11/4/2013

1

BI 101: Protists

Protists

11/4/2013

2

What are Protists? Historically a catch-all kingdom

Neither plant, animal, nor fungi

Molecular and biochemical comparisons are clarifying the evolutionary picture

Do not form a clade

multiple lineages

ALVEOLATES

EUGLENOZOA

RHIZARIANS

CHLOROPHYTA

STRAMENOPILE RHODOPHYTA

AMOEBOZOANS

11/4/2013

3

Kingdoms and Domains

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

The three-domain system

The six-kingdom system

The traditional five-kingdom system

11/4/2013

4

What are Protists?

Unifying characteristic: Eukaryotes

Diverse morphology & lifestyles:

Multicellular or single celled

Autotrophs or heterotroph

Covered in shells or cillia/flagella

Protists vs. Prokaryotes

Protists

Eukaryotic

Single-cellular and

Multi-cellular

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Asexual or sexual reproduction

Bacteria

Prokaryotic

Single-cellular

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Reproduces asexually by binary fission

11/4/2013

5

Alveolates:Diversity

Molecular similarities– DNA

Include:

Dinoflagellates

Malaria

Ciliates

Alveolates: Dinoflagellates

11/4/2013

6

Coral is a mutualism between photosynthetic dinoflagellates and a cniderian

Algae in coral called zooxanthelle

Alveolates: Dinoflagellates

11/4/2013

7

Coral Bleaching a threat

Kills zooxanthelle– the algal component

Alveolates: Dinoflagellates

Red Tides

Karenia brevis

The neurotoxin brevetoxin can kill fish

Deplete oxygen in water

Alveolates: Dinoflagellates

11/4/2013

8

Alveolates: Dinoflagellates

Bioluminescent: Noctiluca

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2xh9-UPSlU

Alveolates: Ampicomlexans

Malaria

Caused by Plasmodium spp.

11/4/2013

9

Alveolates: Malaria

Why might diseases like malaria be more difficult to

treat than a bacterial infection?

Discuss with the person next to you

11/4/2013

10

Alveolates: Ciliates

Paramecia http://s258.photobucket.com/albums/hh263/

Gerd-a-guenther/?action=view&current=para-feed.mp4

Euglenozoans

Sleeping sickness, Tetse fly

Trypanosoma levisi

11/4/2013

11

Diatoms

Brown Algae

Water molds

Stramenopiles: Diversity

11/4/2013

12

Diatoms

• Phytoplankton

• Chlorophylls a &

c for

photosynthesis

• Intricate two-part

Silica shells

Chlorophyll

Chl a Chl c

11/4/2013

13

Stramenopiles: Brown algae

Sargassum: Important to provide habitat for marine creatures, as well as food.

Stramenopiles: Oomycetes

The water molds

Unicellular

cell wall: chitin

Flagella for mobility

Diseases:

Downy mildew in grapes

11/4/2013

14

Stramenopiles: Oomycetes

The water molds

Diseases:

Phytophthora

1854 Irish Potato famine

Sudden Oak death

Sudden Oak death Phytophthora ramorum

11/4/2013

15

Rhizaria: Foraminiferans & Radiolarians

Heterotrophs- plankton

Thread-like pseudopodia for feeding and/or locomotion

Rhizaria: Foraminiferans

Shells of Calcium carbonate--limestone deposits

Gain new ‘chambers’ to their shell as they age

11/4/2013

16

Rhizaria: Radiolarians

Shells of Silica oxide

Ameobozoans: Diversity

Amoeba

Slime molds

pseudopods

11/4/2013

17

Ameobozoans: Amoeba

Pseudopods

Unicellular

Heterotrophs

Ameobozoans: Slime mold

Physarum http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leKI

3Cv9YYw&feature=player_embedded

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkVhLJLG7ug&feature=related

11/4/2013

18

ALVEOLATES

EUGLENOZOA

RHIZARIANS

CHLOROPHYTA

STRAMENOPILE RHODOPHYTA

AMOEBOZOANS

Rhodophyta: Red algae

Porphyra= nori

Chlorophyll a

11/4/2013

19

Rhodophyta: Red algae

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyta: Derived adaptations

Cellulose cell walls

Starch for storage

Chlorophylls a & b

11/4/2013

20

Chlorophyll

Chl a Chl c

Chl b

Chlorophyta: Green algae

Spirogyra

Ulva

Chara

11/4/2013

21

Based on the tree above, is a group which includes the

alga (red alga and green alga) alone considered a

clade?

• Now convince your partner– What do you think?

• Why do you think your answer is right?

• Did you change your mind?

ALVEOLATES

EUGLENOZOA

(Forams and Radiolarians) RHIZARIANS

CHLOROPHYTA

STRAMENOPILE RHODOPHYTA

AMOEBOZOANS

11/4/2013

22

Chloroplasts & Mitochondria see article posted on website for homework

Endosymbiosis Homework

1. Read the article posted on my website

2. Write a 1 page summary of the article

3. Include something interesting you learned from the article?

4. Due Friday in Lab/or emailed to me

11/4/2013

23

Terms to know

Endosymbiosis theory

Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

Protist

Prokaryote

Eukaryote