beyond the hype: ip in the real worldwhich devices will “natively” speak ip? what interfaces...

proprietary and confidential | 1

John Mailhot, CTO – Networking

Beyond the Hype: IP in the Real World

Who’s doing it, how they’re using it, and why they made the move!


Agenda

03. Ethernet Interfaces

04. Architecture Network Design Tips

06. Summary Best Practices!

01. Introduction The State of the Industry & the Golden Age of SDI

05. Case Studies

Real World Implementations

07. Learning More

02. Standards & Roadmaps

SMPTE ST 2110 & An Introduction to AMWA


TV As We Know It, Is Changing…


CONTENT When you want it, where you want it, and however you want to watch it!

SOURCE Competition is fast, huge and non-traditional: Hulu, Netflix, Amazon, Facebook,

YouTube, PlayStation Network…. it goes on!

FORMAT Diverse formats, chasing a diverse audience! “The wild, wild west!”

IP infrastructure provides operational flexibility to attack these threats


IP Enables Workflow Mobility and Scale

Television Workflows are shifting from PREMISES-

CENTRIC to CLOUD-CENTRIC

Premises-centric: Static, Expensive, Non-scalable, Facility-bound

Cloud-centric: Flexible, Cost-Effective,

Hyper-scale, Repeatable, Open / Interoperable,

Virtualizable Playout Advertising Monitoring Production Delivery Orchestration Workflow

Playout Advertising Monitoring Production Delivery Orchestration Workflow


The Transition Path is Paved with IP


SDI

IP

Software & Virtual

IP enables Operating at Scale IP enables Software/Virtual

Physical “Big Iron”


Today is the “Golden Age” of SDI Routing

SDI ROUTERS HAVE NEVER BEEN BETTER Except for UHD, Scalability, etc. SDI is not the future – but it IS the present!

YOUR IP INFRASTRUCTURE SOLUTIONS Should enable the transition to flexible, software-defined workflows, and scale to UHD & more!


The Ideal IP Solution

Actually Open – True COTS Hardware from Standard IT Vendors

Solutions for Production, Playout & Distribution

Getting There from Here – Gradually – IP at Your Pace

Grow as You Need – Scalable Now or Later


Standards and Roadmaps


Standards Matter

SMPTE ST 2022-2 Transport Stream over IP

SMPTE ST 2022-6 SDI over IP

SMPTE ST 2059 PTP Timing for Television

SMPTE ST 2110 Video, Audio, and Metadata over IP

AMWA IS-04 Networked Media Open Specification

Open Standards

The Development and Deployment of open standards is essential to IP-based television production and distribution

Interoperable Products

Seamless Workflows


IP Transport Standards in SMPTE

SMPTE ST 2022-1/2/3/4 MPEG-2 Transport Stream over IP

ST 2022-5/6 SDI over IP

Both of these are “multiplex” standards, where the video, audio, and ancillary data signals (plus blanking and padding) are wrapped up into a single IP stream

A Recipient who wants just one element still has to take the whole stream from the network, in order to extract the part they want


IP Transport Standards in SMPTE

IP IS (ITSELF) A MULTIPLEX STANDARD

Every packet can be part of a different stream

Why are we carrying multiplexes inside of multiplexes?

ST 2110 PUTS EACH PART OF THE SIGNAL INTO A DIFFERENT STREAM

• Video, Audio(s), and ANC(s) all separately routable

Recipients can ask for exactly what they want, and get only that!


All Streams are Separately Routable in IP – complete flexibility to combine any audio & video – complete flexibility to combine any ANC & video – perfect for audio/video production or distribution

ST 2110-10 System Overview & Timing Model

ST 2110-20 Uncompressed Active Video

ST 2110-30 PCM Audio (compatible with AES67)

ST 2110-31 AES3 Emulation (non-PCM audio)

ST 2110-40 Ancillary Data

ST 2110-50 Timing Interoperation with ST 2022-6

Upgrade SDI to Something Better

SMPTE ST 2110


But What About Control?

proprietary and confidential | 14 proprietary and confidential | 14

Finding all the Parts of the System

HOW DID YOU DO IT IN AN SDI SYSTEM??

very TEDIOUS to set up …requires drivers for EVERY device!

even MORE difficult??

• Automated discovery maybe within the same vendor

• Manual entries when integrating equipment from others

HOW WILL IT WORK IN AN IP ENVIRONMENT?

• Automated Discovery by a Standard Protocol

• Stream Switching requests, too

• Let’s talk about AMWA-NMOS


AMWA Network Media Open Spec IS-04

ADVANCED MEDIA WORKFLOW ASSOCIATION

Devices: things that make or eat signals • Look in DNS (or mDNS) to find the “registrar”

• Tell the “registrar” who they are and what they have

• Keep the “registrar” informed if things change

Anybody, who cares to, can ask the “registrar”… • about the devices and their streams

• to update them if things change


AMWA NMOS Connection Management IS-05

Controllers: things that make routing happen • Know about the streams from the registration service

• Maintain the names and meanings of those streams

• Tell the Receivers what stream to take

• Act like a “routing system” to everything in the plant

Devices: things that make or eat streams • Register streams and keep

the registration service informed of changes

• Respond to the IS-05 Connection Management API



How “Open” is AMWA?

THE SPEC free - un l ike SMPTE

OPEN SOURCE IMPLEMENTATION

https://github.com/AMWA-TV/nmos https://github.com/Streampunk/ledger there are others reported to be WIP

Technologies that are already fully implemented in all major OS’s and Platforms

Dozens of companies have tested NMOS in lab environments and interop events with success!

https://github.com/AMWA-TV/nmos




https://github.com/Streampunk/ledger


Does AMWA-NMOS Solve Everything?

IT SOLVES TWO KEY PROBLEMS WE CARE A LOT ABOUT

REGISTRATION & DISCOVERY (IS-04) • Finding the parts of the system in a vendor-neutral way

• Cataloguing the streams being generated

MINIMAL END-POINT CONTROL (IS-05) • Telling a Receiver to join a new stream


What’s with all these different Ethernet Interfaces?


What Does a 10GBE Connection Look Like?

SFP+ Cages on the equipment 125

50 62.5

M U L T I M O D E

125

9

S I N G L E M O D E

SFP+ Optics are LC Duplex • Multimode Fiber OM4 400M • Singlemode Fiber choices SRS (2km), LR (10km), ER (40km)

SFP+ Direct-Attach Cables • Active Optical good to 20+M • Beware Passive “twinax” – bad • Highly Reliable – no optical joints • Made by many competitive vendors in many lengths


What Does 40GBE Look Like?

40GBE (QSFP+) • Combines four lanes of 10G, but NOT A LAG • Some 40G ports can be configured as 4x10G

MPT/MPO Connector to 8 Fibers • Passive breakouts available in MM or SM

CWDM to Duplex LC Fiber in the QSFP • Two fibers, each with 4 wavelengths inside

True 40Gbit Laser/Receiver • Very expensive, but a single SM wavelength

Active Direct-Attach Cables • QSFP-to-QSFP (40G) • QSFP-to-four-SFP+ (4 10G ends)


What About 25G, 50G, and 100G?

25G looks just like 10G • Except the bits move faster

50G combines two lanes at 25G • This is NOT a LAG, it’s a single interface • No special connector, just half of a QSFP28

100G looks like 40G • Combines four lanes at 25G (NOT a LAG)

Link Budgets on Fibers are a Little Shorter • OM3 – 70M max OM4 – 100M max

SFP+ SFP28

QSFP+ QSFP28


Connector Lingo – How to Read the Spec

SFP+ == 10GBE Capable Often 1G/10G configurable

SFP28 == like SFP+ but does 25GBE

QSFP+ == 40GBE Capable

QSFP28 == 100GBE Capable Often (but check) can configure as 4x10G 1x40G 4x25G 2x50G

How do I Connect to the 50G interfaces inside the QSFP28?

Often (but check) can config as 4x10G


Plumbing for the QSFP28 with 25G & 50G

Primary Switch

QSFP28

QSFP28

QSFP28

Server (25G) SFP28 SFP28

Device (50G) QSFP28

Secondary Switch

QSFP28

QSFP28

QSFP28

QSFP28




QSFP28

Device (50G) QSFP28

Device (100G) QSFP28

QSFP28


Architecture Overview & Network Design Tips


What are the Ask-Me-First Questions?

What SCALE does it need to grow to?

…how many input Signals (video & audio)? …how many destinations (video & audio)? …how many Multiviewer PIPs & how organized?

HD, 3G, or UHD? Or all three?

Which devices will “natively” speak IP? What interfaces (10G, 25G, etc.) do those IP devices have, and how many signals do they cram into each interface? Which devices will require SDI (or MADI, or…) IP gateways to/from?


Architecture for Redundancy

What if a Switch Fails?

What if the Optics Fail?

What if a Cable Fails?

SMPTE ST 2022-7 Works Really Well • Send Two Copies

• On Two Interfaces

• To Two Switches

• Join and Receive from both

• Packet-by-packet merge

• Used for SMPTE ST 2022-6 video & AES67 audio

• Also used for all parts of SMPTE ST 2110


Leaf: 48x10 4x100

Engineered Non-Blocking Dual Spine/Leaf

Use 50G/100G ports in the Spines Well-filled links go straight to spine

Aggregate underutilized links in leaf BUT: Keep the Leafs non-blocking

• All signals simultaneously uplinked • All signals simultaneously downlinked

GW: 16x16 HD

(A) SPINE N x 100G

Leaf: 48x10 4x100

HD gateways (HD, 3G)

10G multiviewers, etc. Devices with under-utilized 10G ports

Low-utilization 10G ports

(B) SPINE N x 100G

1+1 50G ports

GW: 16x16 3G

GW: 4x4 UHD

GW: 24x8 3G 1+1 100G ports

GW: 8x0 UHD

GW: 2x6 UHD Application (on ½ of blade) Each SW app is 2 HD in & 2 HD out

32 Applications

Application (on ½ of blade)

Blad

e SW

Blad

e SW

Handy Facts 16 3G ~ 50G 32 HD ~ 50G

Each way!


Building Blocks of Systems − Typical Switches

1G LEAFS FOR AUDIO & DATA

• Arista 7010T (48x1G + 4x10G)

• Brocade ICX7150

• Cisco WS-C2960X-48TS-LL

BIGGER LEAF/AGGREGATORS FOR VIDEO/AUDIO/DATA

• Arista 7280SR-48C6 (48x10G + 6x100G)

or 7280QR-C36 (96x10G + 12x100G)

• Brocade SLX 9140 (48x10/25G + 6x100G)

• Cisco Nexus 93180YC-EX (48x10/25G + 6x100G)


Building Blocks of Systems − Spine Switches

SMALL SPINES • Arista 7280CR-48 (48x100G + 8x40G)

• Brocade SLX 9240 (32x100G)

• Cisco Nexus 9236C (36x100G)

BIG SPINES • Arista 7504R (up to 144x100G), 7508R (288x100G), 7512R (432x100G)

• Cisco Nexus 9504 (up to 128x100G), 9508 (up to 256x100G), 9516

Handy Facts 48 x100G == 1500x1500 @ 3G 144 x100G == 4600x4600 @ 3G


IP D

evi

ces

SDI D

evic

es

Translate to/from IP

SDI Devices

A Switch

B Switch

IP Devices

• Baseband for Baseband, IP for IP

• Translators as tie-lines – automatically allocated and routed

• Most cost-effective in the “Middle zone” of the crossover

• Clear path to the all-IP endgame

HYBRID

Hybrid Core – Baseband plus IP

• More and more devices natively speak IP

• Works well with top-of-rack architecture for signal management

• Requires translation for baseband devices to IP

• Wire-level redundancy for maintenance & uptime

IP

IP Switches in the middle, everything

converged to IP

• Add IP only as devices natively speak it

• Requires translation where IP meets baseband

• Difficult endgame – you still have a baseband core

LOWEST RISK

SDI

SDI Router in the core, with a few IP things

translated back to SDI

COST EFFICIENT

BEST OF BOTH WORLDS

3 Ways to Build and IP-Based Plant


UHD and Multiviewers – Bandwidth Challenge

UHD signals (uncompressed) require enormous bandwidth

Multiviewing UHD production signals can require bringing every UHD signal into the MV system, just to scale them all down by a lot

This can account for half or more of the bandwidth in a system

ALTERNATIVE

Use HD/3G versions of the UHD signals where available for the multiviewer

• Many UHD devices make an HD copy

• Most will continue to do so

UHD Uncompressed

Signals

UHD Proxy

Signals


Example-Design: HD/UHD Production System

Arista 7280CR48 Spines

Arista 7010T Leafs Audio Consoles Audio Interfaces

Video Production Switcher (with IP Direct Interface)

Selenio Network Processor for SDI Interfacing, Processing, Synchronizing, and Conversions

Arista 7280SR-48C6 Leafs UHD CCU

UHD CCU

UHD CCU

EPIC-MV 36IPx4IP

NMS / Manager

Routing Control / SDNO


Example-Design: Ingest/Playout System

Arista 7280CR48 Spines

Selenio Network Processor for SDI Interfacing, Processing, Synchronizing, and Conversions

Arista 7280SR-48C6 Leafs

EPIC-MV 36IPx4IP

NMS / Manager

Routing Control / SDNO

Versio (on ½ of blade) Each Versio is 2 HD in & 2 HD out

32 Versio

Versio (on ½ of blade)

Blad

e SW

Blad

e SW

Selenio Network Processor for SDI Interfacing to Downstream


Real-World Implementations


CASE STUDY − Vice Media

Cutting-edge digital content company, w. HQ in Brooklyn, NY

Launched TV news program ‘Vice News’ in Dec. 2016

Implement next-gen, IP-based news production infrastructure

Handle workflow mix of prepared & live video & audio signals from anywhere in the world

Need flexible, responsive processing, playout, monitoring & control

THE CHALLENGE

Provided Vice w. Selenio™ MCP+UCIP for on-/off-ramps to IP networks

UHD-/HDR-ready Nexio+®AMP™ media servers for ingest and playout

Highly scalable EPIC™ MV multiviewer for signal monitoring

Magellan™ SDNO SW control system for hybrid/all-IP environments, integrating 3rd-party devices, and ensuring operational transparency across the network.

HOW IMAGINE HELPED

Standards-based, AIMS-compliant IP solution, easily evolves and expands to meet future video consumption requirements

Single control solution managing entire workflow

Highly reliable, disruption-free transport of video, audio, timing signals w. full 1+1 redundancy at the core switching level

Bragging rights as one of the world’s first news organizations to adopt pure IP-based technology infrastructure

BENEFITS


SOLUTION DIAGRAM − Vice Media

Brocade VDX 6940 (144x10G)

DEC2 MP2/MP4 Decoders

Brocade VDX 6940 (144x10G)

Selenio MCP UCIP 2022-6 + AES67 Gateways

DirectOut MADI GW

Lawo Audio Mixer

GV Video Switcher

PTP Generators

TS Sources

SDI Devices

News Production Facility


CASE STUDY −

Owns/operates a global entertainment and news television properties, TV station groups, radio business; one of the world’s most valuable and recognizable brands

Set up hybrid infrastructure to leverage sizable SDI investment, and build fully-IP-based video distribution network for the future

THE CHALLENGE

IC proposed Selenio™ MCP3 w. Selenio UCIP gateway card, and Magellan™ SDN Orchestrator for the most efficient and cost-effective solution to leverage and manage existing infrastructure while transitioning to all-IP

Selenio UCIP card converts SDI baseband signals to IP streams and vice versa

Magellan SDNO software control system seamlessly manages hybrid networks

HOW IMAGINE HELPED

BENEFITS

Enables company to maintain workflow integrity and disruption-free broadcast operations today, with enough time for staff to adjust to new all IP-based workflows down the road

Delivers flexibility of using existing baseband routers while making phased transition to IP

Global Media & Entertainment Company


CASE STUDY − Sky Italia

Sky Italia, one of Europe’s leading entertainment companies

Provides pay-TV services to around 5 million subscribers in Italy; service includes over 200 channels

Implement large-scale routing system in a hybrid SDI/IP environment

Make a managed transition to all-IP infrastructure

THE CHALLENGE

Future-proof Platinum™ IP3 router w. on-air expansion capability, ready for SDI/IP or all-IP future

Platinum™ and Selenio™ MCP uncompressed-over-IP gateways

Magellan™ SDNO software control system for IP/SDI hybrid networks

Proven solution based on scalable, 1+1 redundant IP3 router, enables fully virtualized audio/video routing ecosystem when

Magellan SDN Ochestrator with drivers to interoperate transparently with COTS IP network switches

HOW IMAGINE HELPED

Unified, open, standards-based approach to all-IP system

Efficient, centralized monitoring of multiple sites

Existing investments protected while making phased transition to all-IP

Seen as a technological leader within the Sky group

BENEFITS


SOLUTION DIAGRAM − Sky Italia


Hybrid SDI/IP Routing Ecosystem


CASE STUDY − tpc

Leading broadcast service provider in Switzerland

Focused on studio production & live production of major events

Operates fleet of OB trucks

Equip new OB truck w. standards-based, AIMS-compliant, IP tech

Implement infrastructure solution to support HD/UHD productions

THE CHALLENGE

IC solution based on open SMPTE ST 2110 for uncompressed IP-UHD

Provided TPC w. new Selenio™ Network Processor (SNP) to support uncompressed HD and UHD

Magellan™ SDNO to manage all sources and destinations in the system

EPIC™ MV for signal monitoring with inputs and outputs in IP

HOW IMAGINE HELPED

Compact, next-gen tech offering extremely dense IP gateway & processing solution w. flexibility to support uncompressed HD/UHD

Single control system for simplified management of IC & 3rd party gear (including Sony cameras, EVS production switchers)

Highly scalable, SW-based, UHD-ready IP multiviewer

World’s first standards-based, uncompressed, IP-UHD OB truck!

BENEFITS


SOLUTION DIAGRAM – tpc

ALL SIGNALS SMPTE ST 2110

Imagine

EPIC MV

Imagine Magellan SDNO Command & Control

IP-IP Processing Gateway

Sync NAT

Lawo VSM Operations Control

PTP

UHD CCU

UHD CCU

UHD CCU

Tailb

oar

d

IP-UHD Mobile Production


Making a Successful Transition to IP – Good (Best?) Practices


Understand & Use the Standards

IS04

SMPTE ST 2110

Video / Audio / ANC separately over IP

IS05

ST 2110 ST 2059 • Provides all the advantages

of IP-based routing • Works with standard

IP switches / routers

SMPTE ST 2059

PTP Timing for Television

• Replaces Black-Burst, LTC, Word Clock, DARS, TriLevel, 10MHz, and 1PPS

• Subject of multiple, successful industry interop events

AMWA IS 04

Network Media Open Spec

• Device Registration

AMWA IS 05

NMOS Connection Management

• Controllers: things that make routing happen

• Devices: things that make or eat streams


Make the Jump to 100G in the Spine

COST 100GBE ports provide the lowest cost per gigabit and the optics will come down a lot over the next year

PORTS The newest, densest cores have 100G ports, but don’t waste spine ports on lightly-loaded interfaces − break the 100G into 2x50 or 4x25 where it makes sense

COROLLARY Keep the Spine Ports mostly full by using Leafs to Aggregate! The leaf switch can aggregate half-empty 10G interfaces into a single 100G


Redundancy by Having Two of Them

Two Spines (A and B network)

Two Leafs where important (A and B)

Two Interfaces on devices (A and B)

Can cheat on signals that are less important (if there are any of those)

Plan for maintenance & SW upgrades


Remember the Golden Age of SDI

Evaluate small islands of SDI where they make sense – if all the parts are SDI and no UHD


Are You Listening?

Every piece of equipment in your facility today is trying to tell you something it’s not happy about


Start Logging Today!

Almost all of the telemetry goes NO PLACE in modern facilities – everything is good, until it’s not, and you don’t know why


Management Systems are NOT an Afterthought!

Budget for Customization


Summary


SDI Still Exists and is Still Effective

Hybrid IP/SDI Systems are a good approach to managing cost and legacy equipment

Your “IP Routing Control System” is probably also a very capable “SDI Routing Control System”

Most things don’t care how the signal got there


Destination IP − Your Path. Your Pace.


FORWARD THINKING

• Use Industry Standards and Require that your Vendors do so too!

• Plan for Redundancy Architecture & Monitor the Telemetry

• Remember that Prices of Switches, Computers, & Optics Change Every Month

– Don’t order them until you actually need them

– Don’t worry about what things used to cost – always take a current look

• Think about All the Layers of the Control System

– Routing Control, Monitoring, Logging

• IP-based Signals are the Pre-Requisite to Software-based Processing


We ARE the IP Pioneers!

We are leading /driving the standards process through VSF and SMPTE

We are leading the marketplace drive for standards through our commitment to AIMS

First to show standards-based uncompressed IP acting like a router, with router controls and hybrid integration

Driving the marketplace towards uncompressed UHD


Q&A


How common is "AES3 Emulation" as an audio format? In which use cases is it used?

• The 2110-30 standard is compatible with AES67,

and handles normal PCM audio

• The 2110-31 standard (AES3 emulation) is there mainly to support non-PCM audio

– often Dolby-E or Dolby AC3

• in SMPTE 2110 there is no limit on how many audio signals can be there, so we expect that use to drop off over time as compatibility with SDI fades away

• 2110-31 also can be used for other payloads that are presently encapsulated inside AES3

– such as the metadata associated with object-based audio productions

AES3 Emulation as an Audio Format


Are there reasons, other than cost efficiency, to use leaf/spine architectures? If cost was not an issue, would you just connect all devices to the spine?

• If the spine has enough of the right kinds of ports, you can just hook everything to it

• There is a wide variety of shapes and sizes of Ethernet switches to give facility designers a good set of choices in order to balance cost and complexity.

Leaf / Spine Cost Efficiency


In the example design, why is the switcher connected to the spine, rather than the leaf? Is there a reason why the switcher needs to be on that part of the network?

• The switcher can connect directly to the spine, or through a leaf

• The choice is dependant on the infrastructure needs

• If the network connections are well utilized (60% full or more): – then it makes sense to hook straight to the spine

– the switcher generally consumes a large number of signals (and produces quite a few as well)

• It also depends on the specifics of the switcher’s IP interfaces, – the cost of the different ports

– port speeds

Do I Connect to the Switcher or the Leaf?


What is the HD video latency through an IP based system and how are lipsync issues addressed?

• The delay for encapsulation of an HDSDI signal into ST2110 is quite low – microseconds

• Some receivers incorporate synchronizers in order to re-align to SDI timing, but the standard does not require this

• Each of the video and audio signals includes an RTP timestamp referenced to network (PTP) time

Video Latency and Lipsync Issues



What control and monitoring solution did VICE use for their implementation?

Case Study – Vice Media

Cutting-edge digital content company, w. HQ in Brooklyn, NY

Launched TV news program ‘Vice News’ in Dec. 2016

Implement next-gen, IP-based news production infrastructure

Handle workflow mix of prepared & live video & audio signals from anywhere in the world

Need flexible, responsive processing, playout, monitoring & control

THE CHALLENGE

• Imagine SDNO as the routing control system, with Imagine “Magellan RCP” routing control panel

• The logging system built into the Imagine SDNO is the primary logger of event-based telemetry

• Status monitoring is through dashboards of the various products in the system


If each device is discoverable over IP, how would an engineer manage video input sources into a video switcher console? Would there be a native router in the video switcher?

• The IS-04 discovery/registration protocol is used by:

– sources of streams (router sources) and

– stream receivers (router destinations)

• The engineer uses routing controls (panels) just like with SDI to route sources to switcher inputs

– routing control translates those high-level concepts into specific video and/or audio

– ANC streams to be connected to specific receivers

• The internal architectures of the switchers are independent

IS-04 Discovery/Registration Protocol


In a SMPTE 2110 environment, do you have any recommendations for best practices for bundling disparate signals for distribution?

• As an un-compressed signal format, SMPTE 2110 requires a significantly large amount of bandwidth per signal

• When distributing signals to downstream sites, the routing control system manages the routing of the right bundle of signals to the distribution codec:

– typically compressed using J2K or H.264

• The compressed video/audio/ANC parts would be bundled using the codec-specific methods

– typically in an MPEG-2 TS wrapper for transport over WAN or satellite

Disparate Signals for Distribution



For the tpc truck – how much bandwidth are they going to push around? Which parts of that solution are controlled by Imagine?

Case Study – tpc

ALL SIGNALS SMPTE ST 2110

Imagine

EPIC MV

Imagine Magellan SDNO Command & Control

IP-IP Processing Gateway

Sync NAT

Lawo VSM Operations Control

PTP

UHD CCU UHD CCU UHD CCU

Tailb

oar

d


Switch Suppliers

You mentioned Arista and Cisco specifically, but what are the other switches that can be managed by Imagine?

• We have done internal benchmark testing with HPE and Mellanox

• Switch management capabilities and available telemetries differ from switch to switch but can typically be built out with Imagine systems provided that

– the switch fabrics are non-blocking and

– the topology is well designed


Thank You


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beyond the hype: ip in the real worldwhich devices will “natively” speak ip? what interfaces...

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