best practices for chemical facility design in water treatment · adequate sizing for outlets /...
TRANSCRIPT
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Best Practices for Chemical Facility Design in Water TreatmentSara N. Gibson, P.E.
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Overview
• Introduction• Design Considerations
• Storage Tanks
• Recirculation / Transfer Pumps
• Metering Pumps
• Piping and Valves
• Safety Considerations
• Acknowledgements / Questions
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Introduction
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Regulations Driving Chemical Application
• Federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)o Driver for new and advanced treatment technologies
o Chemical systems play major roles in water treatment
o Drinking Water Rules Surface Water Treatment Rule
Disinfectant / Disinfection Byproducts Rule
Long Term Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Ground Water Rule
Total Coliform Rule
Lead and Copper Rule
Arsenic Rule
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Processes and Associated ChemicalsPr
etre
atm
ent
• Taste and Odoro Ozoneo Powdered Activated
Carbon• Oxidation
o Potassium Permanganate
o Sodium Permanganateo Chlorine
Coa
gula
tion
/ Flo
ccul
atio
n /
Sedi
men
tatio
n• Aluminum salts (aluminum
sulfate)• Ferric salts (ferric
chloride, ferric sulfate)• Polyaluminum chloride
(PACl)• Polymers (coagulant-aid)• Polymers (flocculation-
aid)• Chemicals for pH
adjustment
Filtr
atio
n• Chlorine• Polymer (filtration-aid)• pH adjustment
Dis
infe
ctio
n• Chlorine• Ammonia and base (lime
or sodium hydroxide) for chloramination
Dis
tribu
tion
• Fluoridation• Corrosion Inhibition• Base for pH adjustment
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Design Guidelines
• Building Code (containment, sprinklers)• NC Admin. Code Title 15A, Subchapter 18C• 10-State Standards• OSHA
o Confined spaces
o Ladders for tanks
o Tempered water for emergency showers
• NSF 60 – Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals• NSF 61 – Drinking Water System Components
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Design Considerations
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Storage Tanks
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Materials
• Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP)• High-density polyethylene (HDPE)• Carbon steel, stainless steel
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Sizing
• Typically 30-day storage for most chemicals (15-day for hypochlorite)
• Assess historical flows and doses• Consider location of supplier, delivery volume,
and dilution volume needs• Day tanks:
o 24 hours or once per shift
o Can add a 25% safety factor
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Accessories
• HDPE: flexible connections, molded fittings• FRP: Handrail• Steel: Handrail, relief valve (if pressurized)• Manways, level instruments• Overflow• Heat tracing / insulation• Mixing equipment• Weigh scale Poly Processing
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Containment
• Exterior: Largest tank + stormwatero 24 hour storm during a 25-year storm event
o Rainfall data: NOAA Precipitation Frequency Data Server
• Interior: Largest tank + sprinkler watero Sprinkler rate per square foot for 20 minutes
• Tie-downs• Chemical-resistant liner• Sumps and chemical-resistant sump pumps
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Key Considerations
• Chemical calculations• Chemicals that degrade• “Nominal” volume of tank• > 12-foot diameter tanks• Installation / removal of tanks• Containment calculations• Sufficient volume for delivery + remaining• Adequate sizing for outlets / manways• HDPE molded outlets / manways
Don’t Tank Your Design
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Recirculation / Transfer Pumps
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Purposes
1. Mix diluted chemicals2. Transfer from bulk to day tanks3. Transfer between bulk tanks
Different design criteria for each(static head, dynamic headloss, flowrate)
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Type and Sizing
• Magnetic drive centrifugal• Positive displacement / gear – high viscosity• Recirculation time• Transfer time:
o Two minutes for smaller tanks
o Varies for larger tanks
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Key Considerations
• Specific gravity and viscosity of chemical• Chemical compatibility• Temperature rating• Control capabilities• Suction lift capabilities
Pump Up Your Design
Cationic Polymer (EXAMPLE)
Secondary CoagulationLiquid
Metering Pumps1.03
100%8.675Viscosity, cps
UseProduct FormProduct Feed MethodSpecific GravityChemical Strength, %Effective Density, lb/gal
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Metering Pumps
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Types
• Mechanically actuated diaphragm• Hydraulically actuated diaphragm• Peristaltic• Solenoid
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Sizing
• Range of pump:o Maximum plant flow and maximum chemical dose
o Minimum plant flow and minimum chemical dose
• Multiple pumps may be required for one point
VerderflexGrundfos
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Accessories
• Back pressure valves• Anti-siphon valves• Pressure relief valves• Pressure gauges• Calibration columns• Pulsation dampeners
GriffcoKoflo
Ashcroft
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• Chemical compatibility• Accounting for chemical properties for
diaphragm pumps• Overall hydraulic calculations• Accuracy at low turndown• Space for panels
Key ConsiderationsPump Up Your Design
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Piping and Valves
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Pipeline and Valve Materials
• Most chemicals utilize PVC and CPVC• CPVC has higher heat and UV resistance• Specify pipe-related elastomers and solvent
cement with chemical compatibility• Others, depending on chemical and scenario
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Common Valves for Chemicals
• Ball valveso Vented for off-gassing chemicals
• Ball check valves• Diaphragm valves
o For chemicals that crystallize, off-gas, have particles, or are viscous
• Needle valves
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Accessories
• Carrier water• Pressure gauges• Flushing connections• Magnetic flow meters• Flow indicators / switches• Y strainers• Unions• Anti-siphon / back pressure valves
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Pipeline Routing
• Interioro Double containment outside of contained chemical room
• Exterioro Ductbanks
Casing / carrier pipe system
Potential for backup carrier pipes
o Trenches
o Direct bury
o Above grade
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Chemical Application and Mixing
• Chemical injectors• Static mixers• In-line mechanical mixers• Chemical pipeline diffusers
Koflo
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Key Considerations
• Potential softening of carrier water• Diaphragm seals on gauges• Bypass for strainers• Long radius bends of casing pipe• Penetrations of pipes through containment• Adequate mixing
Not Just a Pipe Dream
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Safety Considerations
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Key Considerations
• Tempered water for showers / eyewashes• Access to exits, showers / eyewashes• Access to sump pumps• Personal protective equipment• Cages for ladders• Specific chemical requirements
A Safety Net
Haws
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Conclusions
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Chemical Facility Design
• Every design is unique• Design considerations related to code and
safety should always be incorporated• Follow up on past designs and talk to other
municipalities to learn what works and doesn’t work
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Acknowledgements
• Michael Wang, PhD, PE, BCEE – Hazen and Sawyer
• Alana Loughlin, PE – Hazen and Sawyer