CH 28 – RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONCH 29 - NATIONALISM AND REVOLUTION

CH 30 – CRISIS OF DEMOCRACIES

Between The Wars

Russian Revolution

March Revolution Czars made reforms Duma created but no power Nicholas II blocked anything to take his power Marxists tried to ignite the proletariat WWI strained Russia Nicholas went to front to lead, knew nothing Left domestic affairs to czarina, Alexandra

(German)

Rasputin

Alexandra relied on Gregory Rasputin for advice

Illiterate peasant, self-proclaimed holy manPersonality made him popular healerHelped son with hemophiliaRasputin became powerful gov. advisor to

AlexandraNobles disliked him, killed himPoisoned, shot, ran, shot, clubbed, thrown

in riverCause of death: drowned

Collapse of the Monarchy

March 1917 – everything was badFood, fuel shortagesCzar abdicatedNew government set up, continued warTroops began to desertCities set up soviets: councils of workers &

soldiersBolsheviks: radical socialist groupV.I. Lenin becomes leader

The November Revolution

Lenin and Leon Trotsky: Peace, Land, and Bread

November 1917 – Red Guards attacked government

Fell without a struggleBolsheviks made Moscow the capitalEnded private ownership of land,

gave to poorWorkers got control of factoriesNew flagBolsheviks became Communists

Russian Civil War

Signed treaty with Germany, out of WWI

3 years: Reds (communists) vs. Whites (czarists)

Allies of WWI sent troops to Whites

Brutality and reign of terror

Czar, Czarina, 5 kids killedWar Communism: gov. takes everythingTrotsky made Red Army strongPoor unit: every 1oth man shot1921: Over, millions dead, chaos among

people

Building Communist Soviet Union

1922 – wrote constitutionPolitical power, resources and production

belonged to the workersBecame Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR)Communists reigned supremeArmy and secret police used for any biddingSet up NEP – capitalist ideasSmall businesses, private profitBy 1928, back to normal

Stalin’s Five Year Plans

Wanted Modern industrial powerSeveral “Five Year Plans”All economic activity under gov. controlSet high production goals: rewards and

punishmentsStandard of living was lowTook animals, tools, land =

Set up farm collectivesPeasants killed animals,

ruined land & toolsFamine and death followed

The Great Purge

Stalin feared being overthrown1934 – started Great PurgeCrimes: counterrevolutionary to

failing to meet quotaPublic “Show Trials” – confessions of

former officialsKilled or sent to SiberiaShowed consequences of disloyaltyMistake: Killing military officials

Soviet Foreign Policy

Wanted to start worldwide revolutionStarted “Red Scare” in USTried to join League of NationsWest was skeptical of USSRDidn’t like threat of revolution

Life in a Totalitarian State

TerrorComplained = labor campPropaganda to create extreme nationalismOnly allowed atheism – all religions bannedBuilt schools to create workersCensorship of news, books, movies, paintings

Revolutions Around the World

Mexican Revolution

1910 – Porfirio Diaz was dictator for 35 yearsProsperity only for wealthy, poor sufferedReformer, Francisco Madero demanded

electionsRevolution beganGroups of rebels grew and waged war on

Diaz1917 – Venustiano Carranza voted inWrote a constitution

Mexican Reforms

Nationalization – government takeoverTook land, divided up large estates and church

landSet minimum wageGave women rights1929 – PRI or Institutional Revolutionary PartyEconomic Nationalism – emphasis on domestic

goodsCultural nationalism – pride in ones cultureGood Neighbor Policy

Pres. Roosevelt vowed to work with LA, not against it

Africa and Colonialism

Africans resented colonizationProtested over loss of land,

taxes, ID cardsSouth Africa imposed apartheidLegal separation of blacks and

whitesPan-Africanism created united

front to EuropeansCreated set of rights for AfricansIgnored by Western powers

Turkey and Iran

Ottoman Empire collapsed after WWITurks overthrew sultan, set up nationReforms

Western calendar, western clothes, no veils, polygamy banned

Iran Resented Russia and British rulers Overthrew the shah Similar reforms to Turkey

European Mandates

Arab nations helped in war, promised independence

Instead were carved up to European nationsZionists wanted Jewish homelandBritish promised Palestine to JewsArabs wanted to keep PalestineAnti-Semitism erupts in Europe

India

India owned by British since 1885Wanted independenceMohandas Gandhi lead revolts in South AfricaUsed non-violent protests and civil

disobedience

Salt March

British banned Indians from using salt from sea, only buy it

Gandhi & 78 followers marched 240 miles to sea

People joined, 1000s reached seaJailed for picking up saltWorld saw Brits use force on

peaceful peopleBecame independent in 1947

China

1900s – China in chaosJapan wanted to annex ChinaMay 4th Movement

Students in Beijing began boycott of Japan Marches and protests Like the idea of communism

Jiang and Mao Zedong

Jiang took over Guomindang (Nationalist) Party

Mao - communist leader Fought constantlyJiang gathered Mao and 100,000 on Long

March6000 miles in 1 yearMao forced discipline that gained them

followers20,000 survivedSet up new base

Japanese Invasion

1931 – Japan invades ManchuriaJiang had to join with communists to fight

backDecember 13, 1937 Japan enters NanjingCity surrenderedCompetition between 2 Japanese generals to

kill Troops killed hundreds of thousands“Rape of Nanjing”

Empire of the Rising Sun

Japan grew powerful in 1920sSeemed peaceful and good economyProblems with peasants, low wagesYouth revolted against old waysGreat Depression caused high unemployment

Nationalism in Japan

Ultranationalists riotedUS shut out Japanese immigrantsAttacked Manchuria without ordersLeague of Nations angered, Japan leftGovernment pushed tradition in schoolsStudents taught “absolute obedience to

empire”

Crisis of Democracy in the West

Post War Issues

Problems in Big Three countriesNo jobs for vets, debt, lack of leaders1920s – Europe signed “Ban War Forever”

TreatyKellogg-Briand Pact 1928 = Outlawed WarAll nations promised to disarm

Key: Dark green - original signatories Light green- later adherents Light Blue - territories of parties Dark blue - League of Nations mandates of parties

The Great Depression

Overproduction of goodsPeople had too much debtNovember 29, 1929 – US Stock

Market CrashedEffected every nation in the worldCommunists gloated about

capitalism’s collapseRebounded in 1932 with Pres.

Roosevelt’s New DealAll countries began to come back

Fascism in Italy

1919 Benito Mussolini took powerBlack Shirts – private, socialist

police10,000 Fascists marched on Rome

to take powerBecame Il Duce = the leaderUsed terror to rule, censorStrong, stable government but little

personal freedom

The Weimar Republic

1919 German Constitution set up ChancellorGovernment wasn’t very strongInflation hurt everyoneJuly 1922 – 100 marks, August 1923 – 944,000

marksBy 1924, West helped slow inflationStabilized but then Great Depression hit

Adolf Hitler

Born in AustriaRejected from Art SchoolFought in WWIJoined National Socialist German Workers

(Nazis)Became leader1923 – Wrote Mein Kampf = goals and ideasExtreme nationalism, racism, anti-SemitismUrged Germans to unite Gain Lebensraum, living space

Road to Power

Jailed for attempting to over throw Chancellor

Used Depression to give speeches Gained followers easilyPromised jobs and defy Versailles TreatyNazis won seats in governmentElected Chancellor in 1933 legally

The Third Reich

Totalitarian stateEfficient but brutal, terror, repressionGestapo = secret policeLaunched public works to combat depressionBegan to rearm the countryBelieved “Extremes must be fought by

extremes”Created “Hitler Youth” to recruit childrenWanted “Pure-blooded Aryan” people

Campaign against the Jews

Wanted to drive the Jews from GermanyNuremberg Laws – restricted Jews

No school or teaching No marrying Germans No government jobs Couldn’t be doctor or lawyer No publishing books Jews fled, like Einstein

Kristallnacht

November 7, 1938Night of Broken GlassGestapo destroyed all Jewish businesses and

synagoguesBegan to look for “Final Solution” for Jews1000s of Jews sent to concentration camps