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Index

Aboriginal, see First Nationsaccountability, xii, 3, 15–16, 62, 68,

88, 95, 98, 100, 105, 108–9,124–5, 164, 172, 178, 188,194–6, 202

activists, 1, 37, 60, 94, 100–8, 113–15,119–20, 128–9, 132–7, 138–144,155–6, 163, 184, 190, 223–5,227–8, 231–2

activism, see agencyAfrican National Congress, South

Africa (ANC), 26, 29, 30, 34, 35–7,39–41, 130, 134

agency, 4–5, 9–10, 17, 31, 66, 70, 81,87, 100, 108, 120, 152, 156,159, 226

and activism, 101–4, 107, 128–130,133, 135, 140–1, 171, 178,230–1

Agente Indígena de Saúde, Brazil (AIS),190, 192

Amazon Brazil, 8, 21, 183–95,241, 249

Angola, xi, 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, 19, 29, 61–71apartheid, 29–30, 32, 42, 104, 129,

131, 133–4and post-apartheid, 129, 130,

132–3, 249, 252armed groups, 1, 19, 221, 239

and militia, x–xi, 1–2, 8, 12, 19,72–89, 104

Association for Rural andEnvironmental Development,Angola (ADRA), 68–9

authorisation, 1–2, 40, 49–55, 58–9authoritarian, 10–11, 15, 67, 75

and dictatorship, 72, 179and despotic, 49

Bangladesh, xi, 2, 5–6, 8, 21, 67,161–79, 243, 249, 251

Bharatiya Janata Party, India (BJP), 55,59–60, 113–14, 248

Bhumiheen Samities, Bangladesh (BS),166–7, 170 174–7

bindingness, 200–2Brazil, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 21–2, 62, 67,

72–89, 179, 183–202, 236, 241–6,248–50

broker, 75, 132, 158honest broker, 8, 9, 18, 40

brokerage, 2, 4, 33, 75, 129, 131, 140,196, 208

bureaucracy, see civil service

Canada, xi, 6, 8, 22, 183, 203–18,234–6, 238, 244, 248–9

Cape Town, 8, 18, 20, 25–42, 128–45,245, 248, 251

capitalism, 95–7, 163and neo-liberalism, 2, 10, 13,

148–50, 163Central Employment Guarantee

Council, India (CEGC), 120–3Charminar, Hyderabad, India,

44–6Charminar Pedestrianisation Project,

India (CPP), 44, 46, 48–57Chatterjee, Partha, 12, 26, 31–2, 45,

49–53, 55, 61, 66, 71, 111, 131–3,145, 237

children, 31, 79–81, 83, 154, 171,216, 240

China, xi, 2, 6, 13, 22, 219–33, 235,237–8, 240–2, 245, 249–52

Christian, 29, 59–60, 100,104–5, 107

civil serviceand bureaucracy, 2, 49, 108, 150,

155–6, 159, 186, 194, 196, 198and government agencies, 187–8,

190, 195

254

Index 255

Civil society organisations (CSO), 6–8,16, 21, 41, 65, 68, 70, 73, 133–4,144, 147, 157

global civil society movements,101–2, 168, 219–33, 239–40

citizen, practically every pagecitizenship

as political agency 5, 8–22, 45–6,49–50, 52, 55, 59, 63, 67–70, 94,137–41, 146–60, 162–75,203–17, 249

clientelist, 53, 96, 132consumer, 13fragmented, 12, 21–22, 65, 73,

78–89, 184–202horizontal, 3, 15, 58, 67, 87–88,

130, 164, 247as insurgency, 31–3health, 19–20, 128–31participatory 72, 175vertical, 3, 16

citizen rights, see rightsclaims and claim-making, 2, 13,

19–20, 25, 29- 31, 34–5, 38–40,45–6, 50–1, 58–9, 63, 66–8, 70–1,73, 75, 80–3, 88, 103, 107, 110,124, 152, 156, 161–5, 168, 172,174–5, 177–8, 188–9, 191, 193,196, 204–9, 211, 214–15, 219–23,225–6, 228–9, 231–3, 238,249, 251

clientelism, xi, 5, 49, 59, 75, 81, 96–7,133, 240

coercion, xi, 5, 8, 76, 81colonial, 4, 10–11, 13, 56, 99, 150,

199, 201, 221, 227, 244, 250and post-colonial, 9, 12–13, 18, 32,

49, 51, 99, 199, 237, 129community-based, 1, 7, 21, 25, 35, 67,

76–9, 81, 101, 106, 108, 128,130–1, 145, 150

Community Development Worker(CDW), 29, 34–5

Congress of South African Students(COSAS), 139

Conselhos Distritais de SaúdeIndígena (CONDISI), 186–7,189–92, 194

Conselhos Locais de Saúde Indígena(CLSI), 186, 196–7

constitution, 69Bangladesh, 168–70Brazil, 72, 183First Nations and Canada, 203–7,

210–13, 215, 218India, 158South Africa, 129–30, 132, 134Uyghur and China, 227

Council for Yukon Indians (CYI), 22,203–17

Council of Yukon First Nations(CYFN), 203–18, 240, 242,244, 250

courts, 20, 54, 56, 162, 206

decentralisation, 26, 61–2, 64–5, 70,106, 148–50, 164, 183, 214, 222,229, 239, 241

Delhi, 2, 146, 148, 151–4, 156, 236–7,239, 241–3, 246–50

democracy, 15, 45, 93, 146, 161, 172,179, 235–50

constitutional, 20, 49, 67, 226deepening, 3, 5–6, 9–12, 16–17,

57–8, 147–8deficit, 21, 50, 61, 202democratisation, 3, 9–12, 58, 73liberal, 12, 14–16, 46, 49, 59, 61–2,

112, 130, 133, 157, 198outcomes, 9, 55, 174–7participatory and deliberative, 61–2,

67, 72–3, 159sectarian, 93–9weak, 18, 43, 46, 49, 56–7, 59, 61–3,

70, 93–9Democratic Alliance (DA), 30–1, 34–7,

39–40Despot, see authoritariandevelopment, 21, 29, 31, 36, 39–40,

50, 62, 64–5, 68–9, 146, 148,151–2, 159, 161, 173, 176, 209,221, 236, 238–9, 242–4, 246–7,249–52

and developmental state, 27, 37, 49,118, 132–4, 163, 184

dictator, see authoritarian

256 Index

disabilities, 8, 19, 93–109, 126, 133,239, 249, 251

Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígenas(DSEI), 186–8, 192, 194, 195

donor, 27, 30–1, 40, 69, 103, 161–2,167, 177–8, 243, 249

double-dealing, see legitimacydrug trafficking and gangs, 2, 12,

73–77, 81–3, 86–7, 236, 239

education, 5, 8, 31, 52, 56, 63, 65–6,68–9, 82, 87, 89, 102, 128–45,146, 152, 154–7, 162, 169, 174,176, 190, 206, 214, 235, 240

elections, 2–3, 14–15, 25, 29–30, 32,34, 36, 39, 53–5, 64, 68, 70, 77,79, 102, 104, 114, 138, 161,166–7, 169–70, 173, 175–6, 183,190, 194–6, 202, 209, 211, 213,215, 225, 234

employment, 4, 75, 95, 97, 102,110–27, 137, 149, 155, 177, 238,242, 246, 251

empowerment, xi, 8–9, 18, 21, 46,62–3, 67–8, 70, 133, 144, 147,152, 156–7, 205, 214

Equal Education (EE), 5, 20, 128–45exclusion, see inclusion

favelas, xi, 8, 12, 19, 72–89, 237Federation of Indigenous Peoples’

Organisations of the Rio Negro(FOIRN), 188, 194–5

First Nations, 8, 12, 21–2, 203–17Aboriginal, 204–17indigenous groups, 6, 12, 21–2,

183–202, 219–33Fundação Nac de Saúde (FUNASA),

190–2, 194, 238Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI),

190–1, 199

Gandhi, Sonja, 114–16, 119,124, 239

Gaventa, John, xii, 9, 13, 15, 17, 61,67, 70, 76, 111, 174, 236, 238, 240

gender, 5, 145, 170, 173, 195, 211, 219

gender politics, 5, 126, 142, 158, 166,169, 191, 206, 214, 235,245–6, 250

and women, 2, 8, 11, 21, 60, 68, 94,97, 103. 117, 126, 127, 146–60,162–77, 189, 191, 202, 235, 246

globalisation, xii, 1, 10–13, 48, 57, 69,170, 178, 240, 242, 247–9

global south, x–xi, 1–22, 39–40, 61–2,66–7, 93–6, 131

Greater Hyderabad MunicipalCorporation (GHMC), 44–5,51–2, 54

health councils, 3, 21–2, 72, 186,189–90, 195–6

health issues, 2, 12, 53, 61, 63, 68,128–9, 152, 154–5, 169, 174, 176,184–203, 206, 249

HIV/AIDS, 128–9Heller, Patrick, 5, 17, 45–6, 49–51, 54,

55, 57, 59, 236, 241housing, 8, 27, 29–37, 44, 48, 57,

83, 154Human Immunodeficiency

Virus/AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome(HIV/AIDS), 128–129

Hyderabad, 9, 10, 18, 43–60, 235,237, 246

identity, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 27, 37, 41, 46,88, 96, 157, 166, 167, 183, 200

indigenous identity, 188, 196, 205,209, 214

minority identity, 2, 47, 60, 183,184, 220–9

and race, 27, 37, 41indigenous peoples, see First Nationsimplementation, see policyinclusion, 5, 6, 15, 44, 62, 89, 100,

103, 105, 110, 123, 126, 149, 173,178, 184, 214, 220, 233 239–40

and exclusion, 2, 5, 14, 61–3, 77–8,81, 95, 97, 110, 126, 150, 162,169, 240, 242, 244

India, xi, 4, 6, 8, 10, 18, 20–21, 43–60,62, 67, 110–27, 131–2, 146–160,235, 236, 238, 241–8

Index 257

and Indians (Yukon), 203–18Indian National Congress (INC),

113–15, 124–7, 242intermediaries, x-xi, 1, 4–5, 7, 9, 14,

20, 71, 80–1, 87, 99, 112, 115–16,204–5, see also mediators

international, 1, 6, 13, 21–2, 45, 69,120, 130, 142–3, 144, 161, 163,167, 171, 178, 184, 201, 216–17,219–33

transnational, 22, 183, 219–33International Labour Organization

(ILO), 120, 242international politics, 21, 238

Johannesburg, 37, 136, 198, 236, 245,249–50

land, 8, 11, 21, 30, 47, 57, 149,161–79, 183, 189, 204–18,224, 234

landless, 161–79and mineral rights, 204, 211, 220

Latin America, 3, 15, 32, 89, 236,241–5, 250

law, 10–12, 14, 18, 45–6, 49–50, 52,56, 58–9, 73, 102–3, 107, 110–27,131, 135, 140, 142, 164, 169, 204,213, 217, 227, 230, 244, 249

leaders, see mediatorsLebanon, xi, 6, 8, 19, 93–109, 235,

238, 239, 242–4, 248–51legitimacy, 2, 11–12, 22, 32, 38–40,

49, 57, 63–4, 66, 77, 81, 88, 115,121–2, 129, 132, 158, 173, 188,191–3, 196–202, 219, 226–7,230–3, 236, 247

and double-dealing, 9, 13, 18, 22,27, 33, 37–8, 40, 185, 197–9,202, 205, 220

local government, see municipality

Mahatma Gandhi National RuralEmployment Guarantee Act, India2008 (MGNREGA), 4, 20, 110–27

Majlis-e-Ittehadul-Muslimeen (MIM),52–5, 59

Mamdani, Mahmood, 10, 244

marginalised groups, xi, 2–3, 5–6,8–11, 14, 16, 17–20, 26, 32, 37,41, 45, 61–71, 82, 93–109, 110,112–13, 125, 150, 157–8, 162,164, 177, 184, 198, 200, 204, 222,227, 231, 242, 245–8

mediation modeadvocacy, 110–27, 128–46, 183–201,

203–17, 219–33coercive, 72–91clientelistic, 25–41, 43–60, 93–109empowerment, 61–70, 146–59

mediation outcomes, xi, 5–7, 9–11,16, 19–20, 45, 50, 62–3, 67–70,110–13, 121, 125–7, 144, 151–6,160, 174–7, 185, 200–4, 216–17,226, 231

mediator goals, 8, 16, 20, 59, 157, 172,209, 220

diplomats, xi, 8, 11, 21–2, 93–109,183–95, 203–17, 219–33

educators, 61–70, 128–44, 146–60,161–81

captors, 25–41, 72–91mediators, xi, xii, 1–22, 27, 37, 40, 46,

67–8, 72, 74–6, 78, 80–1, 83,87–89, 98, 100, 110–12, 114,119–26, 129–30, 155, 159, 162,164–5, 178, 184–6, 189, 191,193–201, 204, 210, 215–17, 223,226, 230–1

formal versus informal, x, 1–2, 4–5,7, 11, 14, 25–42, 51, 57–8, 61,75–77, 81, 86, 95–6, 99, 101,107–8, 110–11, 114, 118–22,123–5, 152, 155–8, 168–73,177–9, 185, 189, 198, 202,241, 247

leaders, 1–2, 8, 10, 15–18, 25–42,44–5, 53–4, 60, 69, 76, 78, 80–2,87, 98, 114–17, 119, 122–4,128–30, 133–5, 138, 142–3, 147,152, 155–8, 162–3, 167, 169–71,176–7, 189, 191–2, 196–201,204–14, 218, 220–1, 225,227–34, 236, 247, 250, 252

Member of the Legislative Assembly(MLA), 53–4

micro-finance, 174, 243

258 Index

Middle East and North Africa region(MENA), 94

migration, 163, 221, 224militia, see armed groupsMinistry of Rural Development, India

(MORD), 115–16, 118, 120–1,123, 124, 246, 248

Ministry of Social Affairs, Lebanon(MSA), 99, 104–6

minority groups, see identitymobilisation, 10, 16–17, 19, 21–2, 33,

41, 67–70, 76, 78–82, 87, 117,124, 126, 128–34, 137, 142, 151,156–7, 159, 162, 164–5, 172, 174,177, 184–8, 190–2, 206, 219–33,244–7, 250–1

municipality, 18, 30, 35–7, 43–59, 61,64–5, 69, 78, 80, 86, 146, 187,192–9, 212

local government, xii, 18, 25–6, 35,37, 62–70, 148–59, 162–3, 168,172–6, 236, 240, 251

local officials, 44–6, 50–1, 53–59, 69,103, 106, 115–18, 121, 124,136, 139, 143, 148, 153–9,168, 173

Muslim, 47–8, 52–3, 59–60, 219–29,237, 240, 247, 250

National Advisory Council, India(NAC), 115–19, 122–4, 127, 246

National Association for the Rights ofthe Disabled, Lebanon (NARD),98, 103, 246

National Common MinimumProgramme, India (NCMP), 115,118, 124, 127

National Council for Disabled Peoples,Lebanon (NCDP), 100, 104–6

neo-liberal, see capitalismnetworks, 1, 4–5, 7–8, 35, 39, 41,

65–7, 69–70, 96, 99, 103, 107–9,123, 126, 133–4, 141–4, 154–5,162, 167, 172, 177, 226–33,236–7, 243–5

Non-governmental organisations(NGOs), 65, 130, 146, 161, 220

Nucleo Representativo das Associacoesdo Dombe Grande, Angola(NRA), 69

opposition, 18, 34–5, 40, 53, 60, 64,68, 102, 114, 116, 122, 150, 198,225, 227,237, 239, 246

oppression, xii, 50, 179, 233, 240

parliament, 53, 103, 112–13, 116–19,121–2, 124, 126–7, 140, 148, 151,200–2, 210, 229, 236, 241

participation, x-xii, 9, 11–12, 15–16,19–20, 31–2, 35, 45, 49–50, 54–5,58–9, 61, 68–71, 78–89, 97,110–11, 117, 123–4, 126, 138–40,149–51, 156, 159, 161, 165–6,171–9, 184, 192, 199–202, 209,217, 225, 228, 236, 238–40,242–50

and participatory institutions, 3, 5,14, 16–17, 20, 26, 61–3, 67,72–3, 147–8, 184, 185–8

People’s Action for EmploymentGuarantee, India (PAEG),117–23, 247

Peoples’ Union for Civil Liberties,India (PUCL), 113, 127

policy, 3, 6, 12–13, 31, 50, 61–2, 66,73, 86, 87, 100, 102, 105–6, 109,135–6, 146, 155–7, 159, 165,171–3, 178, 190–4, 206, 213,216–17, 221, 229, 230, 232

and social policy, 20, 94, 99, 110–27political society, 7, 12, 19–20, 32, 45,

49–53, 58, 66–7, 71, 104, 109,131–3

political parties, 10, 14, 18, 26–41,44–6, 52, 54, 60–4, 70, 74–8,114–19, 121–4, 163, 186

populism, 27, 31–33, 38, 40post-apartheid, see apartheidpost-colonial, see colonialpoverty, x, 12, 29, 54, 57, 61–4, 77,

94–6, 146, 150, 161, 163–4and the urban poor, 2, 12–13, 26,

35, 50, 126Prime Minister’s Office, India (PMO),

115, 118, 127, 246, 248

Index 259

protest, see unruly politicsPublic Distribution System, India

(PDS), 146, 148, 151, 153–6, 158public interest litigation, India

(PIL), 113

race, see identityRapid Action Battalion, Bangladesh

(RAP), 171representation, x, 2–22, 25–6, 35–40,

46, 59, 61–3, 67, 71, 87, 93, 101,105, 108, 112, 164, 177–8, 183,185, 188–9, 196, 198–201, 204,209, 213, 215, 226, 233–4, 237,241–2, 244–5, 247, 249

and ‘speaking for’, xi, xii, 3–4, 6–7,17, 223, 244

Rights and Access Program, Lebanon(RA), 100, 104–7

rights, practically every pagehealth rights, 183–202to information, 21, 51, 146–58, 164,

169, 197, 236, 242, 250land rights, 175, 210, 216women’s rights, 146–60, 175to work, 20, 113

Right to Food, India (RTF), 113–14,121–2

Right to Information Act 2005, India(RTI), 21, 51, 146–8, 151–9

Rio, xi, 8, 12, 19, 72–89, 236, 237,239, 241, 244, 247, 248, 250, 251

Rio Negro, 188, 192, 194

sanitation, 32, 55, 64, 128–9Sao Paulo, 3, 192security, 2, 57, 63, 75–89, 97, 149,

157, 234, 236, 241and violence, 19, 32–3, 36, 56–7, 60,

65, 73–89, 137, 142, 149, 153,166, 169, 175–7, 183, 219,222–3, 226, 239, 243–4, 251

self-government, 8, 12, 183, 203–28,222, 233, 235–6, 238, 242–6

Sistema Único de Saúde, Brazil (SUS),185–6

slums, 12–13, 156–7Social Justice Coalition, South Africa

(SJC), 128–9, 143

social movements, x, 1–2, 5–8, 20, 35,37–8, 67, 114, 128–31, 150,183–4, 186, 188, 195, 239, 246,248–9, 252

social policy, see policysocial security, 97, 149, 152, 155South Africa, xi, 5–6, 8, 18, 20, 25–42,

67, 128–45, 235–6, 240–2, 245–52South African National Civic

Organisation (SANCO), 18, 25–42,247, 252

sovereignty, 12, 21, 50, 56, 200state and administration, 55, 68, 94,

147, 172–3, 195and bureaucracy, 2, 49, 108, 150,

155–6, 159, 186, 194, 196state-society relations, x, 1–9, 16,

19–20, 22, 63–7, 70–1, 73, 110–2,122, 213, 220, 231, 245

town planning, 30, 43–53, 63, 212,247–8, 252

trade unions, 1, 2, 20, 26, 117, 122,124, 133, 163–4, 167–8, 171, 178

tradition, 46, 103, 189, 192–4,212, 214

and traditional rule, 2, 8, 10, 64,191, 213

transnational, see internationalpolitics

transparency, 89, 127, 153–4, 178, 197Treatment Action Campaign, South

Africa (TAC), 128–9, 134–5,139, 143

UNI-AC Brazil, 187–8Union Parishad, Bangladesh (UP), 169,

173–6União Nacional para a Independência

Total de Angola (UNITA), 64United Nations (UN), 101, 225, 227–8,

230, 234–5, 242United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP), 64, 120, 251United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization(UNESCO), 44

United Progressive Alliance India(UPA), 115, 119, 125, 127

260 Index

University of the Western Cape(UWC), 138, 144

unruly politics, 45, 54–55, 58, 184,197, 199

and protests, 20, 26, 29–34, 60, 65,134, 136, 139, 167, 169, 174–7,194, 235, 239, 242, 252

urban, 8, 13, 18, 27, 30, 35–6, 39–40,48, 50, 53, 56–7, 60, 63–7, 73, 89,102, 137, 151, 163, 189–90, 200,208, 212, 221

urban poor, see povertyUyghur, 8, 13, 22, 219–33, 237, 240–1,

243, 249, 250, 252

violence, see securityvoters, 25, 49, 81

and voting, 53, 78, 161, 169, 175Vulnerable Group Development

Bangladesh (VGD), 176

Vulnerable Group Feeding Bangladesh(VGF), 176

war, 63–5, 73–4, 93–4, 97–104, 107–8,161, 163, 188, 196–7, 199, 200,227, 237, 244

ward committees/forums, 36, 38, 39water, 21, 32, 44, 64–5, 68, 137, 146,

154–5, 163, 169–70, 175, 179women, see genderwork, see employmentWorld Bank, 64, 94, 103, 120, 161,

251–2

Yukon, xi, 6, 8, 12, 22, 183, 203–18,237–8, 240, 242–5

Zimbabwe, 15, 29