better against franco? - king's college london · better against franco? cultural responses to...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Better Against Franco? - King's College London · Better Against Franco? Cultural Responses to Spain’s Transition from Dictatorship to ... •20 November 1975 General Francisco](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042104/5e8228427fbae333e55df816/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Better Against Franco?
Cultural Responses to Spain’s Transition from Dictatorship to
Democracy
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Lecture Outline
• Brief introduction to the Transition
• Anxiety and nostalgia – Unfinished Business • Testimony – Seven days in January • Disillusionment – Absent Love • Irreverence – Pepi, Luci, Bom and Other Girls on
the Heap
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The Transition
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The Transition
• 20 November 1975 General Francisco Franco dies
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The Transition
• 20 November 1975 General Francisco Franco dies
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The Transition
• 20 November 1975 General Francisco Franco dies
• 22 November 1975 Juan Carlos takes oath and becomes king
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The Transition
• 20 November 1975 General Francisco Franco dies
• 22 November 1975 Juan Carlos takes oath and becomes king
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The Transition
• 20 November 1975 General Francisco Franco dies
• 22 November 1975 Juan Carlos takes oath and becomes king
• Carlos Arias Navarro continues as prime minister
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The Opposition
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The Opposition
• 26 March 1976 Democratic Opposition publishes manifesto:
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The Opposition
• 26 March 1976 Democratic Opposition publishes manifesto:
– real reform
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The Opposition
• 26 March 1976 Democratic Opposition publishes manifesto:
– real reform
– amnesty for all political prisoners
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The Opposition
• 26 March 1976 Democratic Opposition publishes manifesto:
– real reform
– amnesty for all political prisoners
– legalization of all political parties
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The Opposition
• 26 March 1976 Democratic Opposition publishes manifesto:
– real reform
– amnesty for all political prisoners
– legalization of all political parties
– dismantlement of the institutions of Franco
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The Opposition
• 26 March 1976 Democratic Opposition publishes manifesto:
– real reform
– amnesty for all political prisoners
– legalization of all political parties
– dismantlement of the institutions of Franco
– free trade unions
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The Opposition
• 26 March 1976 Democratic Opposition publishes manifesto:
– real reform
– amnesty for all political prisoners
– legalization of all political parties
– dismantlement of the institutions of Franco
– free trade unions
– free elections to a constituent assembly
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The Opposition
• 26 March 1976 Democratic Opposition publishes manifesto:
– real reform
– amnesty for all political prisoners
– legalization of all political parties
– dismantlement of the institutions of Franco
– free trade unions
– free elections to a constituent assembly
– repeal of anti-terrorist laws
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The Opposition
• 26 March 1976 Democratic Opposition publishes manifesto: – real reform – amnesty for all political prisoners – legalization of all political parties – dismantlement of the institutions of Franco – free trade unions – free elections to a constituent assembly – repeal of anti-terrorist laws – dismantling of the Tribunal for Public Order
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The way forward?
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The way forward?
• Continuity
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The way forward?
• Continuity
• A clean break
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The way forward?
• Continuity
• A clean break
• Negotiated change
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Negotiated Change
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Negotiated Change
• 3 July 1976 Adolfo Suárez succeeds Arias Navarro as prime minister
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Negotiated Change
• 3 July 1976 Adolfo Suárez succeeds Arias Navarro as prime minister
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Negotiated Change
• 3 July 1976 Adolfo Suárez succeeds Arias Navarro as prime minister
• 8 August 1976 Suárez forms new government
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Negotiated Change
• 3 July 1976 Adolfo Suárez succeeds Arias Navarro as prime minister
• 8 August 1976 Suárez forms new government
• 10 September 1976 Law for Political Reform approved
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Negotiated Change
• 3 July 1976 Adolfo Suárez succeeds Arias Navarro as prime minister
• 8 August 1976 Suárez forms new government • 10 September 1976 Law for Political Reform
approved
• 15 December Law put to a referendum and passed
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The Negotiation
• 14 July 1976 Partial amnesty secured by Opposition for political prisoners
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The Negotiation
• 14 July 1976 Partial amnesty secured by Opposition for political prisoners
• 4 March 1977 strikes are legalized
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The Negotiation
• 14 July 1976 Partial amnesty secured by Opposition for political prisoners
• 4 March 1977 strikes are legalized
• 1 April 1977 decree passed allowing Union association
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The Negotiation
• 14 July 1976 Partial amnesty secured by Opposition for political prisoners
• 4 March 1977 strikes are legalized
• 1 April 1977 decree passed allowing Union association
• 9 April 1977 Spanish Communist Party legalized
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The Outcome
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The Outcome
• 15 April 1977 general elections held
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Election Results
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Election Results
• Suárez’s Unión de Centro Democrático (UCD) wins with 35%
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Election Results
• Suárez’s Unión de Centro Democrático (UCD) wins with 35% of vote
• Spanish Socialists come second with 29% of vote
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Election Results
• Suárez’s Unión de Centro Democrático (UCD) wins with 35% of vote
• Spanish Socialists come second with 29% of vote
• Poor showing of ‘extremes’, including Communist Party
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The Outcome
• 15 April 1977 general elections held
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The Outcome
• 15 April 1977 general elections held
• 14 May 1977 Juan de Borbón abdicates, legitimizing monarchy of his son, Juan Carlos
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The Outcome
• 15 April 1977 general elections held
• 14 May 1977 Juan de Borbón abdicates, legitimizing monarchy of his son, Juan Carlos
• 6 November 1978 Constitution published
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The Constitution
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The Constitution
• Defined Spain as a social and democratic state ruled by law
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The Constitution
• Defined Spain as a social and democratic state ruled by law
• Defined its political form as a parliamentary monarchy
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The Constitution
• Defined Spain as a social and democratic state ruled by law
• Defined its political form as a parliamentary monarchy
• Guaranteed rights of the Spanish nationalities or regions to their autonomy
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The Constitution
• Defined Spain as a social and democratic state ruled by law
• Defined its political form as a parliamentary
monarchy • Guaranteed rights of the Spanish nationalities or
regions to their autonomy • State had no official religion
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The Constitution
• Guaranteed freedom of expression
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The Outcome
• 15 April 1977 general elections held
• 14 May 1977 Juan de Borbón abdicates, legitimizing monarchy of his son, Juan Carlos
• 6 November 1978 Constitution published
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The Outcome
• 15 April 1977 general elections held
• 14 May 1977 Juan de Borbón abdicates, legitimizing monarchy of his son, Juan Carlos
• 6 November 1978 Constitution published
• 29 December 1977 Suárez dissolves parliament and fixes new elections
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The Outcome
• 1 March 1979 UCD wins election
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The Outcome
• 1 March 1979 UCD wins election
• The old Cortes now replaced by the Congress and Senate
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Turbulent times
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Turbulent times
• Intense political activity
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Turbulent times
• Intense political activity
• Strikes
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Turbulent times
• Intense political activity
• Strikes
• Terrorism
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Turbulent times
• Intense political activity
• Strikes
• Terrorism
• Recession and unemployment
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Better against Franco?
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Better against Franco?
• Desencanto
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Better against Franco?
• Desencanto
• Pasotismo
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Anxiety and Nostalgia
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Anxiety and Nostalgia
• Unfinished Business, dir. José Luis Garcí, 1977
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José
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Elena
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Anxiety and Nostalgia
• Unfinished Business, dir. José Luis Garcí, 1977
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Anxiety and Nostalgia
• Unfinished Business, dir. José Luis Garcí, 1977
– Spanish title: Asignatura pendiente
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Anxiety and Nostalgia
• Unfinished Business, dir. José Luis Garcí, 1977
– Spanish title: Asignatura pendiente
– Impact of politics on personal lives
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Rafael
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Anxiety and Nostalgia
• Unfinished Business, dir. José Luis Garcí, 1977
– Spanish title: Asignatura pendiente
– Impact of politics on personal lives
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Anxiety and Nostalgia
• Unfinished Business, dir. José Luis Garcí, 1977
– Spanish title: Asignatura pendiente
– Impact of politics on personal lives
– Relationship to the past
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Anxiety and Nostalgia
• Unfinished Business, dir. José Luis Garcí,
1977
– Spanish title: Asignatura pendiente
– Impact of politics on personal lives
–Relationship to the past
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Anxiety and Nostalgia
–Uncertain future
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Testimony
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Testimony
• Seven Days in January, dir. Juan Antonio Bardem, 1979
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Testimony
• Seven Days in January, dir. Juan Antonio Bardem, 1979
– Depiction of recent history (events in1977, centring on Atocha massacre on 24 January)
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Testimony
• Seven Days in January, dir. Juan Antonio Bardem, 1979
– Depiction of recent history (events in1977, centring on Atocha massacre on 24 January)
– Use of real news footage
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Testimony
• Seven Days in January, dir. Juan Antonio Bardem, 1979
– Depiction of recent history (events in1977, centring on Atocha massacre on 24 January)
– Use of real news footage
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Testimony
• Seven Days in January, dir. Juan Antonio Bardem, 1979
– Depiction of recent history (events in1977, centring on Atocha massacre on 24 January)
– Use of real news footage
– Depiction and condemnation of extreme Right
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Luis María
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Testimony
• Depiction of Atocha massacre
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Testimony
• Depiction of Atocha massacre
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Testimony
• Depiction of Atocha massacre
• News footage of funeral
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Disillusionment
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Disillusionment
• Absent Love, Rosa Montero (1979)
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Disillusionment
• Absent Love, Rosa Montero (1979)
– Spanish title: Crónica del desamor
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Disillusionment
• Absent Love, Rosa Montero (1979)
– Spanish title: Crónica del desamor
– Set in contemporary Spain
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Disillusionment
• Absent Love, Rosa Montero (1979)
– Spanish title: Crónica del desamor
– Set in contemporary Spain
– Flashbacks to Spain under Franco
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Disillusionment
– Common ground with feminist-inspired novels of the 1970s
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Disillusionment
– Common ground with feminist-inspired novels of the 1970s
– Introduces new themes into Spanish literature
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Themes
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Themes
• personal and emotional struggle of single parents
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Themes
• personal and emotional struggle of single parents
• the burden on women in a country where contraception and abortion were illegal
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Themes
• personal and emotional struggle of single parents
• the burden on women in a country where contraception and abortion were illegal
• false equation between liberation and sexual freedom
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Themes
• personal and emotional struggle of single parents
• the burden on women in a country where contraception and abortion were illegal
• false equation between liberation and sexual freedom
• impossibility of sustaining long-term heterosexual relationships based on equality
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Themes
• personal and emotional struggle of single parents
• the burden on women in a country where contraception and abortion were illegal
• false equation between liberation and sexual freedom
• impossibility of sustaining long-term heterosexual relationships based on equality
• plight of homosexuals in patriarchal society
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Themes specific to the Transition
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Themes specific to the Transition
• ambivalent attitude to progress made by democracy
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Themes specific to the Transition
• ambivalent attitude to progress made by democracy
• sense that with democracy people have become complacent, even selfish
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Themes specific to the Transition
• ambivalent attitude to progress made by democracy
• sense that with democracy people have become complacent, even selfish
• drug culture
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Themes specific to the Transition
• ambivalent attitude to progress made by democracy
• sense that with democracy people have become complacent, even selfish
• drug culture
• individualism and self-interest versus cohesive, open and caring society
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Today, while she nervously spies on him from afar, pretending to pore over some papers, Ana feels that sharp longing, that almost physical pang of emptiness you experience when you think you're in love.
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It has been a month since her amazing discovery, and Ana still trembles whenever Soto Amón—so detached, so metallic—struts in. There, at the back of the room and totally unaware of her, the mighty Ramses smiles, poses, spins on his heels, and finally disappears out the door, painfully off limits.
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"Neighbours—be at the demonstration on the twelfth." Ana has to reread the pamphlet she is holding in order to make any sense of it. It is an appeal from the Coordinator of Neighbourhood Associations to attend a demonstration against housing speculation, tonight at eight o'clock.
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Ana sighs. Gone are the years of uncertainty and dread, years of rushing in panic from illegal demonstrations against Franco when she had forced herself to show up, her legs trembling with fear. Later came the death of the dictator, the so-called democracy, the apathy.
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Ana thinks that the public disenchantment, so often mentioned lately, is an invention of the new government, the Christian Democratic party: it is much easier to manage a country of cynics than one of fervent activists. Nevertheless, while trying to fight the paralyzing inertia, she too is perplexed by the absurdity of it all.
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Ana agrees with Elena's assessment, of course Ana agrees. The political parties are defunct, and new approaches are needed. The time is ripe for feminist caucuses, grassroots organizations, and common causes. Nevertheless, Ana will not be going to tonight's demonstration, nor will she attend the general rally that she knows to be absolutely right and necessary.
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Crushed by a scepticism that sinks her into inaction, she betrays herself by indulging a make-believe love for Soto Amón, in an individual and solitary escape from the real issues.
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Irreverence
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Irreverence
• Pepi Luci Bom and Other Girls on the Heap, dir. Pedro Almodóvar, 1980
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Irreverence
• Pepi Luci Bom and Other Girls on the Heap, dir. Pedro Almodóvar, 1980
– La movida
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Irreverence
• Pepi Luci Bom and Other Girls on the Heap, dir. Pedro Almodóvar, 1980
– La movida
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Irreverence
• Pepi Luci Bom and Other Girls on the Heap, dir. Pedro Almodóvar, 1980
– La movida
– Taboo and transgression
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Irreverence
• Almodóvar and Fabio (Fanny) McNamara
Monja jamón