BEYOND THE BEYOND THE UNITED STATES: UNITED STATES:

THE COMPARATIVE THE COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE

CHAPTER 16CHAPTER 16

The comparative PerspectiveThe comparative PerspectivePhenomenon of subordination based on race, Phenomenon of subordination based on race,

nationality, or religion not unique to US; occurs nationality, or religion not unique to US; occurs throughout the worldthroughout the worldMexicoMexico

Women and Mayans given second-class statusWomen and Mayans given second-class statusCanadaCanada

Faces racial, linguistic, and tribal issuesFaces racial, linguistic, and tribal issuesBrazilBrazil

Recognizing long history of racial inequalityRecognizing long history of racial inequality IsraelIsrael

Struggle of territory and autonomy between Jews and Struggle of territory and autonomy between Jews and PalestiniansPalestinians

Republic of South AfricaRepublic of South AfricaLegacy of apartheid dominates present and futureLegacy of apartheid dominates present and future

World Systems TheoryWorld Systems TheoryConsiders the global economic system as divided Considers the global economic system as divided

between nations that control wealth and those between nations that control wealth and those that provide natural resources and laborthat provide natural resources and labor

Ethnonational ConflictEthnonational ConflictRefers to conflicts between ethnic, racial, Refers to conflicts between ethnic, racial,

religious, and linguistic groups within nationsreligious, and linguistic groups within nationsSociological perspective on relations between Sociological perspective on relations between

dominant and subordinate groups treats race dominant and subordinate groups treats race and ethnicity as social categoriesand ethnicity as social categoriesCan be understood only in the context of shared Can be understood only in the context of shared

meanings attached by societies and their meanings attached by societies and their membersmembers

MexicoMexico

A nation of 108 million peopleA nation of 108 million peopleThe Mexican Indian people and the The Mexican Indian people and the

Color GradientColor GradientColor GradientColor Gradient

The placement of people on a continuum from light The placement of people on a continuum from light to dark skin color rather than in distinct racial to dark skin color rather than in distinct racial groupings by skin colorgroupings by skin color

Another example of the social construction of race in Another example of the social construction of race in which social class in linked to the social reality (or at which social class in linked to the social reality (or at least the appearance) of social purityleast the appearance) of social purity

The Status of WomenThe Status of WomenGender stratification is an issue US shares with Gender stratification is an issue US shares with

almost all other countriesalmost all other countries1975, Mexico City site of first UN conference on 1975, Mexico City site of first UN conference on

the status of womenthe status of womenFocused on the situation of women in developing Focused on the situation of women in developing

countriescountries

Mexican womenMexican womenOften viewed as the “ideal workers”Often viewed as the “ideal workers”Have begun to address economic, political, and health Have begun to address economic, political, and health

issuesissues

Mexico beginning to realize issues social inequity Mexico beginning to realize issues social inequity extends beyond povertyextends beyond poverty

CanadaCanadaMulticulturalism adopted as a state policy Multiculturalism adopted as a state policy

for more than two decadesfor more than two decadesThe First NationThe First Nation

Aboriginal minorities largely consists of four Aboriginal minorities largely consists of four groupsgroups1. Status Indians members of 604 tribes officially 1. Status Indians members of 604 tribes officially

recognized by the government.recognized by the government.2. Inuit living in Northern Canada2. Inuit living in Northern Canada3. Métis of mixed ancestry3. Métis of mixed ancestry4. Non-status Indians4. Non-status Indians

1982 Canadian Federal Constitution1982 Canadian Federal ConstitutionRecognized and affirmed existing aboriginal Recognized and affirmed existing aboriginal

and treaty rights of Canadian Native and treaty rights of Canadian Native American, Inuit, and Métis peopleAmerican, Inuit, and Métis people

Defeat of the Charlottetown Agreement of Defeat of the Charlottetown Agreement of 19921992Embraced number of issues including greater Embraced number of issues including greater

recognition of Aboriginal peoplerecognition of Aboriginal peopleSocial and economical fate of Aboriginal Social and economical fate of Aboriginal

PeoplePeopleOnly 40% graduate from high school Only 40% graduate from high school

compared to 70% of nation as a wholecompared to 70% of nation as a wholeUnemployment twice as high and average Unemployment twice as high and average

income one-third lowerincome one-third lower

The QuébécoisThe QuébécoisFrench speaking people of the province of French speaking people of the province of

QuebecQuebecQuebec accounts for 1/4Quebec accounts for 1/4thth of nation’s of nation’s

population and wealthpopulation and wealthMeech Lake Accords (1987)Meech Lake Accords (1987)

Failed constitutional amendments that would Failed constitutional amendments that would recognize Quebec as a distinct societyrecognize Quebec as a distinct society

50.5% prefer to remain with Canada rather than 50.5% prefer to remain with Canada rather than become a separate nationbecome a separate nation

Inter ethnic and linguistic conflict between the Inter ethnic and linguistic conflict between the Anglophones and Francophones.Anglophones and Francophones.

Immigration and RaceImmigration and RaceProportionate to its population, Canada receives Proportionate to its population, Canada receives

consistently the most immigrants of any nationconsistently the most immigrants of any nationOver 18% of population foreign bornOver 18% of population foreign born

Visible MinoritiesVisible MinoritiesPersons other than Aboriginal or First Nation people Persons other than Aboriginal or First Nation people

who are non-White in racial backgroundwho are non-White in racial backgroundAccounts for 13.4% of the populationAccounts for 13.4% of the population

Canadian immigration policy has alternated Canadian immigration policy has alternated between being open and restrictivebetween being open and restrictive

Growth in Asian, Black, and West Indian Growth in Asian, Black, and West Indian immigrantsimmigrants

Brazil: Not A Racial ParadiseBrazil: Not A Racial ParadiseBrazil and US familiar in number of waysBrazil and US familiar in number of ways

Colonized by Europeans who overwhelmed Colonized by Europeans who overwhelmed nativesnatives

Imported Black Africans as slavesImported Black Africans as slavesTreatment of indigenous peopleTreatment of indigenous people

Legacy of SlaveryLegacy of SlaveryDepended on slave trade more than USDepended on slave trade more than USEasier to recognize African culture among Brazil Easier to recognize African culture among Brazil

Blacks than African AmericansBlacks than African AmericansContributions of African people kept alive in schoolsContributions of African people kept alive in schoolsSurviving African culture overwhelmed by dominant Surviving African culture overwhelmed by dominant

European traditions, like USEuropean traditions, like US

ManumissionManumissionFreeing of slavesFreeing of slavesFor every 1,000 slaves, 100 freed annually For every 1,000 slaves, 100 freed annually

compared to 4 per year in UScompared to 4 per year in USMost significant difference between slavery in Most significant difference between slavery in

Southern US and BrazilSouthern US and BrazilNeeded as crafts workers, shopkeepers, and Needed as crafts workers, shopkeepers, and

boatmen, not just agricultural workers like in the boatmen, not just agricultural workers like in the USUS

In Brazil, race not seen as measure of In Brazil, race not seen as measure of inferiority like USinferiority like US In Brazil, you were inferior if you were a slaveIn Brazil, you were inferior if you were a slave In US, you were inferior if you were BlackIn US, you were inferior if you were Black

The “Racial Democracy” IllusionThe “Racial Democracy” IllusionHistorian Carl Degler (1971)Historian Carl Degler (1971)

Mulatto Escape HatchMulatto Escape Hatch The key to differences in Brazilian and American race The key to differences in Brazilian and American race

relationsrelations

Mulatto or Mulatto or morenomoreno (brown) recognized as group (brown) recognized as group separate from either separate from either brancosbrancos (Whites) or (Whites) or prpreetostos (Blacks)(Blacks)In US, mulattos classed with BlacksIn US, mulattos classed with Blacks

Escape hatch is an illusionEscape hatch is an illusionEconomically, fare marginally better than Black Economically, fare marginally better than Black

Brazilians or Afro-BraziliansBrazilians or Afro-BraziliansBlacks with highest level of education and Blacks with highest level of education and

occupation experience most discrimination in occupation experience most discrimination in terms of jobs, mobility, and incometerms of jobs, mobility, and income

1/41/4thth of all marriages between people of of all marriages between people of different color groupingsdifferent color groupings

Marriage between opposite ends of color Marriage between opposite ends of color gradient are uncommongradient are uncommon

Absence of direct racial confrontation and Absence of direct racial confrontation and mixed marriages led to conclusion of Brazil as mixed marriages led to conclusion of Brazil as “racial paradise”“racial paradise”Lack of racial tension does not mean prejudice Lack of racial tension does not mean prejudice

does not existdoes not existLight skin color enhances status but impact is Light skin color enhances status but impact is

exaggeratedexaggeratedPeople of mixed ancestry earn 12% more than People of mixed ancestry earn 12% more than

Blacks but Whites earn another 26% more than Blacks but Whites earn another 26% more than morenomoreno

Brazilian DilemmaBrazilian DilemmaGradual recognition racial prejudice and Gradual recognition racial prejudice and

discrimination existdiscrimination exist2020thth century, changed from nation prided on century, changed from nation prided on

freedom from racial intolerance to country freedom from racial intolerance to country legally attacking discriminationlegally attacking discrimination

Alfonso Arinos Law (1951)Alfonso Arinos Law (1951)Prohibiting racial discrimination in public placeProhibiting racial discrimination in public placeNo use overturning subtle forms of discriminationNo use overturning subtle forms of discrimination

Women of color fare poorly in BrazilWomen of color fare poorly in BrazilGeledes/SOS RacismGeledes/SOS Racism

Black rights groupBlack rights groupChallenge in organizing is that Afro-Brazilians Challenge in organizing is that Afro-Brazilians

fail to recognize discriminationfail to recognize discrimination

Israel and the PalestiniansIsrael and the PalestiniansDiasporaDiaspora

Exile of Jews from Palestine over 2,000 years agoExile of Jews from Palestine over 2,000 years agoBritish colonialism during World War I and the British colonialism during World War I and the

Middle EastMiddle EastBritish endorsement of a Jewish national British endorsement of a Jewish national

homeland in Palestinehomeland in PalestineSpirit of ZionismSpirit of Zionism

Yearning to establish a Jewish state in the biblical Yearning to establish a Jewish state in the biblical homelandhomeland

To Arabs, meant subjugation and elimination of To Arabs, meant subjugation and elimination of PalestiniansPalestinians

Arab-Israeli ConflictsArab-Israeli ConflictsNo sooner had Israel recognized, Arab nations No sooner had Israel recognized, Arab nations

announced intention to restore control to announced intention to restore control to PalestinePalestineEgypt, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and LebanonEgypt, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and LebanonBy force if necessaryBy force if necessary

Six-Day War (1967)Six-Day War (1967)Syria’s response to Israel’s military actions to take Syria’s response to Israel’s military actions to take

surrounding territorysurrounding territory

Yom Kippur War (October 1973)Yom Kippur War (October 1973)Launched against Israel by Egypt and SyriaLaunched against Israel by Egypt and SyriaLead to huge oil price increases as retaliationLead to huge oil price increases as retaliation

President Carter’s mediation and Egypt’s President Carter’s mediation and Egypt’s recognition of Israel’s right to existrecognition of Israel’s right to exist

The IntifadaThe IntifadaBegan in December 1987Began in December 1987Uprising against Israel by Palestinians in Uprising against Israel by Palestinians in

occupied territories through attacks, boycott, occupied territories through attacks, boycott, strikes, resistance, and noncooperationstrikes, resistance, and noncooperation

Grassroots movement of students, workers, Grassroots movement of students, workers, unions, professionals, and business leadersunions, professionals, and business leaders

Used television to transform world opinion, Used television to transform world opinion, especially USespecially USPalestinians came to be viewed as people Palestinians came to be viewed as people

struggling for self-determination rather than struggling for self-determination rather than terroriststerrorists

Diaspora of Jews led to displacement of Diaspora of Jews led to displacement of Palestinian ArabsPalestinian Arabs

The Search for Solutions Amid ViolenceThe Search for Solutions Amid ViolenceOslo Accords (1993)Oslo Accords (1993)

Agreements between Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Agreements between Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat for creation Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat for creation of first self-governing Palestinian territory in Gaza of first self-governing Palestinian territory in Gaza Strip and West BankStrip and West Bank

Issues of lasting peaceIssues of lasting peaceFuture of Jewish settlements in Palestinian territoriesFuture of Jewish settlements in Palestinian territoriesFuture of Arabs with Israeli citizenshipFuture of Arabs with Israeli citizenshipCreation of independent Palestinian national stateCreation of independent Palestinian national stateIsrael-Palestinian Authority relations with government Israel-Palestinian Authority relations with government

under control of Hamas, sworn to Israel’s destructionunder control of Hamas, sworn to Israel’s destructionFuture of Palestinian refugees elsewherFuture of Palestinian refugees elsewher

Republic of South AfricaRepublic of South AfricaDifferent from rest of Africa because Different from rest of Africa because

original African people of area no longer original African people of area no longer presentpresent

Largest group are Black AfricansLargest group are Black AfricansColoured (Cape Coloureds) and Asians Coloured (Cape Coloureds) and Asians

make up remaining non-Whitesmake up remaining non-WhitesSmall White communitySmall White community

EnglishEnglishAfrikanersAfrikaners

Descended from Dutch and other European Descended from Dutch and other European settlerssettlers

The Legacy of ColonialismThe Legacy of ColonialismSettlement of South Africa by Europeans began Settlement of South Africa by Europeans began

in 1652in 1652Dutch East Indian Company colony in Cape Dutch East Indian Company colony in Cape

TownTownDutch slave owners and trek inwardsDutch slave owners and trek inwardsAcquisition of parts of South Africa by Britain in Acquisition of parts of South Africa by Britain in

18141814British and Indian immigrationBritish and Indian immigrationBritish and Boer warsBritish and Boer wars

British freed Blacks and gave them almost all political British freed Blacks and gave them almost all political and civil rightsand civil rights

Pass LawsPass LawsCurfews placed on Bantus (Blacks) limiting geographic Curfews placed on Bantus (Blacks) limiting geographic

movement and enforced through 1986movement and enforced through 1986

ApartheidApartheidMeans separation or apartness in AfrikansMeans separation or apartness in AfrikansBritish colonial rule ended with independence in British colonial rule ended with independence in

19481948Afrikaners assumed control of governmentAfrikaners assumed control of government

White supremacy became formalized into lawWhite supremacy became formalized into lawApartheid was 20Apartheid was 20thth century effort to reestablish century effort to reestablish

master-slave relationshipmaster-slave relationshipBlacks could not voteBlacks could not voteCould not move through country freelyCould not move through country freelyUnable to hold jobs without government approvalUnable to hold jobs without government approvalTo work at approved jobs, forced to live in temporary To work at approved jobs, forced to live in temporary

quarters far from real homesquarters far from real homesAccess to health care, education, and social services Access to health care, education, and social services

severely limitedseverely limited

1990, South African Prime Minister F. W. 1990, South African Prime Minister F. W. DeKlerkDeKlerkLegalized 60 banned Black organizationsLegalized 60 banned Black organizationsFreed Nelson Mandela, Leader of African National Freed Nelson Mandela, Leader of African National

Congress after 27 years of imprisonmentCongress after 27 years of imprisonmentNational Peace AccordNational Peace Accord

Signed by DeKlerk and Black leaders pledging Signed by DeKlerk and Black leaders pledging establishment of multiparity democracy to end establishment of multiparity democracy to end violenceviolence

1992 referendum allowing Whites to vote on 1992 referendum allowing Whites to vote on ending apartheidending apartheid68.6% in favor of continued dismantling of legal 68.6% in favor of continued dismantling of legal

apartheid and creation of new constitution apartheid and creation of new constitution DeKlerk and Mandela jointly awarded Nobel DeKlerk and Mandela jointly awarded Nobel

Peace Prize in 1993Peace Prize in 1993

The Era of Reconciliation and Moving OnThe Era of Reconciliation and Moving OnApril 1994, Mandela’s ANC received 62% of vote April 1994, Mandela’s ANC received 62% of vote

giving him 5 year term as presidentgiving him 5 year term as presidentTruth and Reconciliation CommissionTruth and Reconciliation Commission

People allowed to come forward and confess horrors People allowed to come forward and confess horrors committed under apartheidcommitted under apartheid

If judged remorseful (most were), not subject to If judged remorseful (most were), not subject to prosecution; if failed to confess, were prosecutedprosecution; if failed to confess, were prosecuted

Controversial issues facing ANC led government Controversial issues facing ANC led government are familiar to US citizensare familiar to US citizensDesperate povertyDesperate povertyAffirmative Action and reverse apartheidAffirmative Action and reverse apartheidMedical care (AIDS, 10% of population; less than 3% Medical care (AIDS, 10% of population; less than 3%

receiving medicationreceiving medicationCrimeCrimeSchool integrationSchool integration

Most difficult is land reformMost difficult is land reformBlack South Africans forced from their land Black South Africans forced from their land

between 1960 and 1990between 1960 and 19901994 1994

Government took steps to transfer 30% of agriculture Government took steps to transfer 30% of agriculture land to Black South Africansland to Black South Africans

Plans to restore original inhabitants to their land where Plans to restore original inhabitants to their land where feasible (“just and equitable compensation”)feasible (“just and equitable compensation”)

Issue more critical in view of South Africa hosting 2010 Issue more critical in view of South Africa hosting 2010 Football (Soccer) World CupFootball (Soccer) World Cup

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

Identify who the native people are and Identify who the native people are and what their role has been in each of the what their role has been in each of the societies discussed in this chapter.societies discussed in this chapter.

On what levels can one speak of an On what levels can one speak of an identity issue facing Canada as a nation?identity issue facing Canada as a nation?

What role has secession played in Canada What role has secession played in Canada and Israel?and Israel?

How have civil uprisings affected How have civil uprisings affected intergroup tensions in Mexico and Israel?intergroup tensions in Mexico and Israel?

To what extent are the problems facing To what extent are the problems facing South Africa today a part of apartheid’s South Africa today a part of apartheid’s legacy?legacy?

In what ways are South Africa’s policy of In what ways are South Africa’s policy of apartheid similar to the Jim Crow laws of apartheid similar to the Jim Crow laws of the American South?the American South?

Social construction of race emphasizes Social construction of race emphasizes how we create arbitrary definitions of skin how we create arbitrary definitions of skin color that then have social consequences. color that then have social consequences. Drawing on the societies discussed, select Drawing on the societies discussed, select one nation and identify how social one nation and identify how social definitions work in other ways to define definitions work in other ways to define group boundaries.group boundaries.