Bibliographic Citation

An Introduction

WARNING

This is not a definitive or binding representation of format accepted by all instructors.

It is essential that you consult with your instructor before submitting your paper for a grade.

Your instructor is the final authority regarding acceptable format and style for papers and other written assignments.

Three areas of concern:

Part I: Formatting your paperPart II: The reference listPart III: Parenthetical, or in-

text, citation

Part I: Formatting your paper

MarginsFont sizeSpacingHow to number pagesRunning headerTitle page (or not)

Part I: Formatting your paper Use 8½ X 11 inch paper 12 point, New Times Roman, or similar

font 1 inch margins Double-space your text Use a running header Number pages consecutively, starting

on the first page

Part II: The reference list

Often called References or Works Cited Lists the sources you used to write your

paper Start references on a new page after

the body of your text. List sources alphabetically, by author’s

last name If author is unknown, list source by title

Part II: The reference list

The purpose of the reference list is to: Identify and credit the sources you used Enable the reader to locate your sources

APA style is used in the social sciences,

education, engineering and business.

MLA is used mostly in the humanities disciplines (history, literature, fine arts)

A few examples…

Books MLA (Modern Language Association)citation

style

Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004. Print.

APA (American Psychological Association) citation style

Lipson, C. (2004). Doing honest work in college. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

A few examples…

Part of a nonperiodical (e.g., a book chapter) MLA

Lipson, Charles. “Plagiarism and Academic Honesty.” Integrity in Scholarship. Ed. Sean Jones. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004. 32-48. Print.

APA

Lipson, C. (2004). Plagiarism and academic honesty. In S. Jones (Ed.), Integrity in scholarship (pp. 32-48). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

A few examples…

Periodicals MLASacks, Samuel. “Fraud Risk: Are You Prepared?”

Journal of Accountancy 198.3 (2004): 57-63. Print.

APASacks, S. E. (2004). Fraud risk: are you prepared?

Journal of Accountancy, 198(3), 57-63.

Part III:Parenthetical, or in-text, citation Within the body of your text, you must

cite your sources as you use them. You must cite any and all data, facts,

information, opinions, ideas, tables, charts, graphics, photographs, etc. that you obtained in your research.

References in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited.

Part III:Parenthetical, or in-text, citation MLAParaphrasingOne idea is to surround quotations with big Q’s to

distinguish the author’s words from your own ideas (Lipson 48).

In Doing honest work in college, Lipson (48) suggests surrounding quotations with big Q’s to distinguish the author’s words from your own ideas.

___________________________________________Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College.

Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004. Print.

Part III:Parenthetical, or in-text, citation MLA

Direct quote

Lipson’s first rule of academic honesty is, “When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it” (3).

“When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it,” is a good rule to keep in mind (Lipson 3).

____________________________________________

Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004. Print.

Part III:Parenthetical, or in-text, citation APAParaphrasingOne idea is to surround quotations with big Q’s to

distinguish the author’s words from your own ideas (Lipson, 2004).

In Doing honest work in college, Lipson (2004) suggests surrounding quotations with big Q’s to distinguish the author’s words from your own ideas.

___________________________________________Lipson, C. (2004). Doing honest work in college.

Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Part III:Parenthetical, or in-text, citation APA

Direct quoteLipson’s first rule of academic honesty is, “When you

say you did the work yourself, you actually did it” (2004, p. 3).

A good rule to follow is “When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it” (Lipson, 2004, p. 3).

___________________________________________Lipson, C. (2004). Doing honest work in college.

Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Conclusion

Formatting rules make research papers uniform and easy to read

The ability to verify facts through proper citation of sources is essential to good scholarship

In-text citation and the reference list: Identify and credit the sources you used Enable the reader to locate your sources