Beyond Zero

Carbon HousingCarbon Housinge x p l o r i n g s o l u t i o n s t o s u s t a i n a b i l i t y i s s u e s

b e y o n d t h e z e r o c a r b o n a g e n d a

2 4 t h O c t o b e r 2 0 1 2 a t T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N o t t i n g h a m2 4 t h O c t o b e r 2 0 1 2 a t T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N o t t i n g h a m

D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d B u i l t E n v i r o n m e n t

©

Copyright NoticeCopyright NoticeAl l the mater ia l in these s l ides

may not be used or reproduced wi thout the

express permiss ion of the authors

Creative Energy Homes

Creative Energy Homes Professor Mark Gillott | May 2012

Mark Gillott

University of Nottingham

� Design

� Energy

� Users

� Technologies

� Water

� Climate Change

The Creative Energy Homes Site

George Green (1793-1841)

Nottingham

Scientist & Physicist

& user of wind

power as a miller

The Creative Energy Homes

The Tarmac

Masonry Homes

C r e a t I v e E n e r g y H o m e s - t h e s i t e

Tarm

ac

Ma

son

ry H

om

es

C r e a t I v e E n e r g y H o m e s - t h e s i t e

Tarm

ac

Ma

son

ry H

om

es

CODE 4

C0DE 6

Code 4 Code 6

88.7 88.7

Design Information

• Total heated floor area (m2)

4 2

1.2 <0.8

53 53

100 100

105 80

2 2

• Air permeability (m3/(m2.h) @50Pa

• Heat loss parameter

• Party wall E-WM-11 (dB Dntw +Ctr)

• Low e lighting (%)

• Water usage (l/p/day)

• Storage space for cycles

• Considerate contractor scheme

N/A

• Considerate contractor scheme

• Secured by design (Part 2)

• Lifetime homes compliant

• NHBC approved

The wall constructions?

Typical current Building Regs

(2006)

U-value 0.30 W/m2K

Code Level 4(44% C02 reduction)

U-value 0.19 W/m2K

Code level 6(Zero CO2)

U-value 0.15 W/m2K

298mm

U-value 0.30 W/m2K

353mm 365mm

103mm Facing brick

50mm clear cavity & 45mm

KingspanTW50

100mm Hemelite

Plasterboardon dabs

103mm Facing brick

50mm clear cavity & 100mm

KingspanTW50

100mm Hemelite

Plasterboardon dabs

215mm Durox Supabloc

13mm Lightweight Plaster

150mm EPS insulation & render finish

Wall constructions – external walls

U-value 0.19 W/m2K. U-value 0.15 W/m2K.

Wall constructions – separating wallWall constructions – separating wall

Separating wall – modifiedE-WM-11. 2 x 100mm Tarmac Hemelite blocks (1360 kg/m3), Hemelite blocks (1360 kg/m ), Isover 100mm RD Wall Roll.

Results of Acoustic test (PCT)Upstairs bedroom 60 dB Dntw +CtrDownstairs lounge 57 dB Dntw +Ctr

Health & Wellbeing – 4 creditsi.e. greater than 53 dB

Roof construction

• Asymmetric pitch trussed roof designed with an with the

long south facing elevation at a 22 degree angle

• Traditional roof coverings – felt, battens and concrete

tilestiles

• Incorporates sun pipe for daylight to stair wells

• U-value = 0.11 W/m2K

• Heat to both dwellings is provided by a highly efficient shared biomass boiler capable of generating up to 10 kW output.

Heating - biomass wood pellet boiler

generating up to 10 kW output.

• Fuel source is renewable, C02 neutral, indigenous wood pellets

• Individual controls and monitoring is designed to simulate a development with a district heating system.

• Boiler has a fully automated vacuum feed system requiring little operating knowledge or

maintenance.

Heating - biomass wood pellet boiler

Renewable Energy–solar hot water

• Hot water is provided by 2 roof

mounted flat plate solar mounted flat plate solar

thermal panels – 3.05m2

aperture area.

• Cylinder capacity of 210 litres

Renewable Energy – photovoltaic’s

• 22m2 of solar photovoltaic panels which

convert sunlight directly into electricity

via advanced semi conductorsvia advanced semi conductors

• Mounted on South facing elevation at

22 degrees to the horizon.

• Generate an output capability 3.75 kW

peak of electricity.

• The output is designed to offset the • The output is designed to offset the

total energy requirement for lighting,

pumps and domestic appliances.

Code 6Code 4Boiler flue

Monodraught Sun pipes

Tarmac Homes – Front ElevationTarmac Homes – Front Elevation

Solid aircrete wall, external insulation & render

Cavity brick and blockwork with partial fill cavity

Biomass pellet

Sun pipes over the stairs

partial fill cavityBiomass pellet boiler room

Solar hot water panels 22.0m2

photovoltaic panels

Code 4Code 6

Tarmac Homes - Rear ElevationTarmac Homes - Rear Elevation

Over-hanger roof to provide solar shading

panels

Biomass pellet

Solid aircrete wall, external insulation & render

Sunspace for winter passive solar gain

Biomass pellet store

Cavity brick & blockwork with partial fill

Air Tightness Test

Green Close 10

Average q50

Initial pressure test results – Green Close 10: 1.71 m3/m2/h @50Pa

Green Close 12: 2.95m3/m2/h @ 50Pa

Test

NumberTest Date

Pressurise

/Depressurise

Mechanical

Extracts Sealed

Mechanical Input

Vents Sealed

q50 Result M³

(hr*m²) @ 50

Pa

Average q50

Result M³

(hr*m²) @ 50

Pa

1 27/05/2011 Pressurise Y Y 1.371.45

2 27/05/2011 De-Pressurise Y Y 1.53

Green Close 12

Test Pressurise Mechanical Mechanical Input q50 Result M³

Average q50

Result M³ Test

NumberTest Date

Pressurise

/Depressurise

Mechanical

Extracts Sealed

Mechanical Input

Vents Sealed

q50 Result M³

(hr*m²) @ 50

Pa

Result M³

(hr*m²) @ 50

Pa

3 27/05/2011 Pressurise Y Y 1.741.97

4 27/05/2011 De-Pressurise Y Y 2.2

Heat Flux Monitoring

10.00

Mean Daily Heat Flux - Tarmac 10 & 12

Heat Flux Monitoring

-10.00

-8.00

-6.00

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12/0

3/2

011

14/0

3/2

011

16/0

3/2

011

18/0

3/2

011

20

/03/

20

11

22

/03/

20

11

24

/03/

20

11

26

/03/

20

11

28

/03/

20

11

30/0

3/2

011

01/

04

/20

11

03/

04

/20

11

05/

04

/20

11

07/

04

/20

11

09

/04

/20

11

11/0

4/2

011

13/0

4/2

011

15/0

4/2

011

17/0

4/2

011

19/0

4/2

011

21/

04

/20

11

23/

04

/20

11

25/

04

/20

11

27/

04

/20

11

29

/04

/20

11

01/

05/

20

11

03/

05/

20

11

05/

05/

20

11

07/

05/

20

11

09

/05/

20

11

11/0

5/2

011

13/0

5/2

011

15/0

5/2

011

17/0

5/2

011

He

at

Flu

x (

W/m

2)

Tarmac 10

Mean Daily

Heat Flux

12/0

3/2

011

14/0

3/2

011

16/0

3/2

011

18/0

3/2

011

20

/03/

20

11

22

/03/

20

11

24

/03/

20

11

26

/03/

20

11

28

/03/

20

11

30/0

3/2

011

01/

04

/20

11

03/

04

/20

11

05/

04

/20

11

07/

04

/20

11

09

/04

/20

11

11/0

4/2

011

13/0

4/2

011

15/0

4/2

011

17/0

4/2

011

19/0

4/2

011

21/

04

/20

11

23/

04

/20

11

25/

04

/20

11

27/

04

/20

11

29

/04

/20

11

01/

05/

20

11

03/

05/

20

11

05/

05/

20

11

07/

05/

20

11

09

/05/

20

11

11/0

5/2

011

13/0

5/2

011

15/0

5/2

011

17/0

5/2

011

Date

Tarmac 12

Mean Daily

Heat Flux

COMPARABLE HEAT FLUX DATA

Wingfield, J., Miles-Shenton, D., and Bell, M., 2009, Evaluation of the Party Wall Thermal Bypass in Masonry

Dwellings, Centre for the Built Environment, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds

CO-HEATING TESTS

3500

Tarmac 10 Co Heat Test Data (December 2010)

MVHR UNIT

y = 93.878 W/K

y = 108.35W/K

1500

2000

2500

3000

Tota

l Po

we

r (W

)

Tarmac 10 Co Heat - No MVHR

0

500

1000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Tota

l Po

we

r (W

)

Temperature Difference (Internal/External)

Tarmac 10 Co Heat - With MVHR

14.5 W/K associated with MVHR

POWER DATA: JUNE–AUGUST 2010T

arm

ac

10 E

ne

rgy

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n W

h

Ta

rma

c 10

En

erg

y

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

Ta

rma

c 12

En

erg

y

Wh

Ta

rma

c 12

En

erg

y

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n W

h

TARMAC 10: JUNE - AUGUST 2010T

arm

ac

10 E

ne

rgy

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n W

h

Ta

rma

c 10

En

erg

y

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

Ta

rma

c 10

PV

En

erg

y

Ge

ne

rati

on

Wh

Ta

rma

c 10

PV

En

erg

y

Ge

ne

rati

on

BIOMASS BOILER

� System failure March

20112011

� Pellet quality is critical

to performance

Debris in hopper led to � Debris in hopper led to

issues

BIOMASS BOILER

The BASF

Prototype House

The BASF Prototype House:The BASF Prototype House:

Energy Efficiency + Affordability

The BASF House Design Brief

• Energy efficient and to have as near as possible carbon zero emissions

• Affordable and economical design• Affordable and economical design

• Address the issue of shortage in skilled labour

• Address the issue of lack of available building land

• Offer heating and cooling solutions to ensure comfortable living• Offer heating and cooling solutions to ensure comfortable living

Key Features• Compact Form – detached, semi or

terrace

• Low cost for first time buyers

• MMC – construction speed with

Concept ICF Ground Floor

• MMC – construction speed with

less labour

SIPS first floor & roof Official Opening

PCM

Plaster Board

Key Features

Plaster Board

Energy &

Environmental

Monitoring

PCM Thermal

Mass

Biomass

Solar

Thermal

Ground Air

Heat Exchanger

Smart Home ControlsASHP

The BASF House:

terrace or semi detached units

The BASF House: Plans

The BASF House: Materials

(Rodrigues, 2009)

Images from BASF (www.house.basf.co.uk)

Performance Matters

Modelling Measurement Certification MonitoringModelling Measurement Certification Monitoring

Air Tightness Test

3.7 m3/hr/m2 @50PaTAS Energy Modelling

Below 15KWhr/m2/yr

Annual Power Profile

lighting

27%

17%

35%

lighting

Heating Ancillary

Power

White Goods

Cooking

17%

10%

11% Sockets

March 2010 – February 2011

Total Power Consumption – 3,816 kWh

%

437, 11%

Bedroom Sockets

Living & Dining Room Sockets

Kitchen mid-height SocketsKWh, %

Annual Power Profile

783, 21%

114,

3%253, 7%91, 2%

217, 6%80, 2%

1026, 27%

Kitchen mid-height Sockets

Fridge

Dishwasher

Washing Machine

Cooker Hob

Oven

Immersion Heater

Solar Kit

KWh, %

March 2010 – February 2011

Total Power Consumption – 3,816 kWh

3%

144, 4%

163, 4%68, 2%

266, 0.07172,

4%

253, 7%91, 2% Biomass Boiler

Earth-Air Heat Exchanger

Lighting Overall

BIOMASS BOILER replaced with ASHP (spring 2011)

Hoval’s Soilkit®

7.5m2 Solar Thermal

Hoval Solar

Thermal

Store

Panasonic’s 9kW Air-to-

water

Aquarea monobloc unit

System configuration of combined ASHP

and STC heating system

TemperaturesMonitoring period July 2011 to Feb 2012

The Sunspace

10

15

20

25

Te

mp

era

ture

(C

)

Mean Sunspace Temperature Data

Sunspace Temperature - Ground Floor

Sunspace Temperature - First Floor

0

5

10

Te

mp

era

ture

(C

)

Month

Sunspace Temperature - First Floor

Sunspace Temperature - Upper Level

External Temperature

Temperatures

Solar ThermalMonitoring period July 2011 to Feb 2012

Hot Water Monitoring period July 2011 to Feb 2012

ASHP (COP)

Coefficient of PerformanceMonitoring period July 2011 to Feb 2012

Mean COP for test period = 3.99

(Manufacturer suggested COP for 9KW system: 4.1 at temperatures above 7C and than 2.5 at

temperatures below -7C)

Solar

ThermalASHP Immersion

Hot Water

System Contribution for period July 2011 to Feb 2012

Thermal

STC 40% ASHP 59% Immersion 1%

N.B. Immersion only used for 6 days during the test period – on 4 days in December

this was due to routine system testing not user demand.

BASF Climate Control Micronal PCM

• Microencapsulated paraffin wax in Knauf

Gypsum boards

• 3kg of Micronal PCM per m2

• Melting/Solidifying temperatures: 23oC or 26oC• Melting/Solidifying temperatures: 23 C or 26 C

• Heat storage capacity of 110 kJ/kg (330kJ/ m2)

BASF’s Micronal microencapsulated PCM mixed in a gypsum board (Source: BASF Micronal Website www.micronal.de)

Knauf PCM SmartBoard 23 Enthalpy

(Rodrigues, 2009)

EAHE

EAHE Pre-Assessment

• Winter

• Summer

(Rodrigues, 2009)

The BASF House – EAHE On-site data5th of June

w

(Rodrigues, 2009)

PCM and EAHE

PCM follows temperature of living room

(Rodrigues, 2009)

The BASF House – PCM On-site dataMay, June, July and August

(Rodrigues, 2009)

PCM Further Investigation

The four sensors were

connected up to a data

logger which recorded

results from the four

sensors every 20 minutes

Hukseflux HFP01 Heat Flux Plates

sensors every 20 minutes

from the 16th July to the

2nd December 2011

18.00

Night and daytime internal temperatures for the summer months are fairly high and in the

operational zone of the PCM – they do not drop below the lower end of the phase change

zone (18 C)

This problem can be solved by providing adequate night time ventilation to allow the

temperature to drop below the solidification level in the summer

Additionally the monitoring data shows that the temperature exceeded 26 deg C in the

bedroom for 7.3% which means the PCM was not effective enough at reducing the internal

Graph showing the day and night time temperature and the

PCM and plasterboard heat flux from 16th July to 30th September

bedroom for 7.3% which means the PCM was not effective enough at reducing the internal

temperatures

Source: Ruth Howlett,

Temperature Regulation through the Utilisation of Phase Change Materials, UoN, Advanced Study Dissertation, Jan 2012

The BASF House in the Future

Base Case = on-site data

Case 2 = added EAHE

Case 3 = house in 2020Case 3 = house in 2020

Case 4 = house in 2050

Case 5 = house in 2080

CIBSE Overheating criteria:

Bedrooms should not exceed 25oC but

they do they should not be above they do they should not be above

26oC for more than 1% of the time.

Living rooms should not exceed 26oC

but if they do they should not be

above 28oC for more than 1% of the

time.(Rodrigues, 2009)

iSEC: intelligent Smart Energy Community

weatherelectricity grid

Green Close

energy usemicro-generation

monitoring

power

utilisation

occupancyenergy storage

monitoring

&

control

iSEC: intelligent Smart Energy Community

Source: Central Networks

•Optimum utilisation of local energy resources

•Community-wide demand-side participation

•Load levelling & reduced costs•Requirement to understand occupancy patterns for control and forecasting

E.ON International Research Initiative 2012

S W I T C H

Smart Wireless Intelligent Control in Homes

Responding to the national grid Responding to onsite generation

OUTREACH: PUBLIC TOURS (over 3000 visitors per year)

• Building performance evaluation needs to be far more widespread in order for industry to learn from their mistakes

• Monitoring systems need constant monitoring!

Conclusions

• Monitoring systems need constant monitoring!

• Where there is a lack of performance it is due to multiple reasons

• Need for education, training & dissemination

• A requirement for better modelling predictions in regulations and in-situ testing to verify as built performance

• A requirement for better modelling predictions in regulations and in-situ testing to verify as built performance

• Better control and use of demand side management technologies

More information at:

www.creative-energy-homes.co.uk

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