better farming series

better freshwater

fish farming raising fish

38

in pens and cages

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

is ricultural

rchased as a

1 . The plant: the living plant; the root The plant: the stem; the buds; the leaves

3. The plant: the flower 4. The soil: how the soil is made up 5. The soil: how to conserve the soil 6. The soil: how to improve the soil 7. Crop farming 8. Animal husbandry: feeding and care of animals 9. Animal husbandry: animal diseases; how animals reproduce

10. The farm business survey 11. Cattle breeding 12. Sheep and goat breeding 13. Keeping chickens 14. Farming with animal power 15. Cereals 16. Roots and tubers 17. Groundnuts 18. Bananas 19. Market gardening 20. Upland rice 21. Wet paddy or swamp rice 22. Cocoa 23. Coffee 24. The oil palm 25. The rubber tree 26. The modern farm business 27. Freshwater fish farming: how to begin 28. Water: where water comes from 29. Better freshwater fish farming: the pond 30. Better freshwater fish farming: the fish 31. Biogas: what it is; how it is made; how to use it 32. Biogas 2: building a better biogas unit 33. Farming snails 1: learning about snails;

building a pen; food and shelter plants 34. Farming snails 2: choosing snails;

care and harvesting; further improvement 35. Better freshwater fish farming: further improvement 36. Raising rabbits 1: learning about rabbits;

building the pens; choosing rabbits 37. Raising rabbits 2-: feeding rabbits; raising

baby rabbits; further improvement 38. Better freshwater fish farming: raising fish in pens and cages

• I

.. I

FOOD AGRICULTURE OF THE UNITED 1

P-69

ISBN 92-5-1027 43-9

© FAO 1990

extension beginning No. , have been

use in agricultural development farm and family level. The approach has deliberately been a general one, the inten-tion being create a basic model that can be modifi

expanded according local conditions of agriculture.

Many the booklets deal with specific crops and techniques, while others are intended to give farmers more general ;nformation that can help them to understand they do what they do, that they will be able it

Adaptations of the series, or of individual umes in it, have been published in Amharic, Arabic, Bengali, Creole, Hindi, lgala, Indonesian, Kiswahm, Malagasy, SiSwati, Thai and Turkish. This volume has been prepared the Inland Resources and Aquaculture Service, Fishery Resources and Environment Division.

Requests for permission issue this manual in other lan­guages and to adapt it according to local climatic and eco= logical conditions are welcomed. They should addressed

the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via deile Terme di Caracalia, 00100 Rome, Italy.

Booklets 27 to 38 in the FAO Better Farming Series were written and illustrated by Tom Laughlin, working closely with the technical divisions responsible.

Raising fish in pens cages ........ . The fish ..................... .

Building a pen ..................... . Carrying small fish ................. . Putting baby fish into r pen ........ . Feeding fish in pens ................ . Taking care of the fish and pen ........ . Harvesting fish in pens .............. .

you must begin again ........... . Raising your own baby fish in pens ..... .

Building a cage .................... . Carrying small fish ................. .

1

1 8

9

12 23 26

32

Putting baby fish into your cage . . . . . . . . 67 Feeding fish in cages ............... . Taking care the fish and cage . . . . . . . . 71 Harvesting fish in cages ............. . Now you must begin again . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Raising your own baby fish in cages . . . . . 81

I

in

1.

you told that put your baby fish in a or a in one of your fish ponds until you are ready to use them .

.. · ·-·:· •, . ~.. ,, . . . . . . . . . : - - . . . · .. ~ .: :· ~'\

.. ~ ... ; •.• · ··d>o,,~ .. ,:; - . .ao,J: .. "•, ._ ... -. . . '(~,. '-ib·.· . (1// ••• ' .•• :·

2. Pens and cages can also be used for raising fish from the time they are babies until the Ume they are big enough to or to sell.

3. If you have a stream, river, lake or reservoir nearby, you may want to build a pen or a cage and raise fish there.

1

=:., .::

the biggest differences, and the most i between raisi fish in

fish in

with a pond the

is, add compost, animal manure plant materials so that II natu fish to

8. In addition,

10.

fish in ponds must given kinds each

This is them qu

well-fertilized and enough the other kinds of food, the fish can swim about and find anywhere in the

2

11 0

movement of water may carry the food out of a pen or cage before the fish can eat

be sure to in such a way that the fish can eat before it floats away

3

1 n is a idea to put a fish near where so that can easily and watch that peopie

to steal the fish.

13. You can usually find a place near your house with the right kind of soil to build a pond.

14. If there is no water there,

15.

you can dig a water supply ditch and bring water to the pond.

16. So, you may have to go qu far your house to find a stream or a lake which would be good for a pen a cage.

~ /.,..... .I • • ... ,,. =· e. ••

: •{ .... ~ ' .::::·

4

live it

1 This make it care of the fish

and that not steal them.

18.

.· .... . · .. \' ... , ,. '

Work, time, materials

19. To dig a pond is hard work, and the bigger the pond the longer it takes.

. .. · ... . . . ., . ' ·· ....

!f you dig a pond all by yourself it will take a very long time.

5

21.

22. To build a is less a pond. it is easier do yourself and it takes less time.

23. build a pen a cost you

Pens and cages are built

bamboo

and closed with fish material plastic me~h.

6

fish net

woven material

plastic '0-01'..X..)-(...'"' ·

mesh

fish

25.

·:i -:- ',::.:. : . ·: : . . . . . . . . . . . -• . . -~ .. ..·.-;·· . . ., .

. ·-;.····

"41,t11•n11.~· . . . '

- ·- - -- .. 0

- __ - a pen or a cage - - .. - -· is easi damaged

on,.·.

dla:, ll/11 , :.

7

fish.

' //; .. • .

• C, '/ 0<,"' ·.· • I} Jjl

nursery : .:·· .. C>

pond

·: ... • ~1111,,.

(1b~1,,, ..

. : ,!, •

If have your baby fish perhaps can get them

another fish a fish cu!tu station.

::.; : . . · .

. :~ ·.:.·_.°i;':,m~-:w,~:~·~£/_: . -~. -·: ....... .

31. have built either a pen or a cage

FISH CULTURE STATION

you can raise baby fish in it as well. Ii learn about this

later in this booklet.

32. let us begin to !earn pens and cages

raise fish in them.

8

• .·. :·· .• . _o_ . • o:·· •.

==-= .~C-·~·" ...... :·:. :.·. ~ . .-?f;~ ,•,;.·

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111,

:,.· ...

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.; . ~: ·. . ·. ·.

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q111, , •••• , , • • (', -·)

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reservoir

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9

h.r:-: .. :

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II· .·. ---.,..--;;;- . . <ib:i-Jlll\:) . . ..

C., •' • I . . ,• . ·,·

season

dry season

35. You must also be sure that the water in a pen

1 .5

will never be less than 1 metre even during the dry season.

36. pen should be put in a place where the flow of water is gentle, not fast

It should be protected from wind so that the surface of the water will be calm, not rough.

38. The water should be clean. You should not build a pen too near an inlet where the water may be muddy or full of rubbish.

10

a place in the stream where the is It is not so easy bui a if the is too soft and where the

have to

40. in addition, find a place where you can build a pen using few materials, such as the corner of a reservoir or an angle in a stream.

ll\i (/{{I .

corner 111111 ' of a reservoir. ~ ...

'', .. ,• · ....... · .. . . ---.....:...W!h· '·.

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angle •.: ,.. ..

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1 1

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1.

'-"'""""'" materials. take care

43. can begin with a

; ...

that has about 1 square metres (1 O 1 O metres). later, when

can ild bigger ones .

... , ,•

. . ·: · (/Im. · .'· .. . · : . · . ·... · .. , ·.- .: .. <. · ···. -~. !flll lf . .1.L-,,11-·:r-:-:-<, '., \

: : . .\J!.{(J:. _, . ·. · '. .· : . ·. :.,OD ·11111 ,': ~ ~-:~>.:.~ ,;,,;';· .. , . . "•",:,, .. : .· ... : • ... '· • . \111 ,

is closed by a fence. So, start by driving a row of posts. Posts can made either of bamboo or wood.

12

driven firmiy i They should aiso to reach at

highest

1 to 2 m

0.50 m ). ,, I

I•.

h

1 to 2 m

Posts shou Id be 1 to 2 metres apart depending on the material that you use to close the pen.

48. The best material for the fence of the pen is ordinary fish net You can also use plastic mesh, or woven material made from split bamboo or wooden strips.

13

' further apart.

plastic mesh, together.

50. The openings in the material that you use to fence in a pen must be small enough to keep the smaller fish from getting out.

51. However, if the openings too small they may become filled with dirt

with the very small plants that grow in the water.

52. If the openings in the material become filled with dirt, fresh II not through to clean out pen and the fish not have enough air.

53. So, be su to material with openings of 1.5 by 1.5 centimetres. This is the right to keep in the smaller fish and also to let fresh flow through.

14

56. This will keep your fish from getting out of the pen along the bottom or jumping out over the top.

15

57.

,, .... • . ·. ···. ·.

0 •••

~J.·.i

• 0 ~ •

:.··· ~·-·-- • . . ' 1•1' 0 li!/1'1, '···-: .••..• , .. . . . · . , , • . . ~ • ul/1,,,. <> • ·, , ..

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16

C

...

:,, . ~:' ...... : .. . : ...... ~ .

17

\g;/%B.I@1.tf I%2%:~{fof@ffittf ss(t.2/T72 .. • ............................ ,, ............ ,.,, ..... ····· ,::/:.::.=.::::::.::.:/.:::::~·r=.::::.:_:~::·::-::··i~r.:::~:::~·=--=?~':.'(?·;-~·;·::\\?.-/:;:::;::;:_::::,::_:~-::/.~.::::·:::.~:.

ltY·X:%UNt?{3VU((i!!('/\:/=.:\::).::..',/-'.··:.·-·::-::.-· .,

18

...

.. . ,. ,,)'.

so, each post must be long enough to reach 50 centimetres above the water,

the depth the water, the depth that each post

must be driven into the bottom

0.50 m

now you can cut all of the to proper length

... •\"s:'"''

....

• I "I

19

---&· .·,· . . . i J\ : ;J·J\\I {. · .

on

20

the fence is wel! fastened

21

can fence pushing it into the pen bottom

putting a row of stones on either side it in place

you can also fence material by fastening it to straight poles and pushing the poles into the pen bottom with wooden stakes to keep it in place

60.

u fish, life in

this using a fine=mesh

. ' •, .

\Mi I I '\ • 1

' CJ • •

~

61. Smail fish can be hu easUy. So, you must careful when handle them or them place to place.

a a a

·.:,

~lt1,.

~ '• • I •

.. . .... ~ -.

~·<J·.· ..... .

, c:r-'b ·o •.•

~ 1111.A,.'. /

L1\_ - ----- ..... ~-~

·.... .-;-":J."

65. When you carrying small fish, if you see that put some air into

splashing the gently

// ilk// II .

.. ~~

with your hand forcing air into the with a tire

25

______.lli.l 1 \ ' • • ,C,

,, .

66. If are raising Tilapia you wm need to in fish for each square metre pen. So, if you have built a small of 100 square metres you will need 200 baby fish.

67. The baby fish that you use should be at least 8 to 1 O centimetres long or weigh about 15 to 20 grams each.

If you need any help or want to raise a different fish, your extension agent or fishery officer will be able to give you good advice.

68. Just before you put the baby fish in your pen, be sure that the water they are in is not hotter or colder than the water in the pen.

26

•, . 1i1,'. · ,.·r .:·.;.

·can find this out putting one r hands

in the water with the fish and the other in the

70. If one is hotter or colder, slowly put water from the pen in the water with the fish until they both the same.

71. If you do not do this the fish may die when you put them into the pen.

r i Gently put the container into the water, tip it a little, and let them swim out by themselves.

wrong ··t \

27

have al that there natural food in a pen. So, must be su to give r fish rich

74. Here are some rich that fish like to eat. You can give them

termites grain mm sweepings rice bran· beer wastes cottonseed or groundnut cake.

Prepare all of the food for one day's feeding at one time. Give the fish part of this food at two or three different times during the day.

28

1111~ ,1111, - , ·

77. The bigger your fish grow, the more food they will need. For each 100 square metres of pen feed them

150 to 200 grams of food every day during the first month 200 to 275 grams of food every day during the second month 275 to 350 grams of food day during the third and fourth months 350 to 450 grams of food every day from the fifth month until the time you are ready to harvest

100 grams of rice bran is about one handful. Use a small tin to measure this amount

29

r careful

much food they need.

79. Feed r fish in shal of pen so that you can see them eat.

If you see that the fish do not eat all of their food, give them a little less.

81 . if you see that the fish eat all of their food quickly, give them a little more.

If you feed your fish in the same places each day you wili be able to see whether they are eating well. If you give them too much, the food that is not eaten will stay on the bottom.

84. To make it easier to see if your fish are eating well, choose several places in your pen and always feed them there.

85. Mark each place by making a square or ring of bamboo or light wood. Drive a pole into the pen bottom and attach the square or ring. The drawings at the top of the next page will show you how.

30

86. When you feed the fish, put the food inside the square or ring. That way you can easily see uneaten food collecting on the bottom and you will know that you are giving your fish too much.

31

The fish

fish

If the fish in your pen not I,

they ii stop eating.

89. If this happens, stop feeding r fish for a day or

90. When you begin to feed them again, at first give them small amounts of food and then slowly more and When your fish begin to as you II know that they are well again.

91. If you find any dead fish floating in the pen, take them out right away.

92. Then, stop feeding your fish and watch them very carefully during the next days.

32

r or fishery officer

have a pen

if this

33

it do not damage

material.

in

1 If you have used baby fish 8 to 1 O centimetres long and have fed them well,

a

they will be ready for harvest in about six to seven months. At this time the fish will weigh 100 to 150 grams each.

101. If you want to harvest only some of your fish you can use a seine net with a large mesh.

34

102. sei a mesh of 3 to 3.5 centimetres

!I only the fish and al the medium and smaller fish to escape.

seine net with mesh size

3 3.5cm

103. To harvest with a seine net you will need several people. Start at the deep end of the pen and pull the seine net slowly toward the shallow end. The drawing below shows you how.

,,..,,. ////, ~

//lh ,!/1//11.. . . .·://1.1, ·. · . '. · .:.

:. ' '°o :; .. . •1111, 1 . 111 //11 ··-, ' ..... . :i·:.··. '

35

1

'.. . . '. / .

,, . · ....

r fish, can also use a cast net

a !ift net.

. . . , .

cast

lit l , , :'4• · • ·

·1itt net

105. If you use a cast net or I net you will catch both big and small fish. Keep the fish that you want and put the others back in the pen.

36

. :: · .. •. . . . . . '

··,· .. ·-~ .-... . .. - . . .

. . . .

. . _//I!. . . bt::, ~'-·.

... . •

1 a cast net a lift it is easier catch fish while are ng and all together.

them some food fi

.. , .. . , .' • ~ , ....J(i///11, .. 10... .. · .. · • '

107. if you want to harvest all of the fish you can use a seine net with a fine mesh of less than 1 centimetre.

If you do not need all of the fish harvest only what you need and leave the rest in the pen. Fish can left in a pen

give fish · · · · some food

seine with mesh

of less than 1 cm

as long as you continue to feed them.

n

1 After you have harvested, clean and repair your pen as quickly as you can so that you can begin again. You must

cut the weeds and grass on the banks clear out most of the plants in the water and take away all rubbish clean and repair the fence and make sure that it is still buried in the pen bottom remove unwanted fish, crabs and any other water life using a fine-mesh net

109. If you have harvested using a large-mesh seine net there will be many baby fish left in your pen.

110. So, to begin again you will not need to put in more baby fish. However, you will have to be careful not to let the baby fish escape when you clean and repair the pen.

111 . If you have harvested using a fine-mesh seine net you will catch all of the baby fish.

112. You can hold the baby fish that you catch in a pen or in a cage for small fish (see Item 114 and Item 184) until you have finished cleaning and repairing the pen.

38

. : w: ,/ ' ...

The faster you can do all of these things, the sooner you will be able to raise another crop of fish.

113. When you are ready, put in two baby fish 8 to 1 O centimetres long for each square metre of pen. However, be sure to choose your biggest and best baby fish to put back into your pen.

39

'•

•'/11.1, · ... : .. : .

r in

11

//11 /11/1~·.

··. 1111 . . /I•/:' .. 11,.. ~ ,,,

1111,. • . /,,, . · .

. ... . -. i- ": :

.- ···.

• 111 ltu : .. :. -: .. ·

,,;;..,,. 1111,

~--·. //lh .V///it,,s. .. ·, ,' • .·://1.1, :• .. : . ,/:

115.

11

117.

118. up metres long

in a sma!I this size. do not

than you need selL

If

fish,

41

119.

fish.

termites

cottonseed groundnut

120. Feed your baby fish carefully. Break their food into very small pieces and sprinkle it little little on the surface of the water. Watch carefully that they eat well and stop giving them food as soon as they stop eating.

42

121. With a small pen, it is important only what they can Uneaten food on the a small pen IS fish.

122. In 30 to days the baby fish will grow to 8 to 10 centimetres long and you can let them into the big pen. To do this open a part of the fence. However, do not take out the posts.

~ '" ·· /f'":-,__oo . · v( •• ,~e 0 •.•

.. .. ~

-~--

.. .. ' '

~<6"' ........ \ : : . . ..... \//!~ .. . ··

//,4'//l lfl//; I• ' . . ·• ,. ". '. ' . . .. ' .. 1',!;'' 111 J/1, ...

, . . ~ .. . .

123. The baby fish can then swim into the big pen through the open fence. Later, when you need to raise more baby fish or keep small fish you have caught, you can use the small pen again.

43

1 can buiid a cage and put it in a a nver, a a

-~--~·'· .. \· ....... :.·. ~- ....;;.;~ :;:-::,

·e •

"". o• ...

.o'~'''· e, ..•

---Uc, 111, •

stream

••.:I• :,.·,.

--'' ... ,,, ." ··u ·.6, ..

or river . ····· : .. · ........ \~

C

:,-·.- . ~·· ... . //t, •.

~//~· ...

(Jf} G Jf/1' •: I

lake ~o·. ~-... .:·,::·.·:.·::: . . .

~ o: •••. .,,, ,, 11111 .. 06 •. _ -

•

.. · ........ 0 ..

•, .... ·. . . ~.: . .. ··: . . :,., ·· ....

,,

"

reservoir

·-' .· .. · ·._: .··'

11// ·--;;....:.

1,11~

·.-······~ . /lit­

. ,: .. y//1;,, -·

cJ • • . • 6

II• ,•' ~-. ~1111-3 •. ·.

C;) •' • I . . .• . .. :.

1 In addition, as have you can put a

If you have a fish pond and decide to put in some cages, you will raise many fish.

example, a pond (400 square metres) will hold If you also put in 3 cages of 1 cubic metre each, you can raise 450 to 600 fish. So, in this case you can raise as many as 1 400 fish in the same pond.

3 cages 1x1x1m

= 450 to 600 fish 800 + 600 = 1 400 fish in all

45

126. The water should be enough so that the cage is in place it wiil be at least 50 centimetres from the

0.25 m

127. cage should be in a place where the flow of water is gentle and not fast. In addition, it should be protected from the wind.

128. water should clean. You should not put a cage too near an inlet where the water may be muddy or full of rubbish.

a

129. cage can be any shape. It can be round, square or long.

round square

46

long

1 smaii depending nu fish that to raise.

when you first start building a

will need lfQ\IIUQlf"

It will be easier

131. You can begin with a cage that has about 1 cubic metre ( 1 metre 1 metre 1 of space the fish. later, when you have more, you can ild bigger ones.

1 The best material to cover a cage is ordinary fish net If you cannot get fish net you can use either plastic mesh, woven material made from split bamboo or wooden strips.

133. The openings in the material that you use to cover a cage must be small enough to keep the smaller fish from getting out

47

1

135. So, use openings 1.5

This is the ht size in the smaller fish

to let fresh water th h.

1 can driving

into the under the water and hanging a inside.

1 also ng a

and hanging a

138. If you want a better floating cage, you can build a frame with floats and close it with fish net, woven material or plastic mesh.

139. You can use either bamboo or wood for the posts, floats or frame. However, if you are using wood, choose one that does not rot quickly when it is in the water.

1 drawings on pages 50 to 66 show you how to build these cages. You will also be shown how to close the tops of cages and how to fix cages in the water.

49

a using bamboo or wooden posts and fish net

find a where least 1 .50 metres uc,c,,u

during season

.. i

drive 4 posts into the bottom form a square 1.25 m x 1 .25 m

the posts should be about 50 cm above the u,"""'I'""' ..

50

tie a of the """'"''ii'"' hold fish net least 25 cm above the

hang a piece of fish net over the rope

and make sure that it is at least 1 m under the water at the deepest part

tie the net to the rope all the way around the cage using strong cord

51

0.50 m 0.25 m

if you have enough fish net stretch a piece over the top of the cage and tie it the rope using strong cord

when you feed the fish, n,OlrH6""1! the cover

however, you may have· to of the cover

from time to time to take out any dead fish

52

can a using any wood floats , such as bamboo or banana stalks, and covered with either fish net, woven material or plastic mesh

4 pieces of using

hang the float about 1 .50 m above the ground so you can on it easily

~--··; ~ •. ·. . . . .... ..

,'. ,,•. ' ". t. .. •'

1 .50 m. ,.· · .. · ~ , . . ,~.

.: . ... ' ..

. : : ..•.. :', .. ' .. . ', .

· ...

...... . .

. .

... . .... ,, ... ~ti,\·.: : . : . ........... . ·Gf;;>.<>1,., ..... . . ... •"

··~··. ·. ~·-··~~· . -: .. · .. :. ·.,: .. ··. ·::·::.~:: '.: -.... · '"'•''-~······"", .. :,., .. ,~,.-·.

... ....... ·.·, ·. ··.· . . ~- -~-· ~: .. _.. · .... • . : ', "' 0,, i: ', ', .. ,.: - • : •' • 0

" - O :•I:•,': ' : 'i•

53

,•,: .·.

•" ...

.. . . -· ... ,, .. . .

. . . .

. ·,.'.

·.. . . ...

sides d:::,..-e~·· .••..

depending on the material that you are going to use, tie or wire the long side piece around the outside of the cage

then, tie or wire the square bottom piece to the lower edges of the sides in the same

,' . . ·: ..

,• ·\.·.,·

54

. ....

~·

. .,. ... • ,t.',

----------..... ~-:~-' . . -,11.'•·· ~.

~11///1~.,·· ~ .. ·.

' . ·· ..

.-~ · ...

.. • t'•

··: . . ·· .. ~.,, ; ' . ; · .. ···: -

carefully put the cage into the water

55

.... ...... . ·:.. ·--~·· ·, .. ~ .. - .. :

-·--..----

, ..:i.~:- . . ..

&.-.. ~o•L;l~ ... •"" .• •. • • •, • I"'••. •: .. ,;" • ' ..

" . . . .,· .... ... ".

... c!n> .~r . ,·

to do this, tie a piece of rope to one comer the float and anchor the other end to a stake in the bottom

56

or can use this material

a cage cover

however, you may have to of the cover

from time to time to take out any dead fish

a IFH::lo'll''ll'tal!"

making a light frame from or straight pieces of cut from trees and covered with either fish

material or plastic mesh

tie 4 pieces of wood together using strong cord or rope

make one side of the frame, which should about 1 m 1 m

make another side the same as the first

59

·,.:

. · .. .,,. ._ ·· .. ',

d)~·.,

/ ~ ,,..-:,. //

// //

// //

~·

61

wooden block plastic

container

62

banana stalks

plastic

can see

the fish are in,

if cage is built of woven material plastic you can use this for a cover

65

can build this kind with a that can be and with a special opening for feeding the fish

wooden

feeding hole ----­

hinges--------

1.00 m

with a locked door it is more difficult for people to steal your fish however, you may need more floats for a cage with a heavy wooden door

66

level

1

142. have already been told that small fish can be hu easily. So, you must be very careful when you handle them

carry them from place to place. Items 61 to 65 in this booklet will tell you how.

143. If you are raising Tilapia nilotica you wm need to put in 150 to 200 baby fish for each cubic metre of cage.

Tilapia nilotica

1 The baby fish that you use should be at least 8 to 1 O centimetres long or weigh about i 5 to 20 grams each.

If you need any help or want raise a different fish, your extension agent or fishery officer will be able to give you good advice.

67

1

in

1 have already been that there may be little natural food in a So, you must be sure to

fish plenty rich

1 are some rich foods that fish to eat

can give them

termites grain mill sweepings rice bran

wastes cottonseed groundnut cake .

.. • .. . ·:

. , . ' ',,,

68

1

1

.. ... ' ,•

-----,:,.,_ I • ', •

,@,.:-:·::.··.,···~<·:··· .. ":!

,•i:, . ..

,',,,, ..... ·.·.

150. The bigger the For each cubic

them

150 200 grams during first month 200 to 350 grams during the second 350 to 450 g from the fou month until the time you are to harvest.

100 grams of rice bran is about one handful. Use a small tin to measure this amount.

69

l//1, • ,

.· . : G>•:: . ~ . . :

151 . It is easy to much to r fish. must watch them careful

to learn how much

152. Put the food your fish the centre of the cage

so that they can eat it before it floats away through the holes in the sides.

153. Put in the food little by little so that you can watch the fish and see that they are eating.

154. If you see that the fish do not eat all of their food, give them a little less.

155. If you see that the fish eat all of their food quickly, give them a little more.

70

1

1 So, check the cage often. If too much uneaten food the bottom, you will know that you feeding too much. When this happens, move the cage to a clean place.

0

....... ,,: ....

The fish

158. You must always watch the fish to see that they are healthy and swimming strongly.

159. If the fish in your cage are not well, they will stop eating.

160. If this happens, stop feeding your fish for a day or two.

71

II/ Ill n;;, . . ~--··

.... ,. ....

161.

1 fish

163. Then, stop feeding your fish and watch them lly for the

164. If no more fish die, you can begin to feed them after a day or

165. If fish continue to die, take them out as soon as you can and ask your extension agent · or fishery officer for help.

1

167. important rcage

su there no holes your fish can get out.

1 If you find places where the fish can get out, repair them right

is in shallow able to repair any holes in it shown on page 33.

if the is easier to completely cover

side the cage material.

hole in cage

73

1

1

1 Also, for uneaten under the

a

1

1 have a floating cage, su that floats

tied firmly cage that the cage

is firmly tied in place so that it cannot float away.

in

1

175. If to harvest only some r use a small hand net

collect what you without ng the cage.

collect fish you without moving the cage

hand net

1

r cage is pull it into shal

begin to col the fish using a smaU hand net

collect some of the fish moving the cage

to shallow water

1 When you have collected most of the fish, you can lift the cage out of the water and collect the rest.

then, collect the rest of fish after moving the cage out of the water

77

1

If not all of r fish, harvest only what you need and leave the rest in the cage. Fish can be left in a cage as long as contiaue to them.

179. you have harvested, clean repair r cage as quickly as you can so that you can begin again.

180. If your cage is small and you took it out of the water when you harvested fish, clean and repair it before

put it back into the water.

78

181.

a big cage in the

The faster you can do this, the sooner you will be able to raise another crop fish.

79

1

in (see until the cleaning

183. When you are ready to begin again, put in 150 to 200 baby fish 8 to 10 centimetres long for each cubic metre of cage. However, be sure to choose your biggest and best baby fish to put back in your cage.

80

r in

1

1 However, the material you use the cage

should smaller ings to keep in the baby fish. So su use materia_l with openings 5 5 centimetres.

186. Materials with such small openings wili get di more quickly. So, you must su to clean it enough so that fresh water can flow into the cage.

81

1

than

put up 1 ,n;n.r,vnmetres

1 cubic not put in

need use or sell.

If have fish than you can use or sell you can dry them in the sun.

you have dried the grind pound them and with crushed cottonseed, groundnut cake or rice bran to feed to your big fish, your poultry or your pigs.

fish, them

You can also use the dried baby fish to fertilize your farm garden.

188. Feedyourbabyfish two three times each day just you do with your big fish. You can give them

termites rice bran cottonseed or groundnut cake.

82

1 Feed your fish I their into smaU pieces

nkle it little little on the surface of the water. Watch very carefully that they eat and stop giving them food as soon as they stop eating.

190. With a cage, it is important to give the baby fish only what they will eat and no more. Uneaten food under a cage is for baby fish.

191 . In 30 to 40 days the baby fish wrn grow to 8 to 1 O centimetres long and you can put them in a pond or another cage.

192. To do this take them out carefully using a smooth plastic containers.

83

plastic pan

Sagraf - Napoli

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