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Outline Introduction to Biometrics Biometrics functionalities

Verification/authentication Recognition/identification Fingerprint Recognition Challenges in Fingerprint Identification Iris Recognition

Multi Biometrics Applications Conclusion

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Introduction At one end, there is a continuous and tremendous

improvement in the lifestyle of humans while at the

other end; the technological crimes are increasingrapidly. As there is a problem there must be asolution. The solution for the problem of illegalauthentication is Biometrics. Human identificationperformance reported so far using face or a finger

image under certain conditions is good practice,however, there is still a great need for betterperformance in biometrics for use in videosurveillance. One possible way to achieve improved

performance is to combine information from multiplesources.

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Biometrics means? Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a

person based on his or her physiological or

behavioral characteristics. This identification method is preferred overtraditional method involving passwords and PINs(personal identification numbers) for severalreasons, including the person to be identified is

required to be physically present at the point ofidentification.

Identification based on biometric techniquesobviates the need to remember a password or carry

a token.

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Why Biometrics

By replacing PINs, biometric techniques canpotentially prevent unauthorized access to or

fraudulent use of the following ATMs Cellular phones Smart cards Desktop PCs

Workstations Computer networks

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Biometrics cont

PINs and passwords may be forgotten, and token-based identification methods such as passports and

drivers licenses may be forged, stolen, or lost. Thus,biometric systems of identification are enjoying anew interest.

Various types of biometric systems are being usedfor real-time identification. The most popular are

based on face recognition and fingerprint matching.

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The mechanism of a biometric identification systemworks with two main steps: registration and

identification. Registration consists in storing the biological trait ofan individual in a digital format, which will be usedlater to identify him/her.

Once the individual is registered, when a new input

is done, the identification process captures andconverts the biological trait to the binary format andcompares it to the stored one.

Operation of a biometric identification

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Cont

The binary representation of a biological trait iscalled template. The generated template of the

same individual cant be totally equal at differentcapture moments. This is due to noisy factors duringthe capture process (e.g. light, position, rotation,distortion. different sensors, etc). So, a biometricidentification system has to work with statistics to

confirm a persons identity

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Biometrics Functionalities

There are two main functionalities within identificationprocess

(i) Verification/authentication(ii) Recognition/identification Verification is the confirmation or denial of a

person's claimed identity (Am I who I claim I am?).Usually, in this kind of functionality, Biometrics is

combined with a traditional method, e.g., a personuses his/her personal magnetic card and thenhis/her finger to confirm that he/she is the real ownerof the card

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Recognition/identification

Recognition is the establishment of the identity froma set of known persons (Who am I?).

In this case, after the input of the biometric data, thephysical or behavioral trait of a person is comparedto a number of database registers, until there is amatching register or the registers are over.

Once the register exists, it is indexed and can be

retrieved by the data from the traditional method(e.g., card number) then the biometric data in thissame register are compared with inputted one.

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Physical biometrics

FingerprintAnalyzing fingertip patterns Facial recognition/face locationMeasuring facial

characteristics Hand geometryMeasuring the shape of the hand Iris scanAnalyzing features of colored ring of the

eye Retinal scanAnalyzing blood vessels in the eye

vascular patternsAnalyzing vein patterns.

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Fingerprint biometric system for logon identification andauthentication & Iris recognition biometric system

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Fingerprint Recognition

Fingerprint recognition is one of the oldest biometrictechnologies, and its application in criminalidentification, using eyesight, has been in use formore than 100 years.

Today, computer software and hardware canperform the identification significantly moreaccurately and rapidly. Fingerprint technology is

among the most developed biometric technologies,and its price is cost-effective enough to make its wayinto public use.

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Challenges in Fingerprint Identificatio

Despite the efficacy of human identification basedon fingerprint matching techniques, the fingerprintidentification still presents some challenges, suchas: approximately 3% of fingerprints are not of goodquality; no proven contact less fingerprint sensortechnology is currently available; the new compactsolid-state sensors capture only small portion of the

fingerprint; fingerprint impression is often left on thesensor; fingerprints are not universal; fingerprintsensors can be different during registration andidentification (interoperability).

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Iris Recognition The most numerous and dense degrees-of-freedom

(forms of variability across individuals), which areboth stable over time and easily imaged, are foundin the complex texture of the iris of either eye. Thisprotected internal organ, whose pattern can beencoded from distances of up to almost a meter,reveals about 266 independent degrees-of-freedom

of textural variation across individuals.

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Daugmans Approach The approach proposed by Daugman , for iris

recognition is composed of three main stages: (i)localization, (ii) extraction/encoding, and (iii)

comparison

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L

imitations of Iris Although the iris is one of the most reliable Biometrics

traits, it has some limitations: (i) Capturing an iris image involves cooperation from the

user (ii) Cost of high performance iris systems is relatively

high (iii) Iris images may be of poor quality resulting in

failures to enroll (iv) Up to 7% iris scans can fail, due to anomalies, such

as watery eyes, long eyelashes or hard contact lenses (v) Iris can change over time (e.g., as a result of eye

disease), leading to false rejects

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Multibiometrics A biometric system that relies only on a single

biometric identifier often presents limitations, suchas:

Non-universality for that single trait Noise in sensed data, and Intra-class variations. So, by using multiple sources of biometric

simultaneously it is possible to integrate informationto enhance matching performance, increase thepopulation coverage by reducing failure to enrollrate, and difficult spoofing.

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This technique was tested on a subset of 10 users whoprovided biometric data over a period of two months

(approximately 30 samples per user per biometric).

Figure illustrates thecase where reducingthe face weightimproves verificationaccuracy.Experimental resultsindicate that

employing user-specific weightsfurther improvesmatchingperformance.

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Applications

Biometrics is a rapidly evolving technology that isbeing widely used in forensics, such as criminalidentification and prison security, and that has thepotential to be used in a large range of civilianapplication areas. Biometrics can be used to preventunauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones,smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and

computer networks. It can be used duringtransactions conducted by telephone and Internet(electronic commerce and electronic banking). Inautomobiles, biometrics can replace keys with

keyless entry devices.

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CONCL

USION Multibiometric systems alleviate a few of the

problems observed in unit modal biometric systems.Besides improving matching performance, they alsoaddress the problems of non-universality andspoofing. Multibiometric systems can integrateinformation at various levels, the most popular onebeing fusion at the matching score level where the

scores by the individual matchers are integrated.

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For further information visit: http://bharathhr.blogspot.com/

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For further information visit: http://bharathhr.blogspot.com/