bibliography - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/33889/1/bibliography.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
192
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abe, H. & Ohmama, S. (1987) Effect of starvation, and seawater acclimation on the
concentration and free L-histidine and related dipeptides in the muscle of eel,
rainbow trout and Japanese dace. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology, 88B,
507–511.
Abou, Y., Fiogbe, E.D., Beckers, Y. & Micha, J.C. (2011) Approximate compositional
values and tissue fatty acid profiles of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Fed
Azolla-Diets in Earthen Ponds. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2, 964–973.
Abu, H.M.Y., Md. Kawser, A., Sabina, Y., Nazmul, A., Md. Mujibur, R. & Md. Monirul, I.
(2008) Prevalence of Microbial Load in Shrimp, Penaeus monodon and Prawn,
Macrobrachium rosenbergii from Bangladesh, World Journal of Agricultural
Sciences, 4 (S), 852–855.
Aiken, D.E. (1980) Molting and growth. In: Phillips, B.F., Coobb, T.S. (Eds.),
The Biology and Management of Lobsters, Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York,
pp. 91–163.
Akiyama, D.M., Dominy, W.G. & Lawrence, A.L. (1992) Penaeid shrimp nutrition.
In: Fast, A.W., Lester, L.J. Eds., Marine Shrimp Culture: Principles and Practices.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 535–568.
Alalade, O.A. & Iyayi, E.A. (2006) Chemical composition and the feeding value of
Azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal for egg-type chicks. International Journal of Poultry
Science, 5, 137–141.
Ali, S.A. (2000) Copper, Manganese and Zinc Requirementsin the Diet of Shrimp
Penaeus indicus. Asian Fisheries Science, 13, 201–207.
Allen, R.G. & Venkatraj, V.S. (1992) Oxidants and antioxidants in development and
differentiation. J. Nutr., 122, 631–635.
Allen, R.G. (1991) Oxygen-reactive species and antioxidant responses during
development: the metabolic paradox of cellular differentiation. Proc. Soc. Exp.
Biol. Med., 117, 117–129.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
193
Alonso, D. & Maroto, F. (2000) Plants as ‘chemical factories’ for the production of
polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biotechnol. Adv., 18, 481-497.
Alvarenga, R.R., Rodrigues, P.B., Cantarelli, Vde. S., Zangeronimo, M.G., Silva Jr.,
J.W.da., da Silva, L.R., Moreira dos Santos, L. & Pereira, L.J. (2011) Energy
values and chemical composition of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) evaluated
with broilers. R. Bras. Zootec., 40, 992–996.
Alvarez, M.J., Lopez-Bote, C.J., Diez, A., Corraze, G., Arzel, J., Dias, J., Kaushik, S.J. &
Bautista, J.M. (1998) Dietary fish oil and digestible protein modify susceptibility
to lipid peroxidation in the muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and
seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Br. J. Nutr., 80, 281–289.
Anderson, I.G., Shamsudin, M.N. & Nash, G. (1989) A preliminary study on the aerobic
heterotrophic bacterial flora in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium
rosenbergii, hatcheries in Malaysia. Aquaculture, 81, 213–223.
Andersen, R.A. (2005) Algal culturing techniques. © 2005 Phycological Society of
America, Elseiver Academic Press. Amsterdam, USA. Pp 1-543.
Anderson, T. & De Silva, S. (2003) Nutrition. In: Lucas, J.S., Southgate, P.C. (Eds.),
Aquaculture; Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants. Blackwell Publishing,
Victoria, Australia, pp. 146–171.
Antoine, T., Carraro, S., Micha, J.C. & Van Hove, C. (1986) Comparative appetency for
Azolla of Cichlasoma and Oreochromis (Tilapia). Aquaculture, 53, 95–99.
AOAC (1995) Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical
Chemists. 16th Edn., AOAC, Arlington, VA, pp. 1360.
APHA (2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th edn.
American Public Health Association, New York.
APHA (American Public Health Association) (1992) American Water Work Associations
and Water Pollution Control Federation Standard Methods for Examination of Water
and Waste Water, 18th edition. American Public Health Association, New York.
Apt, K.E. & Behrens, P.W. (1999) Commercial developments in microalgae
biotechnology. J. Phycol., 35, 215–226.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
194
Arellano, E. (1990) Fatty acid composition of wild and cultured Penaeus vannamei as a
method to evaluate postlarval quality. In: Abstracts of the World Aquaculture
Society Meeting. National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, pp. 50.
Arsenault, A.L., Castell, J.D. & Ottensmeyer, F.P. (1984) The dynamics of exoskeletal–
epidermal structure during molt in 2juvenile lobster by electron microscopy and
electron spectroscopic imaging. Tissue Cell, 16, 93–106.
Arun, S. & Subramanian, P. (1998) Antioxidant enzymes in freshwater prawn
Macrobrachium malcolmsonii during embryonic and larval development. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol., Part B 121, 273–277.
Asaduzzaman, M., Wahab, M.A. & Verdegem, M.C.J. (2011) Freshwater prawn farming
in a carbon-nitrogen controlled periphyton-based system: A sustainable
approach to increase stagnant pond productivity. Aquaculture Asia, XVI, No. 1,
January-March, pp. 16.
Ashraf, M., Javaid, M., Rashid, T., Ayub, M., Zafar, A., & Ali, S. (2011) Replacement of
expensive pure nutritive media with low cost commercial fertilizers for mass
culture of freshwater algae, Chlorella vulgaris. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 13, 484–490.
Austin, B. & Day, J.G. (1990) Inhibition of prawn pathogenic Vibrio spp. By a commercial
spray dried preparation of Tetraselmis suecica. Aquaculture, 90, 389–392.
Austin, B., Baudet, E. & Stobie, M. (1992) Inhibition of bacterial fish pathogens by
Tetraselmis suecica. J. Fish Dis., 15, 55–61.
Avanzo, J.L., Mendonca Junior, C.X. de. & Cesar, M.D. (2002) Role of antioxidant
system in induced nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chicken. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol., Part B 131, 815–823.
Babadzhanov, A.S., Abdusamatova, N., Yusupova, F.M., Faizullaeva, N., Mezhlumyan,
L.G. & Malikova, M. Kh. (2004) Chemical composition of Spirulina platensis
cultivated in Uzbekistan. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 40, 276–279.
Babsky, E.B., Khodorov, B.I., Kositsky, G.I. & Zubkov, A.A. (1989) In Babsky, E.B.,
(Ed.), Human Physiology, Mir Publishers, Moscow.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
195
Bacerra, M., Preston, T.R. & Ogle, B. (1995) Effect of replacing whole boiled soya beans
with Azolla in the diets of growing ducks. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 7, 1–11.
Baeverfjord, G., Asgard, T. & Shearer, K.D. (1998) Development and detection of
phosphorus deficiency in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., parr and posts molts.
Aquacult Nutr., 4, 1–11.
Bagheri, T., Hedayati, S.A., Yavari, V., Alizade, M & Farzanfar, A. (2008) Growth,
Survival and Gut Microbial Load of Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Fry
Given Diet Supplemented with Probiotic during the Two Months of First Feeding.
Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8, 43–48.
Baker, H., Frank, O, De., Angelis, B. & Feingold, S. (1980) Plasma tocopherol in man at
various times after ingesting trace or acetylated tocopherol. Nutr. Rep., 21, 531–536
Barnes, H. & Blackstock, J. (1973) Estimation of lipids in marine animals and tissues.
Detail investigation of the sulpho-phosphovanillin method for total lipids. J. Expl.
Mar. Ecol., 12, 103–118.
Basak, B., Pramanik, A.H., Rahmnan, M.S., Taradar, S.U., & Roy, B.C. (2002) Azolla
(Azolla pinnata) as a feed ingredient in broiler ration. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1, 29–24.
Baudart, J., Lemarchand, K., Brisabois, A. & Lebaron, P. (2000) Diversity of Salmonella
strains isolated from the aquatic environment as determined by serotyping and
amplification of the ribosomal DNA spacer regions. Appl Environ Microbiol.,
66, 1544–1552.
Bauer, J.D. (1990) Clin. Lab. Med., 9th edition, pp. 182–205.
Becking, J.H. (1979) Environmental requirements of Azolla for use in tropical rice
production. In: Nitrogen and Rice, Los Banos, Laguna. International Rice
Research Institute. pp. 345–373.
Beckingham, K.W., Ela, S.W., Moris, J.G. & Goldman, C.R. (1978) Nutritive value of
the Nitrogen- fixing aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides. J. Agri. Food Chem.,
26, 1230–1234.
Belay, A., Katoy, T. & Ota, Y. (1996) Spirulina (Arthrospira): Potential application as
an animal feed supplement. J. Appl. Phycol., 8, 303–311.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
196
Bergh, O., Naas, K. & Harboe, T. (1994) Shift in the intestinal microflora of Atlantic
halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus during first feeding. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.,
51, 1899–1903.
Berner, L.D. & Hammond, G.E. (1970) Phylogeny of lipase specificity. Lipids, 6, 558–562.
Bhavan, P.S, Anjalin Ruby, S., Poongodi, R., Seenivasan, C. & Radhakrishnan, S. (2010a)
Efficacy of cereals and pulses as feeds for the post-larvae of the freshwater
prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Journal of Ecobiotechnology, 2/5, 09–19
Bhavan, P.S., Devi, V.G., Shanthi, R., Radhakrishnan, S. & Poongodi, R. (2010b) Basic
biochemical constituents and profiles of amino acids in the post larvae of
Macrobrachium rosenbergii fed with Spirulina and yeast enriched Artemia.
Journal of Scientific Research, 2 (3), 539-549
Biesot, M.P. & Capuzzo, M.J. (1990a) Digestive protease, lipase and amylase activities
in stage I larvae of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol., A95, 47–54.
Biesot, M.P. & Capuzzo, M.J. (1990b) Changes in digestive enzyme activities during
early development of the American lobster Homarus americanus Milne Edwards.
J. Exp. Biol. Ecol., 136, 107–122.
Bischoff, H.W. & Bold, H.C. (1963) Phycological studies. IV. Some soil algae from
Enchanted Rock and related algal species, The University of Texas Publication,
Austin. Vol. 6318, 9–13.
Bohm, B.A. (1998) Introduction to Flavonoids. Harwood, NewYork.
Borowitzka, L.J. & Borowitzka, M.A. (1989) Industrial production: Methods and
economics. In: R.C. Cresswell, T.A.V. Rees, and N. Shah (Eds.), Algal and
cyanobacterial biotechnology.London: Longman Scientific. pp. 294–316.
Borowitzka, M.A. (1992) Algal biotechnology products and processes matching science
and economics. J. Appl. Phycol., 4, 267–279.
Brethes, J.C., Parent, B. & Pellerin, J. (1994) Enzymatic activity as an index of trophic
resource utilization by the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio (O. Fabricius).
J. Crustacean Biol., 14, 220–225.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
197
Brett, J.R. & Groves, T.D. (1979) Physiology energetics. In: Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J. &
Brett, R.R. (Eds),, Fish Physiology vol. 8 Academic Press, New York, NY, USA,
pp. 280-344.
Britz, P.J. (1996) The suitability of selected protein sources for inclusion in formulated
diets for the South African abalone, Haliotis midae. Aquaculture, 140, 63–73.
Brockeroff, H., Hoyle, R.J. & Hwang, P.C. (1970) Digestive enzymes of the American
lobster (Homarus americanus). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 27, 1357–1370.
Broun, W. (1980) Note on the survival of algal resting cells during long-term
maintenance in darkness and minimum lake bottom temperature. Comparison of
Anabaena, 5, 677-680.
Brown, M.R., Jeffrey, S.W., Volkman, J.K. & Dunstan, G., (1997) Nutritional properties
of microalgae for mariculture. Aquaculture, 151, 315–331.
Brown, P.B. (1995) Physiological adaptations in the gastro intestinal tract of crayfish.
Am. Zool., 35, 20–27.
Brunson, J.F., Romare, R.P. & Reigh, R.C. (1997) Apparent digestibility of selected
ingredients in diets for white shrimp Penaeus setiferus L. Aquacult. Nutr, 3, 9–16.
Bunt, A. H. (1968) An ultrastructural study of the hepatopancreas of Proeambarus
clarkii (Givard) (Decapoda Astacidea). Crustaceana, 14, 56–66.
Bureau, D.P., Azevedo, P.A., Tapia-Salazar, M. & Cuzon, G. (2000) Pattern and cost of
growth and nutrient deposition in fish and shrimp: potential implications and
applications. In: Cruz-Suárez, E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Civera-
Cerecedo, R. (Eds.), Avancesen Nutricion AcuicolaV. Memorias del V Simposio
Internacional de Nutricion Acuicola, 19 al 22 de Noviembre, 2000,
MeridaYucatan, Mexico 2000. pp. 111–140.
Burton, G.W. & Ingold, K.U. (1989) Vitamin E as in vitro and in vivo antioxidant. Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci., 570, 7–22.
Burton, G.W. & Traber, M.G. (1990) Vitamin E: Antioxidant activity, biokinetics, and
bioavailability. Annual Review of Nutrition, 10, pp. 357.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
198
Bury, N. & Grosell, M. (2003) Iron acquisition by teleost fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,
Part C, 135, 97–105.
Buzzi, M., Henderson, R.J. & Sargent, J.R. (1996) The desaturation and elongation of
linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by hepatocytes and liver microsomes
from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykis) fed diets containing fish oil or olive oil.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1299, 235–244.
Caers, M., Coutteau, P. & Sorgeloos, P. (2000) Incorporation of different fatty acids,
supplied as emulsions or liposomes, in the polar and neutral lipids of Crassostrea
gigas spat. Aquaculture, 186, 157–171.
Cagauan, A.G. & Pullin, R.S.V. (1991) Azolla in aquaculture: Past, present and future. In
J. Muir & R.J. Roberts, Eds. Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Oxford, Blackwell
Science. pp. 104–130.
Campanella, L., Crescentini, G. & Avino, P. (1999) Chemical composition and
nutritional evaluation of some natural and commercial food products based
on Spirulina. Analusis, 27, 533–540.
Carrillo-Farnes, O., Forrellat-Barrios, A., Guerrero-Galvan, S. & Vega-Villasante, F.
(2007) A review of digestive enzyme activity in Penaeid shrimps. Crustaceana,
80, 257–275.
Catarina Guedes, A., Meireles, L.A., Amaro, H.M. & Xavier Malcata, F. (2010) Changes
in lipid class and fattyacid composition of cultures of Pavlova lutheri, in response
to light intensity. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 87, 791–801.
Ceccaldi, H.J. (1997) Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system. In: D’Abramo,
L.R., Conklin, D.E., Akiyama, D.M. (Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition, Advances in World
Aquaculture, Vol.6. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 261–291.
Celis-Guerrero, L.E., Garcia-Carreno F.L. & del Toro, M.A.N. (2004) Characterization of
proteases in the digestive system of spiny lobster (Panulirusin terruptus). Marine
Biochemistry, 6, 262–269.
Chamier, A. (1991) Cellulose digestion and metabolism in the freshwater amphipod
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield. Freshwater Biology, 25, 23–40.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
199
Chamorro, G., Perez-Albiter, M., Serrano-Garcıa, N., Mares-Samano, J.J. & Rojas,
P. (2006) Spirulina maxima partially protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity. Nutr. Neurosci., 9, 207–212.
Chamorro, G., Salazar, M., Gomezde Lima Araujo, K., Pereirados Santos, C., Ceballos,
G. & Fabila-Castillo, L. (2002) Actualiz acionenl a farmacologı ade Spirulina
(Arthrospira), unaliment on oconvencional. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr., 52, 232–239.
Chandge, M.S. & Raj, R.P. (1990) Studies on dietary lipid requirements of larvae and
post larvae of Peanus indicus (H. Milne Edwards). Proceedings of national seminar on
Aquaculture development in India-problems and prospects, Trivandrum, pp. 225–232.
Chandumpai, A., Dall, W. & Smith, D.M. (1991) Lipid-class composition of organs and
tissues of the tiger prawn Penaeus esculentus during the molting cycle and during
starvation. Mar. Biol., 108, 235–246.
Cho, C.Y. & Kaushik, S.J. (1985) Effects of protein intake on metabolisable and net
energy values of fish diets. In: Cowey, C.B., Mackie, A.M. & Bell, J. G. (eds.),
Nutrition and feeding in fish: 95-117. (Academic Press, London).
Cho, C.Y. & Kaushik, S.J. (1990) Nutritional energetic in fish: energy and protein
utilization in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). In: Bourne, G.H. (Ed.), Aspects of
Food Production, Consumption and Energy Values. World Rev. Nutr. Diet,
Vol. 61. Karger, Basel, pp. 132–172.
Cobb, B.F., Conte, F.S. & Edwards, M.A. (1975) Free amino acids and osmoregulation in
penaeid shrimp. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 23, 1172–1174.
Cohen, M.F. & Yamasaki, H. (2000) Flavonoid-induced expression of asymbiosis related
gene in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. J. Bacteriol., 182, 4644–4646.
Cohen, M.F., Sakihama, Y. & Yamasaki, H. (2001) Roles of plant flavonoids in
interactions with microbes: from protection against pathogens to the mediation of
mutualism. In: Pondalai, S. G. (Ed.), Research Sign post, Trivandrum. Recent Res.
Dev. Plant Physiol., 2, 157–173.
Cohen, M.F., Sakihama, Y., Takagi, Y.C., Ichiba, T. & Yamasaki, H. (2002) Synergistic
effect of deoxyanthocyanins from the symbiotic fern Azolla on hrm A gene
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
200
induction in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. Mol. Plant Microbe
Interact., 15, 875–882.
Colla. L.M., Bertolina. T.E. & Costab, J.A.V. (2004) Fatty acids profile of Spirulina
platensis grown under different temperatures and nitrogen concentrations.
Z. Naturforsch. 59c, 55-59.
Colorni, A. (1985) A study on the bacterial flora of giant prawn, Macrobrachium
rosenbergii, larvae fed with Artemia salina nauplii. Aquaculture, 49, 1–10.
Combs Jr., G.F. (1992) The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspectsin Nutrition and Health,
2nd edition. Academic Press, SanDiego, CA, pp. 246.
Comoglio, L., Smolko, L. & Amin, O. (2005) Effects of starvation on oxygen consumption,
ammonia excretion and biochemical composition of the hepatopancreas on adult
males of the false Southern king crab Paralomis granulosa (Crustacea,Decapoda).
Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 140B, 411– 416.
Conklin, D.E. (1995) Digestive physiology and nutrition. In: Factor, J.R. (Ed.), Biology
of the Lobster Homarus americanus. Academic Press, Boston, pp. 441–463.
Conklin, D.E. (1997) Vitamins. In: D’Abramo, L.R., Conklin, D.E., Akiyama, D.M.
(Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition, Advances in World Aquaculture, vol.6. The World
Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, pp.123–149.
Cook, H.W. (1996) Fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation in eukaryotes. In: Vance,
D.E., Vance, J.E. (Eds.), Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 129–152.
Cooper, C.A., Bury, N.R. & Grosell, M. (2006) The effects of pH and their on redox state
on iron uptake in the intestine of a marine teleost fish, gulf toad fish (Opsanus
beta). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part A, 143, 292–298.
Cui, Y., Liu, X., Wang, S. & Chen, S. (1992) Growth and energy budget in young grass
carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., fed plant and animal diets. J. Fish Biol.,
41, 231–238.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
201
D’Abramo, L.R. & Sheen, S.S. (1994) Nutritional requirements, feed formulation and
feeding practices for intensive culture of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium
rosenbergii. Rev. Fish. Sci., 2, 1–21.
D’Abramo, L.R., Moncreiff, C., Holcomb, F., Montanez, J. & Buddington, R.A. (1994)
Ascorbic acid requirement of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium
rosenbergii. Aquaculture, 128, 269–275.
D’Mello, J.P.F. & Devendra, C. (1995) Tropical Legumes in Animal Nutrition.
Wallingford, CAB International.
Dabrowski, K.R. (1982) Further study on dry diet formulation for common carp larvae.
Riv. Ital. Piscic. Ittiopatol., 17, 11–29.
Dandapat, J., Chainy, G B.N. & Rao, K.J. (2000) Dietary vitamin E modulates
antioxidant defence system in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium
rosenbergii. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, 127, 101–115.
Dandapat, J., Rao, K.J. & Chainy, G.B.N. (1999) An invitro study of metal ion induced
lipidperoxidation in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii
(deMan). Biometals, 12, 89–97.
Datta, S.N. (2011) Culture of Azolla and its efficacy in diet of Labeo rohita, Aquaculture,
310, 376–379.
Davis, D.A., Lawrence, A.L. & Gatlin III, D.M. (1992) Mineral requirement of Penaeus
vannamei: A preliminary examination of the dietary essentiality for thirteen
minerals. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 23, 8–1.
Davis, D.A., Lawrence, A.L. & Gatlin III, D.M. (1993) Response of Penaeus vannamei
to dietary calcium, phosphorus and calcium-phosphorus ratio. Journal of World
Aquaculture Society, 24, 504–515.
Dawah, M.A., Ibrahim, A.N. & Eladel, H.M. (2002a) Amino acids content of Chlorella
vulgaris and Scenedesmus bijuga raised on domestic sewage and agricultural
drainage water. 1st Scientific Conference of the Egyptian Aquaculture Society.
El-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
202
Dawah, M.A., Khater, A.M., Shaker, I.M.A. & Ibrahim, N.A. (2002b) Production of
Scenedesmus Bijuga (Chlorophyceae) in large scale in outdoor tanks and its use in
feeding monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. J. Egypt. Acad. Soc.
Environ. Develop., (B. Aquaculture) 2, 113–125.
Day, J.G. & Tsavalos, A.J. (1996) An investigation of the heterotrophic culture of the
green alga Tetra selmis. J. Appl. Phycol., 8, 73–77.
Day, J.G., Edwards, A.P. & Rodgers, G.A. (1990) Large scale, heterotrophic production
of microalgal biomass. J. Br. Phycol., 25, pp. 86.
Deering, D.M.J., Hewitt, D.R. & Brock, I. (1996) Triacylglycerol digestion by the leader
Prawn Penaeus monodon. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 27, 359–361.
Dempson, I.B., Schwarz, C.J., Sbears, M. & Furey, G. (2004) Comparative proximate
body composition of Atlantic salmon with emphasis on parr from fluvial and
lacustrine habitats. Journal of Fish Biology, 64, 1257-1271.
Deshimaru, O. & Shigeno, K. (1972) Introduction to the artificial diet for prawn Penaeus
japonicus. Aquaculture, 1, 115–133.
Deshimaru, O. & Yone, Y. (1978) Requirement of prawn for dietary minerals. Bulletin of
the Japanese Society Scientific Fisheries, 44, 907–910.
Desjardins, L.M., Castell, J.D. & Kean, J.C. (1985) Synthesis of dehydro ascorbic acid by
sub adult lobsters (Homarus americanus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences, 42, 370–373.
Diana, J.S. (1982) An experimental analysis of the metabolic rate and food utilization of
northern pike. Comparative Biochemistry and Toxicology, 59, 989-993.
Dillon, J.C., Phuc, A.P. & Dubacq, J.P. (1995) Nutritional value of the alga Spirulina.
World Rev. Nutr. Diet, 77, 32–46.
Dirks, R.C., Faiman, M.D. & Huyser, E.S. (1982) The roles of lipid free radical initiator;
and oxygen on the kinetics of lipidperoxidation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.,
63, 21–28.
Divakaran, S. & Ostrowski, A. (1990) Enzymes present in pancreatic extracts of the
dolphin Coryphaena hippurus. J. Worm Aquacult. Soc., 21, 35–39.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
203
Donachie, S.P., Saborowski, R., Peters, G. & Buchholz, F. (1995) Bacterial digestive
enzyme activity in the foregut and hepatopancreas of Meganyctiphanes norvegica
(M. Sars, 1857). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 188, 151–165.
Duff, D.C.B. & Bruce, D.L. (1966) The antibacterial activity of marine planktonic algae.
Can. J. Microbiol., 12, 877–884.
Durazo-Beltran, E., D’Abramo, L.R., Toro-Vazquez, J.F., Vasquez-Pelaez, C. & Viana, M.T.
(2003) Effect of triacylglycerols in formulated diets on growth and fatty acid
composition in tissue of green abalone (Haliotis fulgens). Aquaculture, 224, 257–270.
Dvorska, J.E., Surai, P.F., Speake, B.K. & Sparks, N.H.C. (2002) Antioxidant systems of
the developing quail embryo are compromised by mycotoxin aurofusarin. Comp.
Boichem. Physiol., Part C 131, 197–205.
EL-Hadidiy, Z.A., Abd Allah, M.A., Dawlat, A., Salama, A., Asmaa A. & EL-Kerdawy.
(1993) Effect of untraditional dietary protein sources on some chemical
composition of Nile tilapia fish. Annals Agric. Sci., Ain Shams Univ. Cairo.
Egypt., 38, 51–59.
El-Hindawy, M.M., Abd-Razic, M.A., Gaber, H.A. & Zenhom, M.M. (2006) Effect of
various level of dietary algae Scenedesmus spp on physiological performance and
digestibility of Nile tilapia fingerlings. 1st Scientific Conference of the Egyptian
Aquaculture Society. Sharm El-Sheikh – Sinai, Egypt, pp. 137–149.
Elliot, J.M. & Hurley, M.A. (1999) A new energetic model for brown trout, Salmo trutta.
Freshwater Biology, 42, 235–246.
Elliott, J.M. (1976) Energy losses in the waste products of brown trout, Salmo trutta. L.J.
Anim. Ecol., 45, 561–580.
El-Sayed, A.F.M. (1994) Evaluation of soybean meal, Spirulina meal and chicken offal
meal as protein sources for silver seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba) fingerlings.
Aquaculture, 127, 169–176.
Endo, H., Hosaya, H. & Koibuchi, T. (1977) Growth yields of Chlorella regulgaris in
dark heterotrophic continuous culture using acetate. J. Ferment. Technol.,
55, 369–379.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
204
Eshel A., Lindner P., Smirnoi P., Newton, S. & Harpaz, S. (1993) Comparative study of
proteolytic enzymes in the digestive tracts of the European sea bass and hybrid
striped bass reared in freshwater. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,
106A, 627–634.
Estrada, J.E., Bescos, P. & Villar Del Fresno, A.M. (2001) Antioxidant activity of
different fractions of Spirulina platensis protein extract. Farmacol., 56, 497-500.
Eyster, H.C., Brown, T.E. & Tanner, H.A. (1958) Mineral requirements for Chlorella
pyrenoidosa under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, In: C.A. Lamb, O.J.
Bentley, and J.M. Beattie (Eds.), Trace elements. Academic Press, New York.
pp. 157–191.
Fabregas, J., Otero, A., Morales, E., Cordero, B. & Patino, M. (1996) Tetraselmis suecica
cultured in different nutrient concentrations varies in nutritional value to Artemia.
Aquaculture, 143, 197–204.
Fair, P.H., Fortner, M.R., Millikin, M.R. & Sick, L.V. (1980) Effects of dietary fiber on
growth, assimilation and cellulase activity of the prawn (Macrobrachium
rosenbergii). Proc. World Maric. Soc., 11, 369–381.
Fang, L.S., Tang, C.K., Lee, D.L. & Chen, I.M. (1992) Free amino acid
composition in muscle and hemolymph of the prawn Penaeus monodon in
different salinities. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58, 1095–1102.
Fanigliulo, L., Comparato, G., Aragona, G., Cavallaro, L., Iori, V. & Maino, M. (2006)
Role of gut microflora and probiotic effects in the irritable bowel syndrome. Acta
Biomed., 77, 85–90.
FAO. (2002) Fishstat Plus (v.2.30), 15.03.2002. Rome, FAO.
FAO. (2008) Report of the FAO Expert Workshop on the Use of Wild Fish and/or Other
Aquatic Species as Feed in Aquaculture and its Implications to Food Security and
Poverty Alleviation, Kochi, India, 16-18 November 2007. FAO Fisheries Report
No. 867. Rome, FAO.
FAO. (2009) Fishstat Plus (v.2.32) issued 02.03.2009. FAO, Rome.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
205
FAO. (2010) Fish Stat Plus-Universal software for fishery statistical time series Comments/
inquiries Site map Login e-Bulletin © FAO, 2010 National Aquaculture Sector
Overview India.
FAO. (2012) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012. FAO Fisheries and
Aquaculture Department, Rome, pp. 25.
Farzanfar, A. (2006) The use of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture. FEMS Immunol. Med.
Microbiol., 48, 149–158.
Fasuyi, A.O. & Aletor, V.A. (2005) Protein replacementvalue of cassava (Manihot
esculenta, Crantz) leaf protein concentrate (CLPC) in broiler starter: Effect on
performance, muscle growth, haematology and serum metabolites. Int. J. Poult.
Sci., 4, 339–349.
Ferentinos, L., Smith, J. & Valenzuela, H. (2002) Azolla. Mänoa, College of Tropical
Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Fielder, D.S., Bardsley, W.J. & Allan, G.L. (2001) Survival and growth of Australian
snapper, Pagrus auratus, in saline groundwater from inland New South Wales,
Australia. Aquaculture, 201, 73–90.
FIGIS. (2007) Global Production Statistics 1950-2005. Food and Agriculture organization.
06-18.
Flick, G.J. (2011) Post-Harvest Quality of Freshwater Prawns; Part II. Microbial
Composition, Food Safety. The Global Aquaculture Advocate, 14, pp. 61.
Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane-stantly, G.H. (1957) A simple method for the isolation and
purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 226, 497–508.
Forster, I.P., Dominy, W., Obaldo, L. & Tacon, A.G.J. (2003) Rendered meat and bonemeals
as ingredients of diets for shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931).
Aquaculture, 219, 655–670.
Fox, C., Brown, H.J. & Briggs, M. (1994) The nutrition of prawns and shrimp in
aquaculture a review of recent research. In: Muir, J.F., Ronald, R.J. (Eds.), Recent
Advances in Aquaculture, Vol. V. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 131–206.
Franco, A.R., Ferreira, J.G. & Nobre, A.M. (2006) Development of a growth model for
penaeid shrimp. Aquaculture, 259, 268-277.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
206
Fujimura, T. & Okamoto, H. (1972) Notes on progress made in developing a mass
culturing technique for Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Hawaii. In Coastal
Aquaculture in the Indo-Pacific Region, (Ed. by T.V.R. Pillay), Fishing News
Books, Blackwell Science, Oxford. pp. 313–27.
Fujioka, R. & Greco, S. (1984) Enumeration of Vibrio sp. In marine, brackish and
freshwater systems used in aquaculture. Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the
American Society for Microbiology. ASM, Washington, pp.180.
Furne, M., Hidalgo, M.C., Lopez, A., Garcia-Gallego, M., Morales, A.E., Domenzain, A.,
Domezain, J. & Sanz, A. (2005) Digestive enzyme activities in Adriatic
sturgeon Acipenser naccarii and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.
A comparative study. Aquaculture, 250, 391–398.
Gade, D. & Grieshaber, M.K. (1986) Pyruvate reductases catalyzes the formation of
lactate and opines in anaerobic invertebrates. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology, 83b, 255–272.
Gagneux-Moreaux, S., Moreau, C., Gonzalez, J.L. & Cosson, R.P. (2007) Diatom
artificial medium (DAM): a new artificial medium for the diatom Haslea ostrearia
and other marine microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol., 19, 549–556.
Galgani F. & Nagayama F. (1987) Digestive proteinases in five species of Lithodidae
(Crustacea, Decapoda). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 87B, 103–107.
Galgani F. (1983) Etude des proteases digestives de crevettes peneide (Crustacea
Decapoda), Ph. D. Thesis Universitd Aix-Marseille II. pp. 70.
Galgani, F. & Nagayama, F. (1987) Digestive proteinases in the japanese spiny lobster
Panulirus japonieus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 87B, 889–893.
Galgani, F. (1988) Etude comparative des protases digestives de cinq espces de crevettes
penides. Biochem. System. Ecol., 16, 497–504.
Gallagher, M.L. (1994) The use of soybean meal as a replacement for fishmeal in diets for
hybrid striped bass, Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops. Aquaculture, 126, 119–127.
Galston, A.W. (1975) The water fern-rice connection. Nat. Hist. Mag., 84, 10–11.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
207
Gamboa-Delgado, J., Molina-Poveda, C. & Cahu, C. (2003) Digestive enzyme activity
and food ingesta in juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone,1931) as a
function of body weight. Aquac. Res., 34, 1403–1411.
Garcia Carrefio, F.L. & Haard, F.H. (1993) Characterization of protein classes in
langostilla (Pleuroncodes planipes) and crayfish (Pacifastacus astacus) extracts.
J. Food Biochem., 17, 97–113.
Garcia-Carrefio, F.L. (1992) The digestive proteases of langostilla (Pleuroncodes
planipes, Decapoda): their partial characterization, and the effect of feed on their
composition. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,103B, 575–578.
Garcia-Carreno F.L., Dimes L.E. & Haard N.F. (1993) Substrate gel electrophoresis for
composition and molecular weight of proteinases or proteinaceous proteinase
inhibitors. Analytical Biochemistry, 214, 65–69.
Garcia-Carreno, F.L., Navarretedel Toro, A. & Ezquerra, J.M. (1997) Digestive shrimp
proteases for evaluation of protein digestibility invitro: I. Effect of protease
inhibitors in protein ingredients. J. Mar. Biotechnol., 5, 36–40.
Gatlin III, D.M. & Wilson, R.P. (1986) Dietary copper requirement of fingerling channel
catfish. Aquaculture, 54, 277–285.
Gatlin III, D.M., Barrows, F.T. & Brown, P. (2007) Expanding the utilization of
sustainable plant products in aqua feeds: a review. Aquac. Res., 38, 551–579.
Gauquelin, F., Cuzon, G., Gaxiola, G., Rosas, C., Bureau, D. & Cochard, J. (2007) Effect
of dietary protein level on growth and energy utilization by Litopenaeus
stylirostris under laboratory conditions. Aquaculture, 140, 361–372.
George, M.J. (1969) Genus Macrobrachium. Bullet in of the Central Marine Fisheries
Research Institute, 14, 178–216.
George, W. (2011) Technology+Training = Capacity Building, The Global Aquaculture
Advocate, 14 (1), pp. 1.
Gibson, R. & Barker, P.L. (1979) The decapod hepatopancreas. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol.
Ann. Rev., 17, 235–346.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
208
Gladue, R.M. & Maxey, J.E. (1994) Microalgal feeds for aquaculture. J. Appl. Phycol.,
6, 131–141.
Glencross, B.D., Smith, D.M., Thomas, M.R. & Williams, K.C., 2002. Optimising the
essential fatty acids in the diet for weight gain of the prawn, Penaeus monodon.
Aquaculture, 204, 85–99.
Gomez Diaz, G. & Nakagawa, H. (1990) Effects of dietary carbohydrates on growth and
body components of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
Aquat. Living Resour., 3, 99–105.
Gomez, D.G., Nakagawa, H. & Kasahara, S. (1988) Effect of dietary protein/starch ratio
and energy level on growth of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium
rosenbergii. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 54, 1401–1407.
Gonzalez, R., Fraga, V. & Carrillo, O. (1994) Cambio sontogenetic osenla actividadd elas
principale senzimas digestivas ´Penaeus schmitti. Rev. Invest. Mar., 15, 262–268.
Gonzalez-Baro, M.R., Heras, H. & Pollero, R.J. (2000) Enzyme activities involved in
lipids metabolism during embryonic development of Macrobrachium borellii.
J. Exp. Zool., 286, 231–237.
Gonzalez-Pena, M.del C., Alex, J.A., Smith, D.M. & Moreira, G.S. (2002) Effect of
dietary cellulose on digestion in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
Aquaculture, 211, 291–303.
Goote, T.A., Hone, P.W., Kenyon, R. & Maguire, G.B. (1996) The effect of different
combinations of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the growth of juvenile
Haliotis laevigata. Aquaculture, 145, 267–279.
Goytortua-Bores, E., Civera-Cerecedo, R., Rocha-Meza, S. & Green-Yee, A. (2006)
Partial replacement of red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes) meal for fishmeal in
practical diets for the whiteshrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Effects on growth and
invivo digestibility. Aquaculture, 256, 414–422.
Gullian, M., Thompson, F. & Rodriguez, J. (2004) Selection of probiotic bacteria and
study of their immune stimulatory effect in Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture,
233, 1–14.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
209
Guroy, D., Guroy, B., Merrifield, D.L., Ergun, S., Tekinay, A.A. & Yigit, M. (2011)
Effect of dietary Ulva and Spirulina on weight loss and body composition of
rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), during a starvation period.
J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 95, 320–327.
Guroy, D., Sahin, I., Guroy, B., Altin, A. & Merrifield, D.L. (2012) Effect of dietary
protein level on growth performance and nitrogen excretion of yellow tail cichlid
Pseudotropheus acei. Isr. J. Aquacult /Bamidgeh., II C: 64, 2012. 684.
Guzman C., Gaxiola G., Rosas C. & Torre-Blanco A. (2001) The effect of dietary protein and
total energy content on digestive enzyme activities, growth and survival of
Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus 1767) postlarvae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 7, 113 –122.
Guzman, S., Gato, A., Lamela, M., Freire-Garabal, M. & Calleja, J.M. (2003) Anti
inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharide from Chlorella
stigmatophora and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Phytother. Res., 17, 665–670.
Habib, M.A.B., Huntington, T.C. & Hasan, M.R. (2008) A review on culture, production and
use of Spirulina as food for humans and feeds for domestic animals and fish. FAO
Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular. No. 1034. Rome, FAO, pp. 33.
Habib, M.A.B., Yusoff, F.M., Phang, S.M. & Mohamed, S. (2003) Growth and
Nutritional Values of Moina micrura Fed on Chlorella vulgaris Grown in
Digested Palm Oil Mill Effluent. Asian Fish. Sci., 16, 107–119.
Halliwell, B. & Gutteridge, J.M.C. (2007) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 4th Ed.
Oxford University Press, New York.
Halliwell, B. & Gutteridge, J.M.C. (Eds.) (1999) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine.
Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
Han, D., Xie, S., Lei, W., Zhu, X. & Yang, Y. (2004) Effect of ration on the growth and
energy budget of Chinese longsnout catfish, Leiocassis longirostris Günther.
Aquac. Res., 35, 866–873.
Hanel, H., Broekman, D., de Graaf, S. & Schnack, D. (2007) Partial replacement of
fishmeal by lyophilized powder of the microalgae Spirulina platensis in pacific
white shrimp diets, The Open Marine Biology J., 1, 1–5.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
210
Haque, S.E. & Gilani, K.M. (2005) Effect of ambroxol, Spirulina and vitamin-E in
naphthalene induced cataract in female rats. Indian J. Physiol.Pharmacol.,
49, 57–64.
Hardy, R.W. (2000) New developments in aquatic feed ingredients, and potential of
enzyme supplements. In: Cruz-Suárez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Papia-Salazar, M.,
Olvera-Novoa, M.A., Civera-Cerecedo, R. (Eds.), Av. Ancesen Nutrición
Acuícola V. Memorias del V Simposium Internacional deNutrición Acuícola,
19-22 Noviembre 2000, pp. 216–226.
Hardy, R.W. (2001) Urban legends and fish nutrition, Part 2. Aquaculture Magazine,
27, 57–60.
Hari, B. & Kurup, B.M. (2002) Vitamin C (ascorbyl 2 polyphosphate) requirement of
freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (deMan). Asian Fisheries Science,
15, 145–54.
Harun, R., Singh, M., Forde, G.M. & Danquah, M.K. (2010) Bioprocess engineering of
microalgae to produce a variety of consumer products. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev.,
14, 1037–1047.
Hasegawa, T., Matsuguchi, T., Noda, K., Tanaka, K., Kumamoto, S., Shoyama, Y. &
Yoshikai, Y. (2002) Toll-like receptor 2 is atleast partly involved in the antitumor
activity of glycoprotein from Chlorella vulgaris. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2, 579–589.
Hastings, W.H. (1976) Fish nutrition and fish feed manufacture, FAO technical
conference on Aquaculture. Kyoto. Japan, FIR: Aq/conf/76/R23.
He, H. & Lawrence, A.L. (1993a) Vitamin C requirements of the shrimp Penaeus
vannamei. Aquaculture, 114, 305–316.
He, H. & Lawrence, A.L. (1993b) Vitamin-E requirements of Penaeus vannamei.
Aquaculture, 118, 245–255.
He, H., Lawrence, A.L. & Liu, R. (1992) Evaluation of dietary essentiality of fat soluble
vitamins, A, D, E and K for penaeid shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Aquaculture,
103, 177–185.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
211
Heath, H.G. (1987) Water pollution and fish physiology (Chap.5), Physiological
energetics. CRC Press, BocaRaton, FL, pp.131-163.
Heinen, J.H. (1984) Nutritional studies on the giant Asian prawn Macrobrachium
rosenbergii. Ph.D., Thesis, Boston University.
Hemaiswarya, S., Raja, R., RaviKumar, R., Ganesan, V. & Anbazhagan, C. (2011)
Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture. World J. Microbiol.
Biotechnol., 27, 1737–1746.
Hernandez-Corona, A., Nieves, I., Meckes, M., Chamorro, G. & Barron, B.L. (2002)
Antiviral activity of Spirulina maxima against herpes simplex virus type 2.
Antiviral Res., 56, 279–285.
Hess, B. & Sherma, J. (2004) Quantification of arginine in dietary supplement tablets and
capsules by silica gel high-performance thin-layer chromatography with visible
mode densitometry. Acta Chromatographica, 14, 60–69.
Hidalgo, M.C., Urea, E. & Sanz, A. (1999) Comparative study of digestive enzymes in
fish with different nutritional habits. Proteolytic and amylase activities.
Aquaculture, 170, 267–283.
Holland, D.L. (1978) Lipid reserves and energy metabolism in the larvae of benthic marine
invertebrates. In: Malins, D.C., Sargent, R. (Eds.), Biochemical and Biophysical
Perspectives in Marine Biology, vol.4. Academic Press, London, pp. 85–123.
Holt, J.G., Krie, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Stately, J.T. & Williams, S.T. (1996) Bergey’s Manual
of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th Ed, Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, pp. 787.
Hoyle, J.R. (1973) Digestive enzyme secretion after dietary variation in the American
lobster (Homarus americanus). J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 30, 1647–1653.
Hsiao, G., Chou, P.H., Shen, M.Y., Chou, D.S., Lin, Ch. & Cheu, J.R. (2005) C-Phycocyanin,
a very potent and novel platelet aggregation inhibitor from Spirulina platensis.
J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 7734–7740.
Huang, B., Hong, H. & Chen, L. (1994) The physiological effects of different N-P ratios
on algae in semi continuous culture. Asian Mar. Biol., 11, 137–142.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
212
Huggins, D. (2007) Evaluation of Azolla plant as an alternative stock feed source,
goulburn broken Catchment authority, 13th December, pp. 6.
Hwang, D.F. & Lin, T.S. (2002) Effects of temperature on dietary vitamin C requirement
and lipid in common carp. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B 131, 1–7.
Ibrahim, N.A. (2001) Effect of phytoplankton Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus spp
Inoculation on water quality for Tilapia culture by Urea and Superphosphate.
Ph.D. thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. Egypt.
Immanuel, G., Iyappa raj, P., Esakkiraj, P. & Palavesam, A. (2006) Intestinal bacterial
diversity in live rock lobster Panulirus homaru (Linnaeus) (Decapoda,
Pleocyemata, Palinuridae) during transportation process. Pan-American Journal
of Aquatic Sciences, 1, 69–73.
Immanuel, G., Palavesam, A. & Peter Marian, M. (1997) Formulation and analysis of
artificial feed from fishery wastes. Journal of Freshwater Biology, 9, 86–90.
Ionescu, A., Stanca, D. & Vladimirescu, A. (1994) The growth of some green algae
(Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Botryococcus, Ulva): Physiology and biochemistry.
Biologia, 49, 605–610.
Izquierdo, M.S., Socorro, J., Arantzamendi, L. & Hernandez-Cruz, C.M. (2000) Recent
advances in lipid nutrition in fish larvae. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 22, 97– 107.
Jackson, M.L. (1971) Soil chemical analyses. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, India,
ISBN: 1-893311-47-3, pp. 574.
Jaime, C.B., Villarreal-Colmenares, H., Garcia-Galano, T., Civera-Cerecedoy, R. &
Gaxiola-Cortes, G. (2004) Empleo del polvo de Spirulina platensis en la
alimentacion de zoeas y mysis de Litopenaeus schmitti (Perez-Farfante and
Kensley, 1997). In: Avances en Nutricion Acuicola VII, Memorias del VII
Simposium Internacional de Nutricion Acuicola. (L. E. Cruz-Suarez, D. Ricque
Marie, M. G. Nieto Lopez, D. Villarreal, U. Scholz and M. Gonzalez, (Eds) 16-
19 Nov, 2004, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, pp: 617–635.
Janczyk, P., Wolf, C. & Souffrant, W.B. (2005) Evaluation of nutritional value and
safety of the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris treated with novel processing
methods. Archiva Zootechnica, 8, 132-147.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
213
Janczyk, P., Langhammer, M., Renne, U., Guiard, V. & Souffrant, W.B. (2006) Effect of
feed supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris powder on mice reproduction.
Archiva Zootechnica, 9, 122–134.
Javanmardian, M. & Palsson, B.O. (1991) High-density photoautotrophic algal cultures:
Design, construction, and operation of a novel photobioreactor system.
Biotechnol. Bioeng., 38, 1182–1189.
Jeanfils, J., Canisius, M.F. & Burlion, N. (1993) Effect of high nitrate concentrations on
growth and nitrate uptake by free-living and immobilized Chlorella vulgaris cells.
J. Appl. Phycol., 5, 369–374.
Jeffery, G.H., Bassett, J., Mendham, J., Deney, R.C. (1989) Vogel’s Textbook of
Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th Edition. Longman, London.
Jeffs, A.G., Phleger, C.H., Nelson, M.M., Mooney, B.D. & Nichols, P.D. (2002) Marked
depletion of polar lipid and non-essential fatty acids following settlement by post-larvae
of the spiny lobster Jasus verreauxi. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 131A, 305–311.
Jiang, S.T., Moody M. W. & Chen, H.C. (1991) Purification and characterization of
proteases from digestive tract of grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon). J. Food Sci.,
56, 322–326
Johnston, D.J. & Yellowlees, D. (1998) Relationship between dietary preferences and
digestive enzyme complment of the slipper lobster Thenus orientalis (Decapoda:
Scyllaridae). J. Crustacean Biol., 18, 656–665.
Jones, F.T., & Richardson, K.E. (2004) Salmonella in commercially manufactured feeds.
Poult Sci., 83, 384–391.
Justo, G.Z., Silva, M.R. & Queiroz, M.L.S. (2001) Effects of the greenalgae Chlorella
vulgaris on the response of the host hematopoietic system to intraperitoneal
Ehrlich ascites tumor transplantation in mice. Immunopharmacol.
Immunotoxicol., 23, 119–132.
Kagan,V.E., Serbinova, E.A. & Packer, L. (1990) Recycling and antioxidant activity of
tocopherol homologs of differing hydrocarbon chain length in liver microsomes.
Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 282, 221–225.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
214
Kainz, E. (1977) Further feeding experiments in rainbow trout. Oester. Fish., 30, 165–167.
Kanazawa, A. (1985) Nutrition of penaeid prawn and shrimp. In: Taki, Y., Primavera,
L.H., Lobrera, J.A., (Eds.), Proceedings of First International Conference on
Culture of Penaeid Prawn: Shrimps. Aquaculture Department., Southeast Asian
Fish Development Center, Iloilo, Philippines, pp.123–130.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S. & Sasaki, M. (1984) Requirements of potassium, copper,
manganese and iron. Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University,
33, 63– 71.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Ono, K. & Chalayondeja, K. (1979a) Biosynthesis of fatty
acids from acetate in the prawns, Penaeus monodon and Penaeus merguensis.
Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 28, 21–26.
Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Ono, K. & Chalayondeja, K. (1979b). Biosynthesis of fatty
acids from palmitic acid in the prawns, Penaeus monodon and Penaeus
merguensis. Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 28, 17– 20.
Kant, R., Pandey, S.D., Sharma, S.K. & Rajnikant. (1996) Role of biological agents for
control of mosquito breeding in rice fields. Indian J. Malariol., 33, 209–215.
Kaplan, D., Richmond, A.E., Dubinsky, Z. & Aaronson, S. (1986) In: A. Richmond (ed.),
Hand book of microalgal mass culture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Algal
nutrition, pp. 147–198.
Kapoor, R & Mehta, U. (1993) Utilization of beta-carotene from Spirulina platensis by
rats. Plant Foods. Hum. Nutr., 43, 1–7.
Karplus, E. & Harpaz, S. (1990) Preliminary observations on behavioral interactions and
distribution patterns of freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii under semi
natural conditions (Decapoda, Caridea). Crustaceana, 59, 193–203.
Katihaa, P.K., Jenab, J.K., Pillai, N.G.K., Chakraborty, C. & Dey, M.M. (2005) Inland
aquaculture in India: Past trend, present status and future prospects, Aquaculture
Economics & Management, 9, 237–264
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
215
Kaushik, S.J. (1998) Nutritional bioenergetics and estimation of waste production in non-
salmonids. Aquat.LivingResour., 11, 211–217
Kay, R.A. (1991) Microalgae as food and supplement. Critical Reviews, In: Food Science
And Nutrition, 30, 555–573.
Kellam, S.J. & Walker, J.M. (1989) Antibacterial activity from marine microalgae inl
aboratory culture. Br. Phycol. J., 24, 191–194.
Kennedy, B., Venugopal, M.N., Indrani, K. & Karunasagar, I. (2006) Bacterial flora
associated with the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in the
hatchery system. Aquaculture, 261, 1156–1167.
Khan, M., Shobha, J.C., Mohan, I.K., Naidu, M.U., Sundaram, C., Singh, S.,
Kuppusamy, P. & Kutala, B.K. (2005a) Effect of Spirulina against doxorubicin-
reduced cardiotoxicity. Phytother. Res., 19, 1030–1037.
Khan, M., Shobha, J.C., Mohan, I.K., Rao Naidu, M.U., Prayag, A. & Kutala, V.K.
(2006) Spirulina attenuates cyclosporine-induced neph- rotoxicity in rats. J. Appl.
Toxicol., 26, 444–451.
Khan, M., Varadhara, S., Gansesa, L.P., Shobha, J.C., Naidu, M.U., Parmandi, N.L.,
Tridadapani, S., Kutala, B.J. & Kuppusamy, P. (2005b) C-phycocyanin protects
against ischemia-reperfusion injury of heart through involvement of p38 and ERK
signaling. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 290, H2136–H2145.
Khan, M.A.H. & Haque, M.S. (1991) Factors affecting the growth of Azolla - a review.
Bangladesh Journal of Aquaculture, 11-13, 5–8.
Khan, M.M. (1988) Azolla Agronomy. Institut of Biological Sciences, University of the
Philippines at Los Banos (IBS-UPLB), Philippine. pp. 89–94.
Kikuchi, K. (1999) Partial replacement of fish meal with corn gluten meal in diets for
Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 30, 357–363.
Kolkovski, S., Czesny, S. & Yackey, C. (2000) The effect of vitamin-C and E in (n-3)
highly unsaturated fatty acids- enriched Artemia nauplii on growth, survival and
stress resistance of freshwater walleye, Stizostedion vitreum larvae.
Aquacult.Nutr., 6, 199–206.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
216
Komaki, H., Yamashita, M., Niwa, Y., Tanaka, Y., Kamiya, N., Ando, Y. & Furuse, M.
(1998) The effect of processing of Chlorella vulgaris: K-5 on invitro and invivo
digestibility in rats. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 70, 363–366.
Konishi, F., Mitsuyama, M., Okuda, M., Tanaka, K., Hasegawa, T. & Nomoto, K. (1996)
Proteictive effect of an acidic glycoprotein obtained from culture of Chlorella
vulgaris against myelosuppression by 5-fluorouracil. Cancer Immunol.
Immunother., 42, 268–274.
Koshio, S., Castell, J.D. & O'Dor, R.K. (1992) The effect of different dietary energy
levels in crab-protein based diets on digestibility, oxygen consumption, and
ammonia excretion of bilaterally eyestalk ablated and intact juvenile lobsters,
Homarus americanus. Aquaculture, 108, 285–297.
Koshio, S., Teshima, S., Kanazawa, A. & Watase, T. (1993) The effect of dietary protein
content on growth, digestion efficiency and nitrogen excretion of juvenile kuruma
prawns, Penaeus japonicus. Aquaculture, 113,101–114.
Kristensen, J.H. (1972) Carbohydrases of some marine invertebrates with notes on their
food and on the natural occurrence of the carbohydrates studied. Mar. Biol.,
14,130–142.
Laemmli, U.K. (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head
bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227, 680–685.
Lall, S.P. (2002) The Minerals. In: Halver, J.H., Hardy, R.W. (Eds) Fish Nutrition, 3rd
edn. Academic Press, CA.
Langden, C. & Onal, E. (1999) Replacement of living microalgae with spray dried diets
for the marine mussel, Mytilus galloprouincialis. Aquaculture, 180, 283–294.
Le Moullac, G., Klein, B., Sellos, D. & Van Wormhoudt, A. (1997) Adaptation of
trypsin, chymotrypsin and a-amylase to casein level and protein source in
Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea Decapoda). Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology, 208, 107–125.
Lebeau, T., & Robert, J.M. (2006) Biotechnology of immobilized microalgae: a culture
technique for the future? In: Rao, S. (Ed.), Algal Cultures, Analogues of Blooms
and Applications. Science Publishers, New Hampshire, USA, pp. 801– 837.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
217
Lee, C.G. & Palsson, B.O. (1994) High-density algal photobioreactors using light-emitting
diodes. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 44, 1161–1167.
Lee, G.P. & Lawrence, L.A. (1985) Effects of diet and size on growth, feed digestibility
and digestive enzyme activities of the marine shrimp, Penaeus setiferus Linnaeus.
J. World Maricult. Soc., 16, 275–287.
Lee, H.S., Choi, C.Y., Cho, C. & Song, Y. (2003) Attenuating effect of Chlorella
supplementation on oxidative stress and NF kappa B activation in peritoneal
macrophages and liver of C57BL/6 mice fed on an atherogenic diet. Biosci.
Biotechnol. Biochem., 67, 2083–2090.
Lee, M.H. & Shiau, S.Y. (2002) Dietary vitamin C and its derivatives affect immune
responses in grasss hrimp Penaeus monodon. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 12, 119–129.
Lee, P.G. & Lawrence, A.L. (1985) Effects of diet and size on growth, feed digestibility
and digestive enzyme activities of the marine shrimp Penaeus setiferus
(Linnaeus). Journal of the World Mariculture Society, 16, 257–287.
Lee, P.G. & Lawrence, A.L. (1997) Digestibility. In: Crustacean Nutrition (Ed) by
L.R. D’Abramo, D.E. Conklin, & D.M. Akiyama. Advances in World Aquaculture,
Vol. 6. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 194–260.
Lee, P.G., Blake, N.J. & Rodrick, G.E. (1980) A quantitative analysis of digestive
enzymes for the freshwater prawn, Machrobrachium rosenbergii. Proc.Worm
Maricult. Soc., 11, 392–402.
Lee, Y.H., Layman, D.K., Bell, R.B. & Norton, H.W. (1981) Response of glutathione
peroxidase and catalase to excess dietary iron in rats. J. Nutr., 111, 2195–2202.
Lejeune, A., Cagauan, A. &Van Hove, C. (1999) Azolla research and development:
recent trends and priorities.Symbiosis, 27, 333–351.
Lemme, A. (2010) Availability and effectiveness of free amino acids in aquaculture. En:
Cruz Suarez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Nieto-Lopez, M.G.,
Villarreal-Cavazos, D.A., Gamboa-Delgado, J. (Eds), Avances en Nutricion
Acuicola X - Memorias del Decimo Simposio Internacional de Nutricion
Acuicola, 8-10 de Noviembre, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico. ISBN
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
218
978-607-433-546-0. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico,
pp. 264–275.
Lemos, D., Ezquerra, J.M. & Garcia-Carreno, F.L. (2000) Protein digestion in penaeid
shrimp: digestive proteinases, proteinase inhibitors and feed digestibility.
Aquaculture, 186, 89–105.
Lemos, D., Hernandez-Cortes, M.P., Navarrete, A., Garcia-Carreno, F.L. & Phan, V.N.
(1999) Ontogenic variation in digestive proteinase activity of larvae and
postlarvae of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Crustacea: Decapoda:
Penaeidae). Mar. Biol., 135, 653–662.
Leonard, V. (1997) Use of Aquatic Fern (Azolla filiculoides) in Two Species of Tropical
Fish (Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia rendalli). Ph.D., Thesis. Presses
Universitaires de Namur, Belgium, pp. 276.
Li Du. & Cui-Juan Niu. (2002) Effects of dietary protein level on bioenergetics of the
giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) (Decapoda,
Natantia), Crustaceana, 75, 875-889.
Lightner, D.V., Hunter, B., Magarelli Jr., P.C. & Colvin, L.B. (1979) Ascorbicacid:
nutritional requirement and role in wound repair in penaeid shrimp. Proc World
Maric. Soc., 10, 513–528.
Lin, Y.H., Shie, Y.Y. & Shiau, S.Y. (2008) Dietary copper requirements of juvenile
grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus. Aquaculture, 274, 161–165.
Ling, S.W. & Merican, A.B.O. (1961) Notes on the life and habits of the adults and larval
stages of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man). Proceedings of the Indo Pacific
Fisheries Council, 9, 55–60.
Ling, S.W. (1969) The general biology and development of Macrobrachium rosenbergii
(DeMan). FAO Fisheries Report, 57, 589–606.
Litaay, M., De Silva, S.S. & Gunasekera, R.M. (2001) Changes in the amino acid profiles
during embryonic development of the black- lip abalone (Haliotis rubra). Aquat.
Living Resour., 14, 335–342.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
219
Lobaeva, L.L. (1959) Immienienge V Vodie pitatielnoj cennosti isskus K Vienno Vnosimych
Kormor uptreblajemych dia komlenija ruby. Rybn. Khonz., 35, 32–37.
Loizzi, R.F. (1971) Interpretation of crayfish hepatopancreatic function based on fine
structural analysis of epithellial cell lines and muscle network. Zeitschriftfur
zellforschung Mikroskopische Anatomie, 113, 420–440.
Lopez-Lopez, S., Nolasco, H. & Vega-Villasante, F. (2003) Characterization of digestive
gland esterase–lipase activity of juvenile red clawcray fish Cherax quadricarinatus,
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B, 135, 337–347.
Lovett D.L. & Felder D.L. (1990) Ontogenic change in digestive enzyme activity of
larval and postlarval white shrimp Penaeus setiferus (Crustacea, Decapoda,
Penaeidae). Biology Bulletin, 178, 144–159.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. & Randall, R.S. (1951) Protein
measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265–275.
Lubitz, J.A. (1963) The protein quality, digestibility, and composition of micro-algae,
Chlorella 71105. J. Food Sci., 28, 229–232.
Lumpkin, T.A. & Plucknett, L. (1982) Azolla as a green manure: use and management in
crop production.Westview press Boulder, Colorado. West view Tropical
Agriculture, series, 15, pp. 230.
Lunestad, B.T., Nesse, L., Lassen, J., Svihus, B., Nesbakken, T., Fossum, K., Rosnes,
J.T., Kruse, H. & Yazdankhah. (2007) Salmonella in fish feed; occurrence and
implications for fish and human health in Norway. Aquaculture, 265, 1–8.
Lupatsch, I., Kissil, G.W., Sklan, D. & Pfeffer, E. (1998) Energy and protein requirements
for maintenance and growth in gilthead sea-bream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquac.Nutr, 4,
165–173.
Lygren, B. & Hemre, G.I. (2002) Influence of dietary carbohydrate on antioxidant enzyme
activities in liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquac. Int., 9, 421–427.
Mahapatra, P.K., Mohanty-Hejmadi, P. & Chainy, G.B.N. (2001) Changes in oxidative
stress parameters and acidphosphatase activity in the pre-regressing and
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
220
regressing tail of Indian Jumping frog Polypedates maculatus (Anura,
Rhacophoridae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part C, 130, 281–288.
Mahapatra, P.K., Mohanty-Hejmadi, P. & Chainy, G.B.N. (2002) Oxidative stress during
vitamin A induced abnormal tail regeneration in the tadpoles of Polypedates
maculatus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B 131, 403–410.
Maity, J. & Patra, B.C. (2008) Effect of replacement of fishmeal by Azolla leaf mael on
growth, food utilization, pancreatic proteasea ctivity and RNA/DNA ratio in the
fingerlings of Labeo rohita (Ham.). Can. J. Pure Appl. Sci., 2, 323–333.
Mallasen, M. & Valenti, W.C. (1998) Efeitoda composicao ionica da agua do mar
artificial nodesenvolvimen to de larvas de Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man,
1879) (Crustacea, Decapoda) no estiagio II. Acta Scientiarum, 20, 195–200.
Mantel, L.H. & Farmer, L.L. (1983) Osmotic and Ionic Regulation. In: Bliss, D.E. (Ed.),
The Biology of Crustacea Volume 5: Internal Anatomy and Physiological
Regulation. Academic Press, New York, pp. 53–143.
Mao, K., Van de Water, J. & Gershwin, M.E. (2005) Effects of Spirulina based dietary
supplement on cytokine production from allergic rhinitis patients. J. Med. Food.,
8, 27–30.
Marklund, S. & Marklund, G. (1974) Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the
autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase.
Europian J. Biochem., 47, 469–474.
Martin, J.W. & Davis, G.E. (2001) An updated classification of the recent crustacean.
ISSN 1-891276-27-1, No.39 Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los
Angeles County. California, USA.
Martinez-Alvarez, R., Morales, A. & Sanz, A. (2005) Antioxidant defenses in fish: biotic
and abiotic factors. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisher., 15, 75–88.
Mascher, D., Paredes-Carvajal, M.C., Torres-Duran, P.V., Zamora- Gonzalez, J., Dıaz-
Zagoya, J.C. & Juarez-Oropeza, M.A. (2005) Ethanolic extract of Spirulina
maxima alters the vasomotor reactivity of aortic rings form obese rats. Arch.
Med. Res., 37, 50–57.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
221
Mates, J.M., Perez-Gomez, C. & Nunezde Castro, I. (1999) Antioxidant enzymes and
human diseases. Clin. Biochem., 32, 595–603.
Mathiesen, A.M. (2012) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012. FAO
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, pp. iii.
Maugle P.D., Deshimaru O., Katayama T. & Simpson K.L. (1982) Characteristics of
amylase and protease of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus. Bulletins of Japanese
Society of Sciences and Fisheries, 48, 1753–1757.
Mayrand, E., Guderley, H. & Dutil, J.D. (2000) Biochemical indicators of muscle
growth in the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio (O.Fabricius). J. Exp. Mar. Biol.
Ecol., 255, 37–49.
McCord, J.M. & Fridovich, I. (1998) Superoxide dismutase: the first twenty years
(1968–1988). Free Radic. Biol. Med., 5, 363–369.
Medland, T.E. & Beamish, F.W.H. (1985) The influence of diet and fish density on
apparent heat increment in rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 47, 1 -10.
Mendes, R.L., Nobre, B.P., Cardoso, M.T., Pereira, A. & Palavra, A.F. (2003)
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of compounds with pharmaceutical
importance from microalgae. Inorganica. Chim. Acta., 356, 328–334.
Mendoza, R., De Dios, A., Vazquez, C., Cruz, E., Ricque, D., Aguillera, C. &
Montemayor, J. (2001) Fishmeal replacement with feather enzymatic
hydrolyzates coextruded with soyabean meal in practical diets for the Pacific
white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquac. Nutr., 7, 143–151.
Merchant, R.E., Andre, C.A. & Sica, D.A. (2002) Nutritional supplementation with
Chlorella pyrenoidosa for mild to moderate hypertension. J. Med. Food., 5, 141–152.
Merchie, G., Kontara, E., Lavens, P., Robles, R., Kurmaly, K. & Sorgeloos, P. (1998)
Effect of vitamin C and astaxanthin on stress and disease resistance of postlarval
tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Aquac. Res., 29, 579–585.
Miah, M.S., Phang, S.M., Chu, W.L. & Hashim, M.A. (2000) Spirulina culture in
digested sago starch factory waste water. J. Appl. Phycol., 12, 395–400.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
222
Mitra, G., Mukhopadhyay, P.K. & Chattopadhyay, D.N. (2005) Nutrition and feeding in
freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming. Aquatic Feeds:
Formulation and Beyond, 2, 17–19.
Miyachi, S. (1995) Diversity of Microalgae and Their Possible Application, Environmental
impacts of Aquatic Biotechnology, OECD, Paris, France. pp. 28–31.
Miyamoto, G., Prock, J., Nakamura, R., Nakagawa, L., Shimojo, R., Sato, V. & Akita, G.
(1983) A preliminary microbiological and water quality survey of two Hawaiian
prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) hatcheries. In: Rogers, G.L., Day, R., Lim,
A. (Eds.),Proc. First Int. Conf. Warm Water Aquaculture; Crustacea. Brigham
Young University.
Mohan, I.K., Khan, M., Shobha, J.C., Naidu, M.U., Prayag, A., Kuppusamy, P. & Kutala,
V.K. (2006) Protection against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity by Spirulina in
rats. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 58, 802–808.
Mohan, N., Hanumantha Rao, P., Ranjith Kumar, R., Sivasankaran, S. & Sivasubramanian,
V. (2009) Studies on mass cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and effective harvesting
of bio-mass by low-cost methods. J. Algal Biomass Utln., 1, 29–39.
Molina C., Cadena E. & Orellana F. (2000) Alimentacion de camarones en relacion a la
actividad enzimatica como una respuesta natural al ritmo circadiano y ciclo de muda.
In: V Simposium Internacional de Nutricion Acuicola (ed. by L.E. Cruz-Suarez, D.
Ricque-Marie, M. Tapia-Salazar, M.A. Olvera-Novoa & R. Civera- Cerecedo)
Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. pp. 358–380.
Montero, D., Tort, L., Izquierdo, M.S., Robaina, L. & Vergara, J.M. (1998) Depletion of
serum alternative complement pathway activity in gilthead Seabream (Sparus
aurata) caused by a α-tocopherol and n-3 HUFA dietary deficiencies.
Aquaculture, 161, pp. 475.
Moore, S. & Stein, W.H. (1948) Photometric ninhydrin method for use in the
chromatography of amino acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 176, 367–388.
Moriarty, D.J.W. (1996) Microbial biotechnology: a key ingredient for sustainable
aquaculture. Info. fish Int., 4, 29–33
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
223
Moss S.M., Divakaran S. & Kim B.G. (2001) Stimulating effects of pond water on
digestive enzyme activity in the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
(Boone). Aquaculture Research, 32, 125–131.
Moullac, L.G. & Wormhoudt, V.A. (1994) Adaptation of digestive enzymes to dietary
protein, carbohydrate and fiber levels and influence of protein and carbohydrate
quality in Penaeus vannamei larvae (crustacean, decapoda). Aquatic Living
Resource, 7, 203–210.
Moyano, F.J., Cardenete, G. & Dela Higuera, M. (1992) Nutritive value of diets
containing high percentage of vegetable proteins for trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.
Aquat. Living Resour., 5, 23–29.
Muhlia-Almazan, A. & Garcia Carreno, F.L. (2002) Influence of molting and starvation
on the synthesis of proteolytic enzymes in the midgut gland of the white shrimp
Penaeus vannamei. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 133, 383–394.
Muller-Feuga, A. (2000) The role of microalgae ina quaculture: situation and trends.
J. Appl. Phycol., 12, 527–534.
Muller-Feuga, A. (2004) Microalgae for aquaculture: the current global situation and
future trends. In: Richmond A (Ed) Handbook of microalgal culture. Blackwell
Science, pp. 352–364
Murai, T., Andrews, J.W. & Smith II, R.G. (1981) Effects of dietary copper on channel
catfish. Aquaculture, 22, 353–357.
Murray, A.O. & Marchant, R. (1986) Nitrogen utilization in rainbow trout fingerlings,
Salmo gairdneri R. fed mixed microbial biomass. Aquaculture, 54, 263–275.
Musisi, M.L. (1984) The nutrition, growth and energetics of tilapia. Sarotherodon
mossambicus. Ph.D., Thesis. University of London.
Mustafa, M.G. & Nakagawa, H. (1995) A review: dietary benefits of algae as an additive
in fish feed. Isr. J. Aquacult. Bamidgeh., 47, 155–162.
Mustafa, M.G., Umino, T. & Nakagawa, H. (1997) Limited synergistic effect of dietary
Spirulina on vitamin C nutrition of red seabream Pagrus major. J. Mar.
Biotechnol., 5, 129–132.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
224
Myers, J. (1951) On the mass culture of algae. Plant Physiol., 26, 539–548.
Nagaoka, S., Shimizu, K., Kaneko, H., Shibayama, F., Morikawa, K., Kanamaru, Y.,
Otsuka, A., Hirahashi, T. & Kato, T. (2005) A novel protein C-phycocyanin plays
a crucial role in the hypocholesterolemic action of Spirulina platensis
concentrate in rats. J. Nutr., 135, 2425–2430.
Nagarathinam, N., Stephen, S.K. & Sundararaj, V. (2000) Influence of stocking density
on growth, production and survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) in a
monoculture grow-out pond .Indian J. Fish., 47, 103–108.
Nakagawa, H. & Gomez-Diaz, G. (1995) Usefulness of Spirulina sp. meal as feed
additive for giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Suisanzoshoku,
43, 521–526.
Nakagawa, H. & Montgomery, W.L. (2007) Algae. In: Gatlin DM III, Nakagawa H, Sato
M (eds) Dietary supplements for the health and quality of cultured fish. Cabi
International, Cambridge, pp. 133–167.
Nakamura, K. (1987) Classification of diverticular cells of the midgut gland in the prawn
Penaeus japonicus. Mem. Fac. Fish., Kagoshima University, 36, 207–213.
Nakamura, R. (1975) A preliminary report on the circadian rhythmicity in the spontaneous
locomotor activity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its possible application to
prawn culture. Proceedings of the World Mariculture Society, 6, 37–41.
Nandeesha, M.C., De Silva S.S., Krishnamoorthy D. & Dathathri, K. (1994) Use of
mixed feeding schedules in fish culture. I. field trailson catla, rohu and common
carp. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 25, 659–670.
Nandeesha, M.C., Gangadhar, B., Varghese, T. J. & Keshavanath, P. (1998) Effect of
feeding Spirulina platensis on the growth, proximate composition and organoleptic
quality of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquac. Res., 29, 305–312.
Nanton, D.A. & Castell, J.D. (1998) The effects of dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid
composition of the harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe sp., for use as a live food for
marine fish larvae. Aquaculture, 163, 251–261.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
225
Navarro, J.C. & Villanueva, R. 2000. Lipid and fatty acid composition of early stages of
cephalopods: an approach to their lipid requirements. Aquaculture, 183, 161– 177.
Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clay, J.,
Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H. & Troell, M. (2000) Effect of aquaculture
on world fish supplies. Nature, 405, 1017–1024.
Nelson, M.M., Leighton, D.L., Phleger, C.F. & Nichols, D.P. (2002) Comparison of
growth and lipid composition in the green abalone, Haliotis fulgens, provided
specific macroalgal diets. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 131B, 695–712.
New, M.B. & Singholka, S. (1985) Freshwater prawn farming. A manual for the culture
of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FAO FisheriesTechnical Paper, 225 (Rev1).
FAO, Rome.
New, M.B. (1976) A review of dietary studies with shrimp and prawns. Aquaculture,
9, 101–144.
New, M.B. (1990) Freshwater prawn culture: a review. Aquaculture, 88, 99–143.
New, M.B. (2000a) History and global status of freshwater prawn farming. In: M.B. New
& W.C. Valenti, (eds). Freshwater prawn culture: the farming of Macrobrachium
rosenbergii. Oxford, England, Blackwell Science. pp. 1–11.
New, M.B. (2000b) Commercial freshwater prawn farming around the world. In M.B. New
& W.C. Valenti, eds. Freshwater prawn culture:the farming of Macrobrachium
rosenbergii, Oxford, England, Blackwell Science. pp. 290–325.
New, M.B. (2002) Farming freshwater prawn. A manual for the culture of the giant river
prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 428.
FAO, Rome.
New, M.B. (2005) Freshwater prawn farming: global status, recent research, and a glance
at the future. Aquaculture Research, 36, 210–30.
New, M.B., Valenti, M.C., Tidwell, J.H., D’Abramo, L.R. & Kutty, M.N. (2010)
Freshwater prawns Biology and farming, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
Nhan, D.T. (2009) Optimization of hatchery protocols for Macrobrachium rosenbergii
culture in Vietnam. Ph.D., Thesis, Ghent University, Belgium, pp. 265.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
226
Nichols, D.S., Nichols, P.D. & Mc Meekin, T.A. (1993) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in
Antarctic bacteria. Antarctic Science, 5, 149–160.
Niki, E. (1987) Antioxidants in relation to lipid peroxidation. Chem. Phys. Lipids.,
44, 227–253.
Noborikawa, D.K. (1978) The determination of cellulose in the giant Malaysian prawn,
Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Proc. Natl. Shellfish. Assoc., 69, pp. 205.
NRC (National Research Council). (1983) Nutrient requirements of Domestic Animals,
Nutrient Requirements of Warm Water Fishes and Shell fishes. National
Academy Press: Washington, DC, pp. 102.
NRC (National Research Council). (1993) Nutrient requirements of fish. Committee on
Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council, National
Academy Press, Washington DC, USA. pp. 114.
Nwanna, L.C. & Falaye, A.E. (1997) Substitution of Azolla meal for groundnut cake in
diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L). Appl. Trop. Agri., 2, 139–143.
O'Dell, B.L. (1976a) Biochemistry and physiology of copper in vertebrates. In: Prasad,
A.S. (Ed.), Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, vol.1. Academic Press,
New York, NY, USA, pp. 391–413.
O'Dell, B.L. (1976b) Biochemistry of copper. Symposium on trace elements. Med. Clin.
N. Am., 60, 697–703.
Odum, E.P. (1971) "Fundamentals of Ecology". 3rd ed. Saunders, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
Ogata, H., Arai, S. & Alvare, B.M. (1985) Effect of dietary protein levels on free amonic
acid contents of juvenile European eel Anguilla anguilla. Bull. Jpn Soc. Sci. Fish.,
51, 573–578.
Ogino, C. & Yang, G. (1980) Requirements of carp and rainbow trout for dietary
manganese and copper. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 46, 455–458.
Oh-Hama, T. & Miyachi, S. (1988) Chlorella. In: M.A. Borowitzka and L.J. Borowitzka
(eds.), Microalgal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 3–26.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
227
Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. & Yagi, K. (1979) Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by
thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95, 351–358.
Olvera-Novoa, M.A., Daminguez-Cen, L.J., Olivera-Castillo, Carlos, A. & Martinez-
Palacios (1998) Effect of the use of the micro algae Spirulina maxima as fish meal
replacement in diets for tilapia, Oreachromis mossambicus (peters) fry. Aquacul.
Res., 29, 709–715.
Oxley, A.P.A., Shipton, W., Owens, L. & McKay, D. (2002) Bacterial flora from the gut
of the wild and cultured banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis. Applied
Microbiology, 93, 214–218.
Ozdemir, G., Karabay, N.U., Dalay, M. & Pazarbasi, B. (2004) Anti-bacterial activity of
volatile component and various extracts of Spirulina platensis. Phytother. Res.,
18, 754–757.
Palmegiano, G.B., Gai, F., Dapra, F., Gasco, L., Pazzaglia, M. & Peiretti, P.G. (2008)
Effects of Spirulina and plant oil on the growth and lipid traits of white sturgeon
(Acipenser transmontanus) fingerlings. Aquaculture Research, 39, 587–595.
Pandian, T.J. (1987) Fish. In: Pandian, T.J. & Vernberg, F.J. (Eds.), Animal Energetics,
Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York, pp. 357–465.
Panigrahi, A., Kiron, V., Kobayashi, T., Puangkaew, J., Satoh, S. & Sugita, H. (2004)
Immune responses in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss induced by a potential
probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM 1136. Vet. Immunol.
Immunopathol., 102, 379–388.
Papadopoulou, C., Economou, E.G., Zakes, C., Salamoura, C., Dontorou, C. & Apostolou, J.
(2007) Microbiological and pathogenic contaminents of seafood in Greece.
J. Food Qual., 30, 28–42.
Patil, V., Kallqvist, T., Olsen, E., Vogt, G. & Gislerod, H.R. (2007) Fatty acid composition of
12 microalgae for possible use in aquaculture feed. Aquacul. Int., 15, 1–9.
Peixoto, S., Soares, R., Wasielesky, W., Cavalli, R.A. & Jensen, L. (2004) Morphometric
relationship of length and weight of cultured Farfantepenaeus paulensis during
nursery, grow out, and brood stock production phases. Aquaculture, 242, 292-299.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
228
Pereira, M.J.S. (1991) Studies on certain aspects on the culture of the pearl spot Etroplus
suratensis (Bloch), Ph.D., Thesis, Dept of Aquatic Biology, Kerala University, India.
Perera, E., Moyano, F.J., Diaz, M., Perdomo-Morales, R., Montero-Alejo, V., Rodriguez-
Viera, L., Alonso, E., Carrillo, O. & Galich,G.S. (2008) Changes in digestive
enzymes through development and molt stages in the spiny lobster, Panulirus
argus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Comp. Biochem, 151, 250–256.
Perez-Pinzon, M.A. & Lutz, P.L. (1991) Activity related cost of osmoregulation in the
juvenile snook (Centropomus undecimalis). Bull. Mar. Sci., 48, 58–66.
Peters, G.A., Mayne, B.C., Ray, T.B. & Toia, R.E. (1979) Physiology and biochemistry
of the Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis. In Nitrogen and Rice. Los Banos, Laguna,
Phillipines, International Rice Research Institute. pp. 325–344.
Petrusewicz, K. & Macfadyen, A. (1970) Productivity of Terrestrial Animals: Principles
and Methods, (IBP Handbook No. 13). Blackwell, Oxford.
Phang, S.M. (1990) Algae production from Agro-industrial and Agricultural wastes in
Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Sciences, 19, 415–418.
Phang, S.M., Miah, M.S., Chu, W.L. & Hashim, M. (2000) Spirulina culture in digested
sago starch factory waste water. J. Appl. Phycol., 12, 395–400.
Phatarpekar, P.V., Kenkre, V.D., Sreepada, R.A., Desai, U.M. & Achuthankutty, C.T.
(2002) Bacterial flora associated with larval rearing of the giant freshwater prawn,
Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture, 203, 279–291.
Pike, I.H. & Hardy, R.W. (1997) Standards for assessing quality of feed ingredients. In:
D’Abramo, L.R., Conklin, D.M., Akiyama, D.M. (Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition.
Advances in World Aquaculture, vol.6. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,
LA, pp. 473–492.
Pillai, D., James, T., Joshep, A. & Vadher, K.H. (2003) Enrichment of live feed with
HUFA: Effect on Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man).Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Freshwater prawns. College of Fisheries, Kerala
Agricultural University, Kochi, Kerala, India. pp, 541–544.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
229
Pillard, D.A., DuFresne, D.L. & Mickley, M.C. (2002) Development and validation of
models predicting the toxicity of major seawater ions to the mysid shrimp,
Americamysis bahia. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 2131–2137.
Piska, R.S. & Naik, J.K. (2002) Freshwater aquaculture Fisheries, II year Paper I. pp.179.
Prangnell, D.I. & Fotedar, R. (2005) The effect of potassium concentration in inland
saline water on the growth and survival of the western king shrimp, Penaeus
latisulcatus (Kishinouye, 1896). J. Appl. Aquac., 17, 19–33.
Provasoli, L. & Printner, I.J. (1953) Ecological implication of invivo nutritional
requirements of algae flagellate. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 56, pp. 839.
Pullin, R.S.V. & Almazan, G. (1983) Azolla as a fish food. ICLARM Newsletter,
January, pp. 6–7.
Pulz, O. & Gross, W. (2004) Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae. Appl.
Microbiol. Biotechnol., 65, 635–648.
Querijero, B.V.L., Teshima, S., Koshio, S. & Ishikawa, M. (1997a) Effects of stearic acid
and protein levels on the utilization of stearic acid by freshwater prawn
Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveniles. Fisheries Science, 63, 1035–1041.
Querijero, B.V.L., Teshima, S., Koshio, S. & Ishikawa, M. (1997b) Utilization of
monounsaturated fatty acid (18:1n-9, oleicacid) by freshwater prawn
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DeMan) juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 3,127–39.
Querubin, L.J., Alcantara, P.F. & Princesa, A.O. (1986) Chemical composition of three
Azolla species (A. caroliniana, A. microphylla and A. pinnata) and feeding value
of azolla meal (A. microphylla) in broiler ration 11. Philippine Agriculturist,
69, 479– 490.
Quoc, K., Dubacq, J., Demandre, C. & Mazliak, P. (1994) Comparative effects of
exogenous fatty acid supplementations on the lipids from the cyanobacterium
Spirulina platensis. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 32, 501-509.
Qureshi, M.A. & Ali, R.A. (1996) Spirulina platensis exposure enhances macrophage
phagocytic function in cats. Immuno. Pharmacol. Immuno. toxicol., 18, 457–463.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
230
Radheyshyam, (2009) Farming the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii,
Research & farming techniques, Aquaculture Asia Magazine, 29–32.
Raj, P.R. (1993) Aquaculture feed. A hand book on Aquafarming, MPDEDA Publi.,
Cochin, India.
Raja, R. (2009) Microalgae (Pourrielprobable) a column in the IInd Chapter in ‘Un monde
invisible’ edited by Laurence Bordenave, Publisher: Aubanel-LaMartiniere,
LaMartiniere Group, ISBN: 978-2-7006-0670-6, France, (French). pp. 124–126.
Raja, R., Anbazhagan, C., Lakshmi, D. & Rengasamy, R. (2004b) Nutritional studies on
Dunaliella salina (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) under laboratory conditions.
Seaweed Res. Utili., 26, 127–146.
Rameshkumar, G., Ravichandran, S., Chandrasekar & Ajithkumar, T. (2009) Gut
microbiota of crabs from the Vellar estuary, southeast coast of India. Microbial
ecology in Health and Disease, 21, 178–182.
Rath, G.S., Dube, K. (1994). Role of zinc in promoting growth and survival of
Macrobrachium rosenbergii. J. of Acquacult. Trop., 9, 209-222.
Ravichandran, S. & Kannupandi, T. (2005) Total heterotrophic bacterial load in
decomposing mangrove litter and gut of crabs. Asian J. Microbiol., 7, 861–864.
Reigh, R. C. & Stickney, R. R. (1989) Effects of purified fatty acids of the fatty acid
composition of the freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture,
77, 157–174.
Reitan, K.I., Rainuzzo, J.R., Oie, G. & Olsen, Y. (1993) Nutritional effectsof algal
addition in first feeding of turbot Scophtalmus maximus L. larvae. Aquaculture,
118, 257–275.
Rice, D.A. & Kennedy, S. (1988) Vitamin-E and free radical formation: possible
implications for animal nutrition. In: Haresign, W., Cole, D.W.A. (Eds.), Recent
Advances in Animal Nutrition. Butterworth, London, pp. 39–57.
Rigos, G., Samartzis, A., Henry, M., Fountoulaki, E., Cotou, E., Sweetman, J., Davies, S.
& Nengas, I. (2010) Effects of additive iron on growth, tissue distribution,
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
231
haematology and immunology of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. Aquacult.
Int., 18, 1093–1104.
Rodriguez-Lopez, M. & Lopez Quijada, C. (1971) Plasma glucose and plasma insulin in
normal and alloxanized rats treated with Chlorella. Life Science, 10, 57–60.
Roe, J.H. & Kuether, C.A. (1943) Detection of ascorbic acid in whole blood and urine
through2, 4-DNPH derivative of dehydroascorbicacid. J. Biol. Chem., 147, 399–407.
Roe, J.H. (1955) The determination of sugar and blood and spinal fluid with anthrone
reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 212, 335–343.
Romeo, M., Bennani, N., Barelli-Gnassia, M., Lafaurie, M. & Girard, J.P. (2000)
Cadmium and copper display different responses towards oxidative stress in the
kidney of the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquat.Toxicol., 48, 185–194.
Ronnestad, I. & Fyhn, J. (1993). Metabolic aspects of free amino acids in developing
marine fish eggs and larvae. Rev. Fish. Sci., 1, 239–259.
Rosenberg, J.N., Oyler, G.A., Wilkinson, L. & Betenbaugh, M.J. (2008) A green light for
engineered algae: redirecting metabolism to fuel a biotechnology revolution.
Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 19, 430–436.
Rosovitz, M.J., Voskuil, M.I. & Chambliss, G.H. (1998) Bacillus. In: A. Balows and B.I.
Duerden (Eds), Systematic Bacteriology. Arnold Press, London: 709–720.
Rueda-Jasso, R., Conceicao, L.E.C., Dias, J., DeCoen, W., Gomes, E.,Rees, J.F., Soares,
F., Dinis, M.T. & Sorgeloos, P. (2004) Effect of dietary non protein energy levels
on condition and oxidative status of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)
juveniles. Aquaculture, 231, 417–433.
Saborowski, R., Thatje, S., Calcagno, J.A., Lovrich, G.A. & Anger, K. (2006)
Digestive enzymes in the ontogenetic stages of the southern king crab, Lithodes
santolla. Mar. Biol., 149, 865–873.
Saeed, Z.N., Mehran, H.R., Ghobad, A.T., Donald, L.L., Ali-Reza, M. & Mehdi, S.
(2006) The effect of Bacillus spp. Bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme
activity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus.
doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.021. Aquaculture, 252, 516–524.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
232
Saleh, A.M., Hussein, L. A., Abdalla, F.E., El Fouly, M.M. & Shaheen, A.B. (1985) The
nutritional quality of drum-dried algae produced in open door mass culture.
Z. Ernahrungswiss, 24, 256–263.
Salminen, S., Bouley, S., Boutron-Ruault, M.C., Cummings, J.H., Franck, A. & Gibson,
G.R. (1998) Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function.
Br. J. Nutr., 80, S147–71.
Salvesen, I., Reitan, K.I., Skjermo, J. & Oie, G., (2000) Microbial environments in
marine larvicultutre: impacts of algal growth rates as the bacterial load in six
microalgae. Aquac. Int., 8, 275–287.
Sanchez, S., Martinez, M.E., Molina, E. & Casa, J.A. (1995) Skeletonema costatum, as a
potential source of fattyacids and single cell protein (SCP): the effect of pH on
growth rate and biomass composition. J. Mar. Biotechnol., 2, 23–26.
Sandbank, E. & Hepher, B. (1978) The utilization of microalgae as a feed for fish
additive for fish. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl Ergeb. Limnol., 11, 108–120.
Sanders, M.E., Morelli, L. & Tompkins, T.A. (2003) Spore formers as human probiotics:
Bacillus, Sporolacto bacillus, and Brevi bacillus. Comprehensive Reviews in Food
Science and Food Safety, 2, 101–110.
Sandifer, P.A., Hopkins, J.S. & Smith, T.I.J. (1975) Observations on salinity tolerance
and osmoregulation in laboratory reared Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae
(Crustacea: Caridea). Aquaculture, 6, 103–14.
Sanginga, N. & VanHove, C. (1989) Amino Acid Composition of Azolla as affected by
strains and population density. Plant and Soil, 117, 263–267.
Sanhotra, M.K. (1994) Shrimp feed formulation and feed management, CMFRI, Spl. Public,
No: 60.
Sano, T. & Tanaka, Y. (1987) Effects of dried powdered Chlorella vulgaris on
experimental atherosclerosis and alimentary hyper-cholesterolemia in cholesterol-
fed rabbit. Artery, 14, 76–84.
Sara, J.R., Gous, R.M. & Bureau, D.P. (2009) Describing growth and predicting feed
intake in the marine prawn Fenneropenaeus indicus, Part I: Theoretical and
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
233
practical aspects of measuring and predicting genetic parameters. Aquaculture,
287, 402–413.
Sarac, Z., Thaggard, H., Saunders, J., Gravel, M., Neill, A. & Cowan, R.T. (1993)
Observations on the chemical composition of some commercial prawn feeds and
associated growth responses in Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 115, 97–110.
Sargent, J. R., Tocher, D. R. & Bell, J.G. (2002) The lipids. In Fish Nutrition. 3rd edition,
Sandiego: Academic press. pp. 181–257.
Sargent, J., Bell, G., McEvoy, L., Tocher, D. & Estevez, A. (1999) Recent developments
in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish. Aquaculture, 177, 191– 199.
Sargent, J.R. (1976) The structure, metabolism and function of lipids in marine
organisms. In: Malins, D.C., Sargent, R. (Eds.), Biochemical and Biophysical
Perspectives in Marine Biology, Vol.3. Academic Press, London, pp. 149–212.
Sargent, J.R., Bell, J.G., Bell, M.V., Henderson, R.J. & Tocher, D.R. (1995) Requirement
criteria for essential fattyacids. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 11, 183–198.
Sargent, J.R., Henderson, R.J. & Tocher, D.R., (1989) The lipids. In: Halver, J.E. (Ed.),
Fish Nutrition, 2nded. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp.153–218.
Schlosser, U.G. (1994) SAG-Sammlung von Algenkulturen at the University of
Gottingen. Catalogue of Strains 1994. Bot. Acta., 107, 113–186.
Schuster, A.M., Waddle, J.A., Korth, K. & Meints, R.H. (1990) Chloroplast genome of
an exsymbiotic Chlorella - like green algae. Plant Mol. Biol, 14, 859-862.
Scudder, K.M., Pasanello, E., Krafsur, J. & Ross, K. (1981) Analysis of locomotory
activity in juvenile giant Malaysian prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii
(De Man) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). Crustaceana, 40, 31–50.
Sen, B., Alp, M.T. & Kocer, M.A.T. (2005) Studies on growth of marine micro algae in
batch cultures: I: Chlorella vulgaris (Chlororphyta). Asian J. Plant Sci., 4, 636–638.
Sharma, M.K., Sharma, A., Kuma, A. & Kumar, M. (2007) Evaluation of protective
efficacy of Spirulina fusiformis against mercury induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss
albino mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 45, 879–887.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
234
Sheen, S.S. & Wu, S.W. (1999) The effects of dietary lipid levels on the growth response
of juvenile mud crab. Aquaculture, 175, 143–153.
Shen, T. & Wang, J.Y. (1990) Biochemistry. (M). Higher education publisher, pp. 67-86.
Sherief, P.M. & James, T. (1994) Nutritive value of the water fern Azolla for fish.
Fishing Chimes, 14, pp. 14.
Shiau, S.Y. & Hsieh, J.F. (2001) Dietary potassium requirement of juvenile grass shrimp
Penaeus monodon. Fish. Sci., 67, 592–595.
Shiau, S.Y. & Hsu, T.S. (1994) Vitamin-C requirement of grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon,
as determined with l-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate. Aquaculture, 122, 347–357.
Shiau, S.Y. & Jia-Fen, H. (2001) Dietary potassium requirement of juvenile grass shrimp
Penaeus monodon. Fisheries Science, 67, 592–595.
Shiau, S.Y. & Ning, Y.C. (2003). Estimating of dietary copper requirements for juvenile
tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus ×O.aureus). Anim. Sci., 77, 287–292.
Shiau, S.Y. (1998) Nutrient requirements of penaeid shrimps. Aquaculture, 164, 77–93.
Shibata, S., Natori, Y., Nishihara, T., Tomisaka, K., Matsumoto, K., Sansawa, H. &
Nguyen, VC. (2003) Antioxidant and anticataract effects of Chlorella on rats with
streptozotocin induced diabetes. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 49, 334–339.
Shibata, S., Oda, K., Onodera-Masuoka, N., Matsubara, S., Kikuchi Hayakawa, H.,
Ishikawa, F., Iwabuchi, A. & Sansawa, H. (2001) Hypocholesterolemic effect of
indigestible fraction of Chlorella regularis in cholesterol fed rats. J. Nutr. Sci.
Vitaminol., 47, 373–377.
Shifrin, N.S. & Chisholm, S.W. (1981) Phytoplankton lipids: inter-specific differences
and effects of nitrate, silicate and light–dark cycles. J. Phycol., 17, 374–384.
Shulman, G.E. & Love, R.M. (1999). The biochemical ecology of marine fishes. Adv.
Mar. Biol. 36, pp. 351.
Sies, H. & Murphy, M.E. (1991) Role of tocopherols in the protection of biological
systems against oxidative damage. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol., 8, 211–224.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
235
Sies, H. (1985) Oxidative stress: introductory remarks. In: Sies, H. (Ed.), Oxidative
stress. Academic Press, London. pp. 1–8.
Simpore, J., Kabore, F., Zongo, F., Dansou, D., Bere, A. & Pignatelli, S. (2006) Nutrition
rehabilitation of under nourished children utilizing Spiruline and Misola. Nutr. J.,
5, 3–7.
Singh, A., Singh, S.P. & Bamazai, R. (1998) Perinata linfluence of Chlorella vulgaris on
hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme and lipis. Anticancer Res., 18, 1509–1514.
Singh, A., Singh, S.P. & Bamezai, R. (1999) Inhibitory potential of Chlorella vulgaris
(E-25) on mouse skin papillomagenesis and xenobiotic detoxication system.
Anticancer Res., 19, 1887–1892.
Sinha, A.K. (1972) Colorimetric assay of catalase. Analytical Biochemistry, 47, 389–394.
Sivakumar, N., Sundararaman, M. & Selvakumar, G. (2011) Efficacy of micro algae and
cyanobacteria as a live feed for juveniles of shrimp Penaeus monodon. African J.
Biotech., 10, 11594–11599.
Skinner, D.M. (1985) Molting and regeneration. In: Bliss, D.E., Mantel, L.H. (Eds.), The
Biology of Crustacea. Integument, Pigments and Hormonal Processes, Vol. 9.
Academic Press. Inc, New York. pp. 14–128.
Skjermo, J. & Vadstein, O. (1993) Characterization of the bacterial flora of mass
cultivated Brachionus plicatilis. Hydrobiologia, 255/256, 185–191.
Skjermo, J. & Vadstein, O. (1999) Techniques for microbial control in the intensive
rearing of marine larvae. Aquaculture, 177, 333–343.
Slim, C., Ahmed, F., Nabil, M., Heykel, T., Hafedh, M. & Youssef, G. (2007) Crab
digestive lipase acting at high temperature: purification and biochemical
characterization. Biochimie, 89, 1012–1018.
Smith, D.M., Dall, W. & Moore, L.E. (1992) The natural food of some Australian
penaeids. In: Allan, G.L., Dall, W. Eds., Proc. Aquaculture Nutrition Workshop.
NSW Fisheries, Salamander Bay, Australia, pp. 95–96.
Smith, T.I.J. & Hopkins, J.S. (1977) Apparatus for separating postlarval prawns,
Macrobrachium rosenbergii, from mixed larval populations. Aquaculture, 11, 273–8.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
236
Solorzano, L. (1969) Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenol
hypochlorite method. Limnol. Oceanogr., 14, 799–801.
Sorokin, C. & Krauss, R.W. (1958) The effect of light intensity on the growth rates of
green algae. Plant Physiol., 33, 109–113.
Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan, C., Duran, E. & Isambert, A. (2006) Commercial
applications of microalgae. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 101, 87–96.
Stahl, M.S. (2009) The role of natural productivity and applied feeds in the growth of
Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Proc. World Maricult. Soc., 10, 92–109.
Stechmiller, J.K., Langkamp-Henken, B., Childress, B., Herrlinger-Garcia, K.A.,
Hudgens, J. & Tian, L. (2005) Arginine supplementation does not enhance serum
nitric oxide levels in elderly nursing home residents with pressure ulcers.
Biological research for nursing, 6, 289–299.
Storebakken, T. & Austreng, E. (1987a) Ration level for salmonids Growth, survival,
body com-position, and feed conversion in Atlantic salmon fry and fingerlings.
Aquaculture, 60, 189-206.
Storebakken, T. & Austreng, E. (1987b) Ration level for salmonids. Growth, feed intake,
protein digestibility, body composition, and feed conversion in rainbow trout
weighing 0.5–1.0 kg. Aquaculture, 60, 207-221.
Stott, A.E., Takeuchi, T. & Koike, Y. (2004) Performance of a new artificial abalone
hatchery culture system in terms of settlement of larvae and growth and survival
of post-larvae Haliotis discuss (Reeve). Fish. Sci., 70, 1070–1081.
Stottrup, J. & McEvoy, L. (2003) Live Feeds in Marine Aquaculture, Wiley-Blackwell,
UK. pp. 336.
Stuck, K.C., Watts, S.A. & Wang, S.Y. (1996) Biochemical responses during starvation
and subsequent recovery in Postlarval Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei.
Mar. Biol., 125, 33–45.
Suarez, A., Ramirez-Tortosa, M., Gil, A. & Faus, M. (1999) Addition of vitamin-E to
long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid- enriched diets protects neonatal tissue
lipids against peroxidation in rats. Eur. J. Nutr., 38, 169–176.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
237
Sudaryono, A. (2006) Use of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal as a substitute for defatted
soybean meal in diets of juvenile black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). J. Coas.
Develop., 9, 145– 154.
Sudaryono, A., Hoxey, M.J., Kailis, S.G. & Evans, L.H. (1995) Investigation of
alternative protein sources in practical diets for juvenile shrimp, Penaeus
monodon. Aquaculture, 134, 313–323.
Sudaryono, A., Tsvetnenko, E., Hutabarat, J., Supriharyono, & Evans, L.H. (1999) Lupin
ingredients in shrimp (Penaeus monodon) diets: influence of lupin species and
types of meals. Aquaculture, 171, 121–133.
Suetsuna, K. & Chen, J.R. (2001) Identification of antihypertensive peptides from peptic
digest of two microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis. Mar.
Biotechnol., 3, 305–309.
Sugita, H., Kawaskai, J., Kumazarwa, J. & Deguchi, Y. (1996) Production of amylase by
the intertidal bacteria of Japanese coastal animals. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 23, 174–8.
Sugita, H., Okano, R., Suzuki, Y., Iwai, D., Mizukami, M., Akiyama, N. & Matsuura, S.
(2002) Antibacterial abilities of intestinal bacteria from larval and juvenile
Japanese flounder against fish pathogens. Fisheries Science, 68, 1004–1011.
Sukenik, A., Eshkol, R., Livne, A., Hadas, O., Rom, M., Techernov, D., Vardi, A. &
Kaplan, A. (2002) Inhibition of growth and photosynthesis of dinoflagellates,
Peridinum gatuneuse, by microcystis sp. (Cyanobacteria): a novel allelopathic
mechanism. Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 1656–1663.
Swamy, D.N. (1995) “Tranning Manual, Short-Term Cource in Biotechnological
Approaches In Prawns And Fish Nutrition And Fed Tecnology”, CIBA, Madras.
15th February to 7th March: pp. 82–88.
Swick, R. (2002) Soybean meal quality, assessing the characteristics of a major aquatic
feed ingredient. Advocate, 5, 46–49.
Tacon, A.G.J. & Akiyama, D.M. (1997) Feed Ingredients. In L.R. D’Abramo, D.E. Conklin,
& D.M. Akaiyama (Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA:
World Aquaculture Society, Louisiana State University. pp. 411–472.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
238
Tacon, A.G.J. & Barg, U.C. (1998) Major challenges to feed development for marine and
diadromous finfish and crustacean species. In: De Silva, S.S. (Ed.), Tropical
Mariculture. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 171–208.
Tacon, A.G.J. & Savas, I.C. (2000) Farm-made aqua feeds. Proceedings of the FAO/
AADCP Regional Expert Consultation on Farm-Made Aqua feeds, 14-18 December
1992, Bangkok, Thailand. FAO-RAPA/AADCP, Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 434.
Takeuchi, T., Lu, J., Yoshizaki, G. & Satoh, S. (2002) Effect on the growth and body
composition of juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed raw Spirulina. Fish.
Sci., 68, 34–40.
Tam, N.F.Y. & Wong, Y.S. (1996) Effect of ammonia concentrations on growth of Chlorella
vulgaris and nitrogen removal from media. Bioresource Technol., 57, 45–50.
Tan, C.K. & Johns, M.R. (1991) Fattyacid production by heterotrophic Chlorella
saccharophila. Hydrobiologia, 215, 13–19.
Tanaka, K., Yamada, A., Noda, K., Hasegawa, T., Okuda, K., Shoyama, Y. & Nomoto, K.
(1998) A novel glycoprotein obtained from Chlorella vulgaris strain CK22 shows anti
metastatic immune potentiation.Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 45, 313–320.
Tanaka, R., Ootsubo, M., Sawabe, T., Ezura, Y. & Tajima, K. (2004) Biodiversity and
in situ abundance of gut microflora of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)
determined by culture-independent techniques. Aquaculture, 241, 453–463.
Tapiero, H., Mathe, G., Couvreur, P. & Tew, K.D. (2002) Glutamine and glutamate.
Biomed. Pharmacother., 56, 446–457.
Tartiel, M.B. (2005) Physiological studies on some green algae. Ph.D., Thesis, Faculty of
Agriculture, Cairo University. Egypt.
Tartiel, M.B., Ibrahim, E.M. & Zeinhom, M.M. (2008) Partial Replacement Of Fish Meal
With Dried Microalga (Chlorella Spp AND Scenedesmus spp) in Nile Tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) Diets.8th International Symposium on Tilapia in
Aquaculture. Pp. 801–811.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
239
Tekinay, A.A. & Davies, S.J. (2001) Dietary carbohydrate level influencing feed intake,
nutrient utilisation and plasma glucose concentration in the rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss. Turkish J. Veter. Ani. Sci., 25, 657–666.
Teshima, S., Ishikawa, M. & Koshio, S. (1993) Recent developments in nutrition and
microparticulate diets of larval prawns. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture,
(Bamidgeh) 45, 175–184.
Thompson, A.B., McGill, A.S., Murray, J., Hardy, R. & Howgate, P.F. (1980) The
analysis of a range of non-volatile constituents of cooked haddock (Gadus
aeglefinus) and the influence of these on flavor. In J.J. Connell (Ed.), Advances in
Fish Science and Technology. Fishing Books, Farnham, Surrey. pp. 484.
Tocher, D.R., Mourente, G., Vander Eecken, A., Evjemo, J.O., Díaz, E., Bell, J.G.,
Geurden, I., Lavens, P. & Olsen, Y. (2002) Effects of dietary vitamin E on
antioxidant defence mechanisms of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.),
halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) and sea bream (Sparus aurata L.).
Aquacult. Nutr., 8, 195–207.
Tokusoglu, O. & Unal, M.K. (2001) Proceedings of the I. Algae Technology Symposium.
October 24-26. Ege Bilim Teknoloji Uygulama ve Aras ¸tírma Merkezi
(EBÍLTEM), Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
Tokusoglu, O. & Unal, M.K. (2003) Biomass Nutrient Profiles of Three Microalgae:
Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana. J. Food Science,
68, 1144–1148.
Tongsiri, S., Mang-Amphan, K. & Peerapornpisal, Y. (2010) Effect of Replacing
Fishmeal with Spirulina on Growth, Carcass Composition and Pigment of the
Mekong Giant Catfish. Asian J. Agricul. Sci., 2, 106–110.
Torres, J.J., Belman, B.W. & Childress, J.J. (1979) Oxygen consumption rates of midwater
fishes as a function of depth of occurrence. Deep Sea Res., 26A, 185–197.
Toyub, M. A., Uddina, M. Z., Miahb, M.I. & Habibb, M.A.B. (2011) Growth Performance
and Nutritional Analysis of Spirulina platensis in Different Concentrations of Papaya
Skin Powder Media. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res., 46, 333–338.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
240
Tsai, I.H., Chuang, K.L. & Chuang, J.L. (1986) Chymotrypsins in digestive tracts of crustacean
decapods (Shrimps). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 85, 235–240.
Tsuchida, T., Mashiko, K., Yamada, K., Hiratsuka, H., Shimada, T., Itagaki, Y., Fujinuma,
H., Samejima, K., Nakamura, T., Hasegawa, T. & Matsubayashi, T. (2003) Clinical
study of gamma-aminobutyricacid rich Chlorella for subjects with high-normal blood
pressure and mild hypertension. J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci., 56, 97–102.
Tsuzuki, M., Ohnuma, E., Sato, N., Takaku, T. & Kawaguchi, A. (1990) Effects of CO2
concentration during growth on fatty acid composition in microalgae. Plant
Physiol., 93, 851-856.
Turner, M.F. (1979) Nutrition of some micro-algae with special reference to vitamin
requirements and utilization of nitrogen and carbon sources. J. Marine
Biotechnol. Assoc., (United Kingdom), 159, 535–552.
Umesh, N.R., Dathatri, K., Nandeesha M.C., Gangadhara, B. & Varghese, T.J. (1994)
Digestibility of dry matter and protein from Spirulina platensis by common carp,
Cyprinus carpio, with a note on time of faeces collection in digestibility estimations.
In: Fish nutrition Research Asia, Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Fish Nutrition
Workshop (Ed. by S.S. De Silva), Asian Fisheries Society, Manilla, pp. 81–84.
Uno, Y. & Kwon, C.S. (1969) Larval development of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man)
reared in the laboratory. Journal of the Tokyo University of Fisheries, 55, 179–90.
Uslu, L.H., Isık, O., Sayın, S., Durmaz, Y., Goksan, T. & Gokpınar, S. (2009) The
Effect of Temperature on Protein and Amino Acid Composition of Spirulina
platensis. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 26, 139–142.
Vaikosen, S.E., Nwokoro, S.O. & Orheruata, A.M. (2007) Yield and chemical
composition of Chlorella species cultivated in pig, poultry and cow dungs in
Southern Nigeria. ASSET Series A, 7, 229–235.
Van Hove, C. & Lopez, Y. (1982) Fisiologia de Azolla. In: Workshop on the assessment
of Azolla use in tropical Latin America. Chicklayo: Peru.
Van Hove, C. & Lopez, Y. (1983) Fisiologia de Azolla.In: Boletin teenico, Universidad
Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Palmira.Volumen.1,
No.1.pp. 43-58.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
241
Van Hove, C. (1989) Azolla and its Multiple Uses, Emphasis on Africa. FAO, Rome, pp. 53.
Van Wormhoudt, A., Le Chevalier, P. & Sellos, D. (1992) Purification, biochemical
characterization and n-terminal sequence of a serine protease with chymotrypsic
and collagenolytic activities in a tropical shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea ;
Decapoda) Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 103B, 675–680.
Vasudhevan, I. & James, R. (2011) Effect of optimum Spirulina along with different
levels of vitamin C incorporated diets on growth, reproduction and coloration in
goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758). Indian J. Fish., 58, 101–106.
Vihervaara, T. & Puig, O. (2008) dFOXO regulates transcription of a Drosophila
acidlipase. J. Mol. Biol., 376, 1215–1223.
Vogt, G. (2002) Functional anatomy. In: Holdrich, I.D.M. (Ed.), Biology of Freshwater
Crayfish. Blackwell Science, pp. 87–100.
Vonk, H.J. (1960) Digestion and metabolism. In: Waterman, T.H. (Ed.), The physiology of
crustacea I: Metabolism and growth. Academic Press, New York, USA. pp. 291–316.
Vonshak, A. (1986) Laboratory techniques for the cultivation of microalgae, in Hand book of
Micro algal Mass Culture, ed. by Richmond A. CRC Press, California, pp.117–143.
Vonshak, A. (1997) Appendics: Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology cell-biology
and biotechnology. Taylor and Francis Ltd., London, pp. 214.
Wagner, G.M. (1997) Azolla: a review of its biology and utilization. Bot. Rev., 63, 1–26.
Walker J. A. & Harmon, D. L. (1996) Technical note: a simple, rapid assay for alpha-
amylase in bovine pancreatic juice. J. Anim. Sci., 74, 658–662.
Wang, W., Wang, A., Chen, L., Liu, Y. & Sun, R. (2002) Effects of pH on survival,
phosphorus concentration, adenylate energy charge and Na+, K+ ATPase activities
of Penaeus chinensis Osbeck juveniles. Aquat. Toxicol., 60, 75–83.
Wang, W.N., Wang, A.L., Lai Bao, Wang, J.P., Yuan, L. & Yong Sun, R. (2004) Changes of
protein-bound and free amino acids in the muscle of fresh water prawn
Macrobrachium nipponese in different salinities. Aquaculture, 231, 561–571.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
242
Wang, Y., Chang, C., Chou, J., Chen, H.L., Deng, X., Harvey, B.K., Caded, J.L. &
Bickford, P.C. (2005) Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or
Spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage. Exp. Neurol., 193, 75–84.
Watanabe, T. (1982) Lipid nutrition in fish.Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B 73, 3–15.
Watanabe, T. (1993) Importance of docosahexaenoic acid in marine larval fish. J. World
Aquacult. Soc., 24, 152–161.
Watanabe, T., Liao, W., Takeuchi, T. & Yamamoto, H. (1990) Effect of dietary Spirulina
supplement on growth performance and flesh lipids of cultured striped jack. J.
Tokyo Univ. Fish., 77, 231–239.
Watanabe, T., Ogino, C., Koshishi, Y. & Matsunga, T. (1974) Requirement of rainbow
trout for essential fatty acids. Bulletin of Japanese Society of Fisheries Science,
40, 493–499.
Weatherly, A.H. & Gill, H.S. (1987) The biology of fish growth. Academic Press,
London.
Webster, C.D., Tidwell, J.H., Goodgame, L.S., Yancey, D.H. & Mackey, L. (1992) Use of
soybean meal and distillers grains with soluable as partial or total replacement of fish
meal in diets for channel catfish, Ictaburus punctatus. Aquaculture, 106, 301–307.
Wilson, R.P. (2002) Amino acids and Protein. In: J.E. Halver and R.W. Hardy (Eds.),
Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego. CA, USA. pp. 143–179.
Wilson, R.P., Bowser, P.R. & Poe, W.E. (1984) Dietary vitamin-E requirement of
fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr., 114, 2053–2058.
Wilson, R.W. (1999) A novel role for the gut of seawater teleosts in acid base balance.
In: Taylor E.W., Raven, J.A. & Egginton, S. (Eds) Regulation of tissue pH in
plants and animals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Winberg, G.G. (1970) Energy flow in aquatic ecological system. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol.
17, 11–19.
Winkler, A. (1986) Effect of inorganic sea water constituents on branchial Na+, K+,
ATPase activity in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Mar. Biol., 92, 537–544.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
243
Winston, G.W. & Di Guilio, R.T. (1991) Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in
aquatic organisms. Aquat. Toxicol., 19, 137–161.
Witte, M.B. & Barbul, A. (2003) Arginine Physiology and its implication for wound
healing. Wound Repair Regen., 11, 419–423.
Wuenschel, M.J., Jugovich, A.R. & Hare, J.A. (2004) Effect of temperature and salinity
on the energetics of juvenile gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus): implications
for nursery habitat value. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 312, 333–347.
Xue, X.M., Anderson, A.J., Richardson, N.A., Anderson, A.J., Xue, G.P. & Mather, P.B.
(1999) Characterization of cellulose activity in the digestive system of the red
claw crayfish (Cherax quadricanatus). Aquaculture, 180, 373–386.
Yilmaz, H.K. (2012) The proximate composition and growth of Spirulina platensis
biomass (Arthrospira platensis) at different temperature. Journal of Animal and
Veterinary Advances, 11, 1135–1138.
Yilmaz, H.K., Ayas, D. & Yilmaz, H. (2010) The effects of different salinity ratios on
reproductive rates and proximate composition of Spirulina platensis in a helical
photobioreactor. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9, 2427–2431.
Ying, D., Ting-Ting, W., Yu-Feng, W., Xue-Jie, G. & Cai-Feng, Y. (2009) Activities of
digestive enzymes during embryonic development in the crayfish Procamabrus
clarkii (Decapoda). Aquac. Res., 40/41, 1–6.
Yusof, Y.A.M., Basari, J.M.H. & Mukti, N.A. (2011) Fatty acids composition of
microalgae Chlorella vulgaris can be modulated by varying carbon dioxide
concentration in outdoor culture. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 13536-
13542.
Zang, Z., Dai, X., Zhang, J. & Zhu, Z. (1995) Effects of Mg2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ /Ca2+
contents on survival rates of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae reared in mixed
water. Oceanologiaet Limnologia Sinica, 26, 552–557.
Zeinhom, M.M. (2004) Nutritional and physiological studies on fish. Ph.D., Thesis.
Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University. Egypt.
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
244
Zeng, H. & Combs Jr, G.F. (2008) Selenium as an anticancer nutrient: roles in cell
proliferation and tumor cell invasion. J. Nutr. Biochem., 19, 1–7.
Zhou, A., Xie, S., Lei, W., Zhu, X. & Yang, Y. (2005) A bioenergetic model to estimate feed
requirement of gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. Aquaculture, 248, 287–297.
Zimmermann. S., Leboute, E.M. & De Souza, S.M. (1994) Effects of two calcium levels
in diets and three calcium levels in the culture water on the growth of the
freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. World Aquaculture Society, Baton
Rouge, Louisiania. pp. 196.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.