm! bkm ~ll`~

tjv}hw|v~|okd+

O~ kj} b

tvjkdmjkl ~j`lthlvl!

thlk aoyl~ bvl ~bnvoionlm ok tbv : Nlv}boka o} o~

kj} `|vmlv! ijv o} o~ kj} |kabti|a eoaaokd 5f|}

bdbok! o} o~ kj} `lvla aoel bk lbv}hr|bel+ O}

nj`l~ ivj` h|`bk njkm|n} ~j`lthlvl bkm ~j`l-

thlk+ Tl `b kj} fl bfal }j bwwjv}ojk }hl d|oa}

ji o}! f|} o} `odh} fl tjv}h okr|ov thl}hlv }hl

njkm|n} nj|am kj} fl nhbkdlm+ Wlvhbw~ j|v

bkba~o~ hb~ ho}hlv}j kj} djkl ibv lkj|dh+ Bi}lv

moiilvlknl~ hbyl fvjelk j|} fl}tllk okmlwlkmlk}

~jylvlodk ~}b}l~ baa tl hbyl ~bom hjam~ djjm }hl

~lwbvb}l toaa~ ji ~lwbvb}l fjmol~! }hl `lvl j|}tbvm

bdvll`lk}~ to}h kj mllw-~lb}lm o`wbv}oba toaa bkm

wjtlv flhokm }hl`! }hl |~bdl~ bkm v|al~ b} }hl

`lvn ji }hl okmoyom|ba njk~nolknl ji ~}b}l~! thonh

ok ~j`l nb~l~ bwwlbv~ }j fl bk bf~lk} ibn}jv+

Tlaa! f|} nbkkj} tl dj i|v}hlv fbne : O~ o} ok

}hl kb}|vl ji ~}b}l~ }hb} moiilvlknl~ ~hj|am njk-

~}bk}a fl bvo~okd fl}tllk }hl` : ]hl ~}b}l o~

}hlvl }j fl }hl njkmo}ojk ji jvdbkoslm djjm aoil

ijv }hl okhbfo}bk}~ ji b nlv}bok }lvvo}jv+ O~ o} b

wvjwlv} ji }ho~ i|kn}ojk }hb} moiilvlk} ~}b}l~

~hj|am fl njk}ok|baa aobfal }j fl b} ybvobknl : O~

}lkmlkn }j tbv vlbaa b ilb}|vl ji ~}b}l~ ok vl~wln}

ji thb} }hl bvl b~ ~}b}l~ : Jv o~ o} kj} vb}hlv

wlvhbw~ b ilb}|vl ji }hl` ok ~j ibv b~ }hliboa }j

fl ~}b}l~ : ]j jvdbkosl djjm aoil ok b nlv}bok

}lvvo}jv ~ll`~ }j hbyl kj}hokd ok o} wvo`b ibnol

thonh ~hj|am klnl~~o}b}l ybvobknl fl}tllk }hl

fjmol~ nhbvdlm to}h }hl }b~e ok jkl wabnl bkm ok

bkj}hlv+



yo OK ]HL WLVILN] ^]B]L 2=<

Thlk! ok }hl aodh} ji }ho~ r|l~}ojk! tl ajje

naj~lv b} }hl ibn}~! thb} ~}bvl~ |~ ok }hl ibnl o~ }hb}}hl nb|~l ji lx}lvkba njkiaon} b~ b v|al o~ kj}

ok}lvkba jvdbkosb}ojk! f|} ok}lvkba mo~jvdbkosb}ojk+

]hl r|bvvla~j`l `bk o~ kj} tlaa jvdbkoslm ok ho~

òkm5

hl o~ oaa jvdbkoslm nlv}boka ok òkm!

wvjfbfa ok fjm+ Wab}j okmllm abom ho~ iokdlv

jk }hlwabnl! }hj|dh j| òdh}

nvo}onosl ho~ lx-

wabkb}ojk ok ~j`l wbv}on|abv~+ ]hl jvodok ji tbv!

hl ~b~! o~ thlk ~}b}l~ flnj`l ok}lvkbaa mo~lb~lm5

}hl `jvl }hl bvl mo~}vbn}lm to}hok! }hl `jvl }hl

nj`l ok}j njkiaon} to}hj|}+

Al} |~ }hoke i|v}hlv ji }ho~+ Wljwal thj bvl

~b}o~iolm mj kj} tbk} }j `bel tbv5bkm ok b tlaa-

jvdbkoslm nj``|ko} wljwal bvl ~b}o~iolm+ Tbv

`|~} bvo~l ivj` mo~~b}o~iolm lal`lk}~ ok b nj`-

`|ko} 5 wljwal thj hbyl kj} dj} thb} }hl tbk}

to}hok (jv hbyl o} f|} bvl bivbom ji aj~okd o}/bkm ~j

ajje ijv wvjio} jv ijv ~ln|vo} ik bmylk}|vl~ to}hj|}+

Tbv flajkd~ }j b ~}b}l! }hlk! |a}o`b}la! kj} ok ~j

ibv b~ o} o~ b ~}b}l! f|} ok ~j ibv b~ o} o~ kj} b ~}b}l+

Bh ~jv}~ ji nb|~l~ ji mo~~b}o~ibn}ojk jv babv`

albm }j lx}lvkba njkiaon}+ ]hlvl `b fl wvoyoaldlm

nab~~l~ movln}a ok}lvl~}lm ok vl~o~}okd }hl fl}}lv

jvdbkosb}ojk ji }hl nj``|ko}5 ok `bok}bokokd!

ijv ok~}bknl! bk jf~jal}l ivbknho~l bkm }hl wjtlv

ji b òao}bv nb~}l+ ]hlvl `b fl jwwvl~~lm

vlaodoj|~ wlv~|b~ojk~! jwwvl~~lm kb}ojkbao}ol~! wvj-

yoknl~ }jvk ivj` }hl baaldobknl }hl wvlilv+ Baa

ji }hl~l bvl aoela }j }hvjt }hlov hjwl~ bkm b`-

fo}ojk~ j|}~oml }hl ~}b}l thonh ijv`baa okna|ml~

}hl`! bkm }j wvjm|nl vl~lk}`lk}~ bdbok~} o} ok



2=9 WB]VOJ]O^@ yo

j}hlv dvj|w~+ ]hlk! `jvl ~|f}al bkm `jvl `jmlvk!

}hlvl bvl }hl thjal ~l} ji vl~}von}ojk~ |wjk h|`bkok}lvnj|v~l thonh mlwlkm jk }hl omlb }hb} }hl dbok

ji jkl nj``|ko} o~ }hl aj~~ ji bkj}hlv+ Baa ji

}hl~l `bel mj|fa ijv tbv5 }hl `bel wvoyoaldl~

b} hj`l! thonh }|vk }hl òkm ji }hl wvoyoaldlm

nab~~ btb ivj` ok}lvkba jvdbkosb}ojk bkm }jtbvm~

lx}lvkbabddvl~~ojk 5

bkm }hl `bellxna|~ojk~

bfvjbm! }|vkokd }hl òkm ji }hl lxna|mlm nab~~l~ }j

vl}baob}ojk fj}h ok eokm bkm f bv`~+ Lxna|~ojk

vlbnhl~ }hl nao`bx ji o}~ yonoj|~ liiln} thlk o}

flnj`l~ bk biibov ji thb} O ~hbaa nbaa ijv ~hjv}2

wb~~oyl `bvel}~$

~|nh! }hb} o~! b~ vbo~l }hl

wvjfal` ji }hl wvojv wj~~l~~ojk ji |knoyoaoslm

vldojk~ thonh }hl tho}l `bk nbk lxwajo} b} walb~|vl!

bkm b} walb~|vl naj~l bdbok~} j}hlv~+

O `|~} kj} wb|~l }j bkba~l b} alkd}h }hl nabo`~

~|wwjv}lm f }hb} fal~~lm tjvm$

lxwbk~ojk $+ ^j

djjm b ho~}jvobk b~ Mv+ Hjaabkm Vj~l 2~ll`~ }j

bnnlw} }hl oknvlb~l ji Dlv`bk$~ wjw|ab}ojk f

<7 wlv nlk}! ok jkl dlklvb}ojk b~ b ~|iionolk} vlb~jk

ijv b yodjvj|~ lxwbk~ojk wjaon+ F|} ~|vla tl

`|~} mo~}okd|o~h fl}tllk }hl m|}ol~ vlbaa o`wj~lm

|wjk b ~}b}l f ~|nh bk oknvlb~l to}h b yolt }j

jvdbkosb}ojk ji aoil! bkm }hl bmylk}|vl~ bkm lx-

na|~oyl lxwajo}b}ojk~ ijv thonh o} `b fl }hl wvl-

}lx}! f|} thonh mj kj}hokd ~lvoj|~ }j bom }hl tjveji jvdbkosb}ojk! thoal }hl ioaa }hl tjvam to}h

`jkjwjaol~ bkm to}h }lvvjv~ ji bddvl~~ojk+

Bkm bdbok! o} bwwlbv~ jka c|~} }j vl`bve!

ijaajtokd ijv lxb`wal b vlnlk} bv}onal f ôv

2 @bknhl~}lv Aln}|vl~ jk Dlv`bk ok or}h Nlk}|v! 6km+ lm+ 2?+



yo OK ]HL WLVILN] ^]B]L 2=4

Hbvv Cjhk~}jk!2njkiov`lm ok }ho~ vl~wln} f

@v+ @jvla!

2

}hb} thlk ok b h|dl tjvam-l`wovl}hlvl o~ bmyjnb}lm b wjaon ji nj``lvnoba lxna|~ojk

movln}lm bdbok~} j}hlv nj|k}vol~! }hl~l nj|k}vol~

toaa bk}onowb}l flokd dvbyla wvlc|monlm ok }hlov

aldo}o`b}l ijvlodk }vbml+ ]hlk ijaajt~ }hl ml~ovl

jk }hlov wbv} }j wj~~l~~ }hl`~layl~ ji lxna|~oyl

`bvel}~!bkm

|klkmokdilbv~ bkm vl~lk}`lk}~ bvl

fvlm jk lylv ~oml+ ]hb} }hl wvbn}onba bkm }hlj-

vl}onba ok~wovb}ojk ji }hl wjaon ~j bmyjnb}lm hbm

o}~ ~j|vnl ok ~j`l ji }hl nj|k}vol~ }hvlb}lklm f o}!

tj|am hbyl `bml o}! oi nbvvolm j|}! bk ok}lvl~}okd

vl}vof|}ojk! f|} tj|am kj} hbyl moòko~hlm o}~

mbkdlv+

^|vla! ijv }hl aldo}o`b}l lxwbk~ojk ml`bkmlm

f oknvlb~l ji wjw|ab}ojk }hl$

jwlk mjjv$

o~ }hl

vodh} bkm liiln}oyl wvoknowal+ O} toaa `ll} fj}h

}hl kllm ji }vbml! bkm ok }hl ab~} vl~jv}! }hl kllm

ji ~wbnl bkm lafjt-vjj` ijv wjw|ab}ojk+ \kmlv

o} kj jkl$~ lxwbk~ojk nbk fl b }hvlb} }j bk jkl!

jv wvjm|nl `jkjwjaol~ thonh toaa hokmlv ~jnoba

jvdbkosb}ojk! bkm }|vk `lk$~ òkm~ }j bddvl~~ojk+

Bkm o} `|~} ba~j fl kj}lm }hb} }hl aj~~ ji no}oslk

wjw|ab}ojk! thonh o~ ~j`l}o`l~ nj`waboklm ji! o~

kj} vlbaa `l} f `lvl oknvlb~l ji }lvvo}jvoba

wj~~l~~ojk~+ O} o~ abvdla m|l }j }hl ylv òao}bv

~~}l` thonh o~ vlaolm jk }j vl`lm o}~ nb|~l~ ok

b tjvm! }j mliln}oyl ~jnoba jvdbkosb}ojk! thonh ab~

|ktlanj`l f|vmlk~ jk }hl jvmokbv no}oslk! bkm

lylk iboa~ }j |}oaosl }lvvo}jvoba lxwbk~ojk b~ bk

j|}al} ijv wjw|ab}ojk+2 Klt ^}b}l~`bk! Ilfv|bv 9 bkm 2>+



2=8 WB]VOJ]O^@ yo

O} `|~} fl fjvkl ok òkm! hjtlylv! }hb} }hl

lxna|~oyl wjaon bmyjnb}lm to}hok j|v L`wovl tb~mlno~oyla vlcln}lm! bkm }hl jwlk mjjv! }hl `bok

}hokd ml`bkmlm f lxwbk~ojk la~lthlvl! tb~ b~

mlno~oyla `bok}boklm+ Lylk }lvvo}jvoba bnr|o~o-

}ojk ok }vjwonba vldojk~! }hj|dh o} hb~ wvbn}onbaa

fllk ji ao}}al yba|l }j }hl oknvlb~okd wjw|ab}ojk~

ji

L|vjwlbk nj|k}vol~!}ho~

nj|k}vhb~ kj} jf-

~}v|n}lm! bkm O hjwl bkm }v|~} }hb} o} toaa `bok}bok

o}~ |klkyoj|~ wjaon ok }ho~ vl~wln} |w }j }hl aoò}~

ji wj~~ofoao} ok }hl ~l}}al`lk} bi}lv }hl tbv+

O hbyl kj vodh} }j aln}|vl jk lnjkjòn~! f|} }hl

dlklvba wvoknowal~ thonh O hbyl fllk bmyjnb}okd!

ji bf~lknl ji `jkjwja b} hj`l! bkm }hl#

jwlk

mjjv$

bfvjbm! ibaa! O }hoke! to}hok }hl nj`wl}lknl

ji b ~}|mlk} ji wjao}on~+ Vl~}von}ojk~ jk h|`bk

ok}lvnj|v~l bvl wvo`b ibnol okc|voj|~! bkm ml`bkm

}hl ylv ~}vjkdl~} c|~}oionb}ojk oi }hl bvl }j fl

}jalvb}lm+

Bkm jk b eokmvlm wjok}! vlbaa fljkm ` nj`-

wl}lknl! O toaa `lvla w|} b r|l~}ojk+ Wvl~|w-

wj~okd b ~|iionolkn ji lx}lvkba }vbml }j wb ijv ijjm

bkm vbt `b}lvoba~! o~ kj} }hl hj`l `bvel} }hl

`j~} o`wjv}bk} bkm }hl `j~} ~ln|vl : Thlk o}

o~ kj} ~j! o~ kj} }hl w|vnhb~okd wjtlv ji }hl `j~}

k|`lvj|~ nab~~l~ ~hjv} ji thb} o} ~hj|am fl :

Bkm }hvj|dh movln}okd }hl òkm~ ji }hl albmlv~

ji }vbml }j lx}lvkba bmylk}|vl! o~ kj} ~|nh b

~}b}l ji }hokd~ b njk~}bk} oknlk}oyl }j lxna|~oyl

lxwajo}b}ojk bkm }j tbv :

O toaa lkm f ~|``bvosokd b~ ~hjv}a b~ O nbk

}hl njkna|~ojk~ thonh ijaajt ivj` j|v bvd|`lk}



yo OK ]HL WLVILN] ^]B]L

fj}h thb} tl `|~} bmò}! bkm thb} tl bvl bkxoj|~

}j `bok}bok+

(2/ Tl `|~} bmò} }hb} ~}b}l~! ok njk~lr|lknl

ji }hlov ~lwbvb}lkl~~ bkm bf~ja|}lkl~~! bvl ~j ibv

ok b vlab}ojk ji kb}|vl }j lbnh j}hlv! }hj|dh }ho~

o~ ò}odb}lm f h|`bkl njkylk}ojk~ bkm |~bdl~+

Oi moiilvlknl~ bvo~l! }hl |a}o`b}l bvfo}lv o~ tbv!

thonh o~ }hlvlijvl klnl~~bv }j }hl i|kn}ojk ji

~}b}l~ b~ kjt lxo~}okd+ Thoal }ho~ o~ ~j! ok}lv-

kb}ojkba wjao}on~ `|~} moiilv ivj` okmoyom|ba

`jvbao} b~ `bok}bokokd b tjvam moiilv~ ivj` aoyokd

ok jkl+

(6/ Tl `|~} bmò} }hb} thlk! jk }ho~ fb~o~! o}

o~ b}}l`w}lm }j ~ln|vl wlbnl bnnjvmokd }j }hl v|al

ô yo~ wbnl`! wbvb flaa|`! }hl wvjcln} o~ ~lai-njk-

}vbmon}jv+ B~ wvoknowal~ bvl }hl ~b`l ijv baa

wbv}ol~! o} o`waol~ }hl njkmo}ojk ji ~ln|vokd wlbnl

}j fl }hb} ji bk }tj jwwjklk} wjtlv~ lbnh `|~}

fl b} }hl ~b`l }o`l ~}vjkdlv }hbk }hl j}hlv+ ]ho~

njk}vbmon}ojk o~ }hl vjj} ji }hl vbnl ok bv`b`lk}~+

(>/ Tl `|~} bmò} }hb}! jk }ho~ fb~o~! kj albd|l

jv ilmlvb}ojk bm hjn nbk ~ln|vl wlbnl+ Lylv ~|nh

albd|l `|~}! ~jjklv jv ab}lv (flokd b `lvl njkylk-

}ojk ji ~lwbvb}l toaa~/ bvj|~l b nj|k}lv-albd|l+

^|nh bvvbkdl`lk}~! O flaolyl! bvl ilv}oal ji tbv~+

(=/ Tl `bok}bok }hb} }hl i|kmb`lk}ba vjj} ji

wlbnl aol~ ok }hl vlnjdko}ojk }hb} tbv flajkd~ }j

~}b}l~ kj} ok b~ ibv b~ }hl bvl ~}b}l~! f|} ok b~ ibv

b~ }hl bvl kj} ~}b}l~5 dvbk}lm }hb} }hlov bn}|ba

mliln}~ }j-mb `bel }hl vlylv~l ji }ho~ bwwlbv }j

fl }hl }v|}h+

(</ Tl `bok}bok }hb} }hl wb}voj}o~` thonh o~



2<7 WB]VOJ]O^@ yo

}hl ~j|vnl ji wlbnl }hlvlijvl aol~ ok b }hjvj|dh

lylvmb ajba}}j }hl ~}b}l b~ b `lbk~ ji hbv-

`jkoj|~ ok}lvkba jvdbkosb}ojk lxna|mokd wvoyoaldl

bkm `jkjwja! bkm ok j|v ml~ovl ijv j|v nj|k}v

ji }hj~l ~|wvl`l djjm~ thonh bvl kj} moòk-

o~hlm f ~hbvokd+ ]vbml bkm okm|~}v! }hj|dh

bnr|o~o}ojk~ ji `b}lvoba tlba}h! }bel jk }ho~ nhbv-

bn}lv thlk njkm|n}lm jk bk o`wbv}oba bkm vb}ojkba

fb~o~+ ]ho~ yolt bdvll~ to}h }hl dvlb} Dlv`bk

whoaj~jwh ok o}~ l~}o`b}l ji }v|l wb}voj}o~`! f|}

djl~ i|v}hlv ok bkba~okd }hl vlab}ojk ji ~|nh

wb}voj}o~` }j }hl nb|~l~ ji tbv+2

(9/ Tl `bok}bok }hb} ok b dvj|w jv tjvam ji

~}b}l~! wj~~l~~lm f ~|nh b wb}voj}o~`! bkm }hlvl-

ijvl jvdbkoslm ~j b~ }j fl ivll ivj` nb|~l~ ji vl-

~lk}`lk}! bkm |ko}lm ok bo`~ bkm `l}hjm~ thonh

bmò} ji hbv`jk! o} o~ njknloybfal }hb} b }v|l

dlklvba toaa (kj} b `lvl lx}lvkba njkylk}ojk/ òdh}

dvjt |w thonh ~hj|am fl ~jaoma ~|wwjv}lm f }hl

fjm! ~wovo}! bkm ~lk}o`lk} ji baa }hl nj``|ko}ol~+6

Ok ~|nh b nb~l b dlk|okl ok}lvkb}ojkba `jvba tjvam

tj|am fl nvlb}lm! bkm ok}lvkb}ojkba wjao}on~ tj|am

bwwvjbnh `jvl klbva }j }hl kb}|vl ji wvoyb}l

`jvbao}! }hj|dh }hl nj|am klylv fl }hl ~b`l+

Ok ~j`l vl~wln}~! okmllm! }hl ~}b}l! b~ `jvl o`-

wbv}oba! òdh} `bok}bok b hodhlv ~}bkmbvm }hbk }hl

okmoyom|ba! b~ hbwwlk~ jk jnnb~ojk lylk }j-mb+

>

2 ^ll ]+ H+ Dvllk! Aln}|vl~ jk Wvoknowal~ ji Wjao}onba Jfaodb-

}ojk! ~~+ 2<4-4<-6 Ajvm Hbambkl$~ @jk}vlba bmmvl~~!

$

Hodhlv Kb}ojkbao} $!

vlw|fao~hlm ok ]hl Njkm|n} ji Aoil! @|vvb!$2?2=+8Dvllk! jw+ no}+! ~+ 24<+



yo OK ]HL WLVILN] ^]B]L 2<2

(4/ Tl `bok}bok }hb} }hl wb}voj}o~` thonh o~

}hl ml~ovlijv

j|v nj|k}v ji }hj~l ~|wvl`l djjm~thonh bvl kj} moòko~hlm f ~hbvokd! o~ b d|bvbk}ll

ji b vodh} l~}o`b}l ji yba|l~! bkm }hlvlijvl ji

c|~}onl bkm vlb~jkbfal jvdbkosb}ojk ok mlbaokd to}h

tlba}h bkm wjtlv fj}h b} hj`l bkm bfvjbm+

^|nh b wb}voj}o~`! ml~ovokd bkm ~|~}bokokd }hl

wlviln}ojk

ji }hl ~}b}l ok o}~

jvdbkosokd

i|kn}ojk~

b~ b ~}b}l! o~ }hl jka ijvnl thonh o~ l~~lk}obaa

movln}lm }j ml~}vjokd }hl nb|~l~ ji tbv+ Lylk

}hj~l ok}bkdofal ~wvokd~ ji hj~}oao}! }hl clbaj|~

bkm ybko} ji kb}ojk~! nbkkj} |a}o`b}la lxo~} ok

}hl ~b`l tjvam to}h ~|nh b wb}voj}o~`+

]ho~ }l`wlv ji òkm jiilv~ }hl jka wvj~wln}

ji b ~jaom dlklvba toaa okna|mokd dvj|w~ ji ~}b}l~+

B~ o}~ lxwvl~~ojk! f|} kj} to}hj|} o}! albd|l~ ji

~}b}l~ ijv }hl lkijvnl`lk} ji wlbnl òdh} mj djjm

~lvyonl+ O}~ ml}boalm jwlvb}ojk ok ~|nh b nvo~o~ b~

toaa njkivjk} }hl kb}ojk~ ji L|vjwl b} }hl naj~l ji

}hl tbv! toaa njk~o~} ok b ~oknlvl bkm wlv~lylvokd

liijv} }j ~ln|vl lylvthlvl }hl vl`jyba ji baa ~|nh

nb|~l~ ji ok}lvkba mo~}vbn}ojk b~ hbyl fllk ~wlnoiolm

bfjyl+

F }hl `lvl~} bnnomlk} ok }hl tjvam! }hl ab~}

tjvm ok }ho~ nj|v~l ji aln}|vl~ hb~ ibaalk }j `l+

Bkm O illa ovvl~o~}ofa o`wlaalm }j |~l }hl jwwjv-

}|ko}! tlaa ekjtokd hjt okbmlr|b}la! ok `beokdbk bwwlba }j j| ok }hl ~wovo} ji b njkyon}ojk thonh

`jvl bkm `jvl wj~~l~~l~ ` òkm+

O toaa }v }j lxwabok o} }h|~+

O} tb~ wvjwj~lm ~j`l tlle~ bdj }hb} }hlvl

~hj|am fl b mb ji kb}ojkba h|òaob}ojk+ ]hl



2<6 WB]VOJ]O^@ yo

hodhl~} b|}hjvo} ok }hl abkm vlcln}lm }hb} ijv` ji

lxwvl~~ojk!bkm O flaolyl }hb} tl baa

bwwvjylmji

}hl vlcln}ojk+

Kj! tl mj kj} tbk} b mb ji kb}ojkba h|òaob}ojk+

Oi lylv o} o~ vodh} ijv b nj|k}v }j hjam |w o}~ hlbm!

o} o~ vodh} ijv j|v nj|k}v }j-mb+ F|} klylv}hlal~~

}hlvl o~ ~j`l}hokd! kj} thjaa moiilvlk} ivj` }ho~!

ijv thonh ok }hl ~wovo} ji j|v bvd|`lk} O tj|am

lbvkl~}a bwwlba+ ]hlvl o~ b tb ok thonh lylv

jkl ji |~ nbk mj ~j`l}hokd! bkm lylk nbk mj `|nh!

}j wvj`j}l }hl ~jaom ij|kmb}ojk~ ji b ~}bfal wlbnl+

O vlwlb} }hb} tl mj kj} tbk} b kb}ojkba h|òaob-

}ojk+ F|} tl b} alb~} thj `|~} ~}b b} hj`l hbyl

b kllm bkm m|} ji okmoyom|ba bkm kb}ojkba ~lai-

lxbòkb}ojk+ O} nbkkj} okmllm fl b m|} okn|`-

flk} jk }hl `lk b} }hl ivjk} }hl hbyl j}hlv

`b}}lv~ }j b}}lkm }j f|}! `j~} vl`bvebfa! }hl

lyoa }l`wlv bdbok~} thonh o} o~ movln}lm o~ kj} jk

}hl thjal }hl }l`wlv ji }hl `lk b} }hl ivjk}+ F|}

ijv |~ o} o~ b }hokd tl nbk mj! bkm b }hokd tl

~hj|am mj+ Tl ~hj|am lxbòkl j|v~layl~ o~ j|v

wb}voj}o~` ~|nh b~ }j albm }jtbvm~ }hl wlviln}a

jvdbkoslm ~}b}l : Mj tl ml~ovl ijv j|v nj|k}v

bkm j|v~layl~ jka }hl fl~} }hokd~ tl ekjt! flb|}

bkm }v|}h bkm ajyl bkm thjal~j`l aoyokd : Mj

tl ~lle! f }ho~ okibaaofal nvo}lvojk ji yba|l~! }j

d|bvbk}ll fj}h j|v~layl~ bkm j|v nj|k}v bdbok~}}hl njvv|w} ~lai-~lleokd thonh o~ }hl |a}o`b}l nb|~l

ji tbv :

Vodh} b~ j|v nb|~l o~ }j-mb! hb~ kj} }hl tvjkd

thonh tl bvl abfj|vokd }j |kmj fllk ij~}lvlm

f j|v~layl~ b~ f j}hlv~! oi kj} ok j|v nb~l f



yo OK ]HL WLVILN] ^]B]L 2<>

movln} ok}lvkb}ojkba bn}ojk! l} f }hl lxhofo}ojk

ji b clbaj|~ bkm `lkbnokd ~wovo} ji voybav : Mjtl kj} njk~}bk}a lkmlbyj|v }j ajtlv j}hlv kb}ojk~

ok j|v wvoyb}l bkm w|faon }bae! ok }hl tjvam ji

al}}lv~! bkm ok }vbml : O~ j|v cj|vkbao~`! o~ j|v

ao}lvb}|vl ji }hl tbv }hj|dh O dabma bnekjt-

almdl ~j`l `j~} lxnlaalk} }hokd~ ok fj}h l} bvl

}hljk }hl thjal ~|nh b~ tl nbk ajje

|wjkto}h

~b}o~ibn}ojk :

O b` lk}ovla to}hj|} ~`wb}h ijv }hl b}}l`w}~

`bml f b ilt b`jkd j|v albvklm `lk! bkm f

ylv `bk thj bvl ibv ivj` albvklm! }j flao}}al

}hl ok}laaln}|ba bkm `jvba mlf} ji L|vjwl }j Dlv-

`bk! bkm }j wvjyl ijv ok~}bknl }hb} Djl}hl

Djl}hl tb~ b dvlb} lxl`wabv ji ~laio~hkl~~+ Bkm

hjvvofal }hokd~ b~ O flaolyl hlv bvòl~ hbyl mjkl

ok }hl tbv! l} }hl b}}o}|ml thonh ml`bkm~ }hb}

thlk wlbnl vl}|vk~ Dlv`bk jv Wv|~~ob ~hj|am fl

ok}lk}ojkbaa h|òaob}lm bkm lxna|mlm ivj` }hl

L|vjwlbk ibòa ji kb}ojk~! }j ` jtk illaokd

o~ bn}|baa vlwlaalk}! bkm }j ` c|mdl`lk} o~ bk

b}}o}|ml ji ~lai-~b}o~ibn}ojk! `jvbaa mbkdlvj|~ ok

}hl lx}vl`l! bkm wjao}onbaa bf~|vm+ ^|vla! thb}-

lylv j}hlv~ `b mj! tl jk j|v ~oml ~hj|am iodh} j|v

}lvvoion fb}}al aoel dlk}al`lk! to}hj|} vbknj|v jv

ylkj`! bkm to}h lbdlvkl~~! bfjyl baa! thlk }hl

iodh} o~ mjkl! }j vlnjdkosl }hl `lvo}~ ji j|v bmylv-

~bv thonh fj}h ho~ wb~~ojk bkm j|v~ hbyl ijv }hl

`j`lk} }vbyl~}olm! bkm }j vlklt }hl ok}lvkb}ojkba

fjkm~ ji nj``lvnl! ~nolknl! bv}! bkm whoaj~jwh+

Tl j|dh} kj} }j ibaa flajt }hl ~}bkmbvm ~l}

|~ f j|v wvoyb}l ~jamolv~ |wjk Nhvo~}`b~ Mb!



2<p WB]VOJ]O^@ OK ]HL WLVILN] ^WB]L y

bkm okmllm! b~ tl hlbv! |wjk lylv mb ji }hl

tbv+W|ko~h`lk} bkm h|`oaob}ojk al} |~ albyl }j njk-

~lr|lknl~ bkm }j ho~}jv+ Flaaodlvlk}~ bvl kj}

djjm `jvba c|mdl~ ji lbnh j}hlv+ @|nh ji thb}

tl hlbv }j-mb ok bk}onowb}ojk ji }hl ~lr|la ji }hl

tbv fvokd~ ovvl~o~}ofa }j ` `okm }hl wvjij|km

to~mj` ji

Dljvdl

@lvlmo}h$~

tbvkokd bdbok~}

}hl

vomon|aj|~ b}}l`w} b} b |kojk ji oaa }l`wlv bkm

wjaon+

]hl wb}voj}o~` tl hbyl b}}l`w}lm }j wjv}vb

o`waol~ bkm ml`bkm~ }hb} tl ~hj|am ml~ovl ijv

j|v nj|k}v! kj} b }vo|`wh ji ybko} bkm ~lai-

ok}lvl~}! f|} b ~hbvl ok ~|nh b ~jaom tjve ji

jvdbkosb}ojk b~ ~hbaa fl `j~} ibyj|vbfal }j

}hl wlvijv`bknl ji b }v|l ~}b}l$~ i|kn}ojk ok

lylv nj``|ko} ji L|vjwl+ ]h|~ bajkl nbk tl

ml~lvyl tlaa ji j|v nj|k}v! bkm j|v nj|k}v ji

}hl tjvam+



\N ^J\]HLVK VLDOJKBA AOFVBV_ IBNOAO]_

B 777 9<8 8?? j

bernard bosanquet patriotism in a perfect state in the international crisis collective puplication...

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