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Bibliography
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Index
Abadan-Unat, N. 149, 225 Abdel-Fadil, M. 119-20, 225 Abdel-.Khalek, G. 140, 225 Abdulhamid, Sultan, 192, 201 Abduh, Muhammad (1849-1905) 76,
77, 80, 109 Abrams, P. 10, 32, 225 Ahmad, F. 92, 205, 225 Ali, Muhammad 11, 57, 66, 67, 68, 73,
75, 171 collapse of system 64-5 education policies 59-60, 62-3 European powers and 64 policies on military 62 state formation 60 trade and industrial policy 61-2, 64
Alexandra College (Egypt) 86, 87 Al-Azhar 24, 47, 58, 63, 76, 80, 81, 118,
171, 180 Al-Afghani, Jamal al-din 76 Al-Banna, Sheikh Hassan 110 Al-Ghazali 29 Al-Jarida 84, 85 Al-Liwa 83 Al-Tahtawi, Sheikh Rifaa 75 Altbach, P. 169, 225 Ambrose, S. E. 103, 225 Amin, Ahmad 109 Amin, Samir 106, 225 Ammar, H. 113, 225 Anderson, P. 9, 42, 45, 225 Arabi, Colonel 77 Aral, s. 151, 198, 225 Aralov (Russian Ambassador) 92 Aristotle 33 Armenians 49, 64, 90, 192 Ashby, E. 163, 164, 225 Atatilrk (Mustafa Kemal) 3, 8, 9, 11,
12, 91-104, 191, 192, 193, 207, 208, 210, 212, 218, 219
death of 102 education and 159, 192 Kemalism 12, 90-2, 146, 160 War of Independence 88, 90
Atiyah, E. 87, 226 Ayta~, K 100, 233 Ayubi, N. 184, 226
Bacon, Francis 39 Baer, G. 61, 66, 74, 85, 226 Balemir, W. 153, 226, 231 Ball, S. 219, 226 Baltacioglu, H. 93 Barnes, B. 55, 232 Ba~goz, I. L. 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 104,
159,226 Battuta, Ibn 23 Beck, L. 136, 178, 226 Bernier, Dr 45 Berque, J. 107, 112, 226 Bilge, N., Prof. 212 Birks, J. S. 134, 175, 226 Bowen, H. 8, 25, 47, 55, 227 Bowen, J. 44, 53, 226 Boyle, Robert 40, 41 Brahe, Tycho 40 Brandt, W. 218, 219, 226 Braude!, F. 37, 38, 226 Britain
Attlee Government 114 Colonial administration 71-2 education in 53, 55, 56, 71, 163 English Civil War 44 France and 52, 58 imperialism 70, 78 industrial revolution 51, 54, 65 Liberal Party 68, 70 Mandate in Palestine 114 Muhammad Ali and 65 occupation of Egypt 68, 72, 75,
77-83 policies in Egypt 105, 106, 172 Protectorate in Egypt 85 public schools in 71 research and development in 163 science in 164 Toryism 70
Bronowski, J. 40, 226 Brown, D. 139, 226 Buyse, Omar 94
Cachia, P. 76, 226 Caliphate 21, 68
abolition of 91, 93, 105
235
236 Index
capitalist society 18, 32 development of 37, 44, 45, 218 economic ethics 36
Egypt
education in 38, 55-6, 71, 220-1 imperialism and 69, 70 industrial revolution in 39, 51 labour movement in 221 state forms and 42 world economy and 51, 67
Carnot, N. L. 54 Christianity 27, 33, 161 class divisions 51
class conflict 52 education and 52-3, 55-6, 71 labour aristocracy 55 middle class 70 ruling class 70, 71 social mobility 67, 70 working classes 55, 69, 70
Cleland, Wendell 112 Clot, Dr 62 comparison 6
logic of 6, 11, 15 Comte, A 91, 108, 192 Collins, R. 147, 226 Copernicus 40 Cowen, Joseph (MP) 78, 226 Crimean War 73 Cromer, Lord (Evelyn Baring) 78-82,
226
Darwin, C. 54 Dervis, K 147, 148, 226 dependency 4,8,9, 17
aid and 218-19 dependent societies 5, 7 of Egypt 65-6, 105-6, 118, 122 science and technology and 166,
186,188,200,201,202 of Turkey 90, 197
Dessouki, A E. H. 116, 227 devshirme system 20, 28, 48 Dewey, John 94, 98 Dogramaci, I., Prof. 211, 212, 213 Durkheim, E. 91, 159, 192
education development and 1, 2, 10 England, in 44-5 Europe, in 31, 52-3, 220 feudal society, in 18 models of development and 15 modernisation and 7 politics and 10, 158, 162
ASFEC (the Regional Centre for Functional Literacy in Rural Areas) 129
Arab revolt 77 Arab socialist union 179, 223 Dar al-Ulum 75 demand for education in 5, 66, 106,
113, 127, 129-32, 175-6 Diwan al-Madaris 62, 75 education 14, 61-3, 79-83, 107,
118-20, 124 foreign schools 74, 75, 80 French influence 74 higher education 126, 171-88 Higher Institutes 173, 182 Islamic opposition 117, 180, 222 (see
also Muslim Brotherhood) labour market 5, 133, 185 labour migration 4, 120, 133, 134,
183, 223 labour unions 112, 129 literacy 119, 128-9, 132, 223 Liberal Constitutionalist Party 108 Mamluk rule 21, 26, 57, 58, 60 Ministry of Education 123, 124, 126,
128, 136, 139, 182, 183 military in 111, 115-6, 117, 121,
172-3 Ministry of Reconstruction 136 modernisation 4, 20, 59-60, 115 Napoleon's invasion 35, 57, 58-9 nationalism 3, 66, 76, 79 National Centre for Educational
Research 130 National Council for Education
Research (NCFER) 123, 138 National Council for Education,
Scientific Research and Technology 124
National Party 77 peasants 74, 84-5, 107, 112-113 People's Party (Hizbah al-Umma) 84 population in 12-13, 125-6, 135 professional schools 170 revolution in 82, 86, 115, 123 School of Law 80, 83, 171 science and technology 171, 185-8 Second World War 113-114 social structure 11, 12, 60-1, 66-7,
108, 115-16 students in 107, 108, 113, 114, 126,
133, 172, 175, 179, 183, 222 teachers 126
Index 237
Egypt contd. technical education in 110, 119,
124, 127, 136-9 trade policy 74, 112, 134 Wafd 86, 106, 108, 109, 112 women in 134-5, 178 Young Egypt 109
El-Din El-Shayyal 58, 227 Erez, S., Prof. 210 Europe
bourgeois society in 9, 32, 44-5 capitalism in 8, 35-45, 51 education in 31, 55-56 feudalism 18, 27, 33, 34 science in 8, 37, 40-2, 53-4 state in 2, 42, 44 towns in 32 trade in 32 universities in 10, 33
European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) 165
Faksh, Mahmud 118, 121, 172, 173, 227
Fazil Pasa, Mustapha 72 First World War 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 105
Egyptian Labour Corps 85 Gallipoli campaign 85 Versailles Peace Conference 85
Fischer, M. J. 180, 181, 227 Fischer, W. 43, 44, 227 Fisek, S. 156, 227 Flinn, M. W. 45, 227 Fotos, E. 193, 194, 227 France
aid to Egypt 62, 73, 187 Academy of Sciences 10. 43 Commission des Science et des
Arts 58-9 education in 53, 164 invasion of Egypt 57, 58-9 research and development in 163 revolution in 44, 52, 53, 56, 75 Turkey and 196
Foster, P. 137, 227 Frey, F. W. 191, 192, 193, 227 Friere, P. 129, 227
Galileo Galilei 40, 41 Galip, Resit 98 Galtung, J. 129, 169-70, 227 Garrett, R. M. 219, 227 Gellner, E. 21, 24, 25, 227
Gerschenkron, A 2, 227 Germany
education in 53 Egypt and 187 Ottoman government and 85 Technische Hochschulen 164 Turkey, and 102, 193, 196 Turkish workers in 94, 223
Gerth, H. 220, 221, 227 Gibb, H. A R. 8, 21, 25, 47, 227, 228 Gilsenan, M. Ill, 116, 228 Gladstone, W. E. 68, 70 Gokalp, Ziya 91, 159, 192-3 Grand Vizier Damad Ibrahim Pasha
50 Greece
Greeks 49, 64, 90, 192 Greeks in Egypt 75 independence movement 65, 84 invasion of Turkey 89 Ottoman expansion in 31 transfer of population 90
Haikal, Husain 107, 108 Haim, S. G. 232 Hale, W. 144, 148, 149, 157, 158, 199,
228 Hall, B. L. 169, 228 Hampson, N. 41, 228 Hansen, B. 138, 183, 185, 228 Harb, Talat 107 Hay, D. 34, 228 Haykal, Muhammad 85 Herman, R. 163, 228 Heyworth-Dunne, J. 59, 62, 63, 64, 75,
76,228 higher education
Britain in 163-4 Egypt in 171-88 France in 164 Germany in 164 political violence and 203, 206-7 social class and 168 Third World and 168, 170 Turkey,in 189-216 see also universities
Hikmet, Nazim 160 Hill, Christopher 39, 228 Hobbes, T. 44 Hobsbawm, E. J. 51, 54, 70, 228 Holmes, G. 31, 228 Holt, P.M. 57, 227, 228 Hooker, Mr 86 Hopkins, N. 134, 228
238 Index
Hopwood, D. 121, 228 Howard-Merriam, K 119, 135, 178,
228 Huizinga, J. 34, 228 Humboldt, Wilhelm 44 Husayn, Taha 107, 109, 110, 228 Hussein, M. 121, 228 Hyde, G., 123, 125, 180, 186, 228
Ibrahim, Saad 116, 117, 175, 176, 177, 181, 228
imperialism 67, 68-72, 74 Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 68 Brita in, in 71 Egypt and 74 Germany and 69 liberal imperialism 78 Russia, in 69 United States, and 69
Inalcik, H. 72, 79, 90 India 72, 79, 90
Cape route to 49, 58, 65 Inonu, Ismet 102; 211 International Atomic Energy Authority
165 International Labour Office 138 Islam 1, 11, 15, 104, 115
al-Azhar 24, 47, 58, 63, 76, 80, 81, 118, 171, 180
economic basis for 21 education in 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 131,
132 Empire in 22 Folk traditions 24, 91, 155 Islamic society 25 Koran 22, 23, 24, 48, 110, 132, 155 lru«abs 23,26,45,60,63, 75,82 law 21, 25, 27 madrasas 10, 26, 29, 47, 59, 93, 191,
192 maktabs 26, 29, 63 Muhammad, Prophet 20, 22, 23 Muslim Brotherhood 109, 110, 121,
180 Pan Islamism 84 revival in 178, 180-l, 222 saints 25 science in 47 scholarship in 19, 46-48 TUrkey 155,206-7,222 women and 135, 178 see also Sufism
Italy 40 commercial cities, in 31 Egyptian student missions 62 science, in 40
Jansen, G. H. 181, 229 Japan 2,4,205 Jews 49,64,90,192 Johnson, R 55, 229 Joint Egyptian-American Team 128,
130,133,134,139,229
Kamil, Mustapha 83, 84 Kandiyoti, D. 152, 229 Karpat, K 46, 98, 103, 148, 156, 204,
206,229 Kazamias, AM. 28, 96, 103, 148, 149,
157, 198, 229 Kazancigil, A 92, 229 Keddie, N. R 24, 136, 178, 26, 227, 229 Kedourie, E. 232 Kemal, Namik 72 Kemerrer, W. 94 Kennedy, Bernard 210, 213 Kepler, Johannes 40 Kerr, M. 179, 183, 229 Keyder, C. 92, 96, 101, 103, 193, 204,
229 Khedive Abbas (1849-54) 75 Khedive Ismail (1863-79) 73, 77 Khedive Said (1854-63) 75 Khedive Tewfik 77 Kingsford, Mr 86, 87, 229 Korayem, K 120, 229 Korean War 102, 103, 196,204 Kucuk, Yalcin 210 Kuhne, Dr 94 Kumar, K 166-7,229
Lane, E. W. 59, 63,229 Lapidus, I. 21, 24, 229 League of Nations 88 Lepanto, Battle of 49 Levy, R 47, 229 Lewis, B. 46, 49, 50, 52, 56, 93, 102,
103,200,229 Lias, C. R (Alexandra College) 86,
229 Libya 134 Lichtheirn, G. 69, 229 Locke, John 41-2, 44 Lundgreen, P. 43, 44,227, 229 Lutfi a1-Sayyid, Ahmad 84, 107, 108,
230 Lutfi a1-Sayyid, Marsot 58, 61, 65, 84,
108, Ill, 230 Luther, Martin 40
Magnarella, P. J. 100, 155, 230 Mahfuz, Naguib 114
Index 239
Makal, Mahmut 100,230 Malthus, T. 54 Mahmud, Sultan 57 Mardin, S. 10, 27, 29, 73, 91, 148, 151,
159-60,191,192,204,205,206,230 Marlowe, J. 79, 230 Marx, Karl 9, 15, 37, 219 Mazlish, B. 40, 226 Mehmed, Bey 72 Mehmet, 0. 156, 197, 203, 230 Merton, R K 41, 164, 166, 230 Messiha, S. A 135, 230 Middle East
change in 16 dependency 17, 46 education demand in 222 geo-politics 114, 116 international division of labour 136 Islamic revival in 178, 180-1, 222 science and technology 186 the west and 51-2
Mills, C. Wright 221, 227 Milner, Lord 82-3
Commission of Enquiry 86, 230 Moore, Barrington 44,230 Moore, C. H. 177, 178, 230 Morris, J. 71, 230 Mubarak Ali Pasha 75 Mubarak, H., President 8, 122, 135,
140,222
Napoleon 35, 44, 50, 53 invasion of Egypt 57, 58-9
Nasser (Colonel) President 8, 11, 15, 85, 111, 116, 117, 133, 177, 179, 180, 218, 219, 225
coup d'etat 1952 106, 113, 115 death of 121 higher education and 172-3 ideology and 116-17, 178, 181
Nasuhoglu, Rauf, Dr 211 nationalism
Arab 87, 105, 114, 140 Armenian 159 Egypt 3, 66, 76, 79-80, 83-8, 115, 118 Kurdish 159, 161 nationalist movements 3, 65 nation state 3, 8 Turkey, in 68, 159, 194
Nef, J. U. 39, 230 Nelson, Lord 58 Newton, Sir Isaac 40, 41 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
(NATO) 102, 195
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 157, 165, 194, 195
Mediterranean Regional Project 157
_Turkey, on 201 Oguzkan, T. 142, 144, 149, 231 Okyar, 0., Prof. 195, 201 Ottoman Empire 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 11, 17
Britain and 68 Christians in 192 contrast with Europe 2, 3, 9, 18, 28,
30, 31, 35, 43, 45, 146, 191 decline in 2, 19, 29, 30, 31, 35,
45-50, 72 defensive modernisation · 2, 9, 20,
218 demise of 88, 89 dependency on Europe 9, 73 education in 20, 26, 28, 29, 48 expansion of 8, 26, 27, 31, 33 Islam in 18 military in 27, 50-1, 57, 190, 217 Muhammad Ali and 59-60 nationalism in 72 Oriental Despotism 35 Ottoman Scientific Society 201 reforms in 4, 11, 56-7, 61, 72 social structure of 9, 10, 25, 28, 30,
151 Society of Knowledge 201 state in 3, 19, 20, 26, 27, 29, 49, 190,
217 trade in 26, 49 Young Ottoman Movement 72, 73
Owen,R. 61,64, 73,74,231 Ozankaya, 0. 100, 154, 155, 231 Ozbay, F. 150, 152, 231 Ozgediz, S. 198, 231 Ozbudun, E. 229
Palestine 88, 90, 116 Arab-Israeli War 1948 115, 117 Balfour Declaration 1917 88
Pan Arabism 11, 181 Parkinson, N. 232 patrimonialism 18, 20, 27 Pelletiere, S.C. 74, 84, 85, 231 Petty, William 39 Pierce, J. E. 100, 231 Pope, Alexander 40 positivism 54, 192
Radwan, S. 138, 183, 185, 228 Reed, Mr (Alexandra College) 89
240 Index
Reformation 37 England in 39 science and 41
Reid, D. M. 80, 231 Renaissance 19, 37, 38 Renda, I. 206, 231 Repp, R. 29, 231 Richmond, J. C. B. 58, 106, 231 Robertson, J. M. (Liberal MP) 77, 80,
82,231 Robinson, R. D. 92, 102, 103, 104, 231 Robinson, S. 147, 148 Rockefeller, David 140 Rodinson, M. 21, 231 Roos, L. L. 191, 231 Roos, N. P. 191, 231 Roper, J. 100, 153-4, 231 Rose, H. 166, 200, 231 Rose, S. 166, 200, 231 Rothstein, T. 82, 231 Royal Society 10, 40 Rugh, A 131, 231 Russia 2, 27, 46, 72
Japanese defeat of 1904 84 Ottoman Empire and 65 revolution 1905 85 revolution 1917 88 Russo-Turkish war 1877 73
Saad, S. L. 130, 131, 231 Saadawi-E1, N. 135, 178, 231 Sadat, A, President 1, 5, 111, 117, 129,
135, 140, 220 assassination of 1, 122, 181 Open Door policy 117, 124, 181 political opposition 121 students and 180
Safty-El, M. 181, 231 Sagasti, F. R. 168, 232 Said Pasha 74 St John, B. 63, 232 St Simon 58, 61 Samin, A 206, 232 Sardar, Z. 186, 187, 202, 232 Scawen Blunt, W. 77 Scott, R. B. 155, 232 Second World War 92, 102, 112, 113,
194 Selim III, Sultan 50, 56, 61 secularisation 1
Egypt, in 135, 188 Ottoman Empire, in 72 Turkey, in 91,93, 105,194
Semmel, B. 69, 70, 232 Shaw, P. 139, 232
Shepard, W. 109, 232 Shakespeare, W. 39 Shapin, S. 55, 232 Shaw,S. 29,30,232 Sheykh a1-Jabarti 59 Sheykh Bakri 59 Silvera, A 62, 232 Sinclair, C. A 134, 175, 226 Smith, C. 85, 108, 232 Sombart, W. 37 Somer, Professor 214 Soviet Union 1, 104, 167
Egypt and 116, 117 Turkey and 90, 195
Spencer, H. 108 Spencer, R. F. 193, 232 Spitzberg, I. J. 228 Stephens, R. 111, 116, 232 Stirling, P. 100, 196-7, 232 Stone, F. 98, lQ0-1, 232 Sudan 49, 72, 73
Civil Service in 87 Gordon's College 87
Sufism 30 Egypt in 58 Sufi orders 21, 24, 25 tarikas 25, 30, 31
Swanson, G. 129-130, 132, 232 Szyliowicz, J. 48, 98, 104, 108, 157, 173,
186, 232
Tanzimat 11, 57, 151 Tarakciogln, Prof. 214 Tawney, R. H. 8, 32, 33, 35-36, 38, 232 Taylor, A J. P. 68, 232 Tibawi, A L. 8, 23, 47, 232 Tignor, R. L. 80, 82, 107, 113, 115, 225,
227,233 Tilly, C. 42, 233 Tongu~. Ismail Hakki 98, 100, 104 Treaty of Lausanne 88, 90 Treaty of Sevres 89 Trimberger, K 11, 118, 233 Turkey
agriculture in 147, 193 Ankara University 193, 214 Ataturk University 214 christian minorities 161 civil service school (Mulkiye) 191 Committee of Union and Progress
85 comparison with Egypt 11-16, 188 <;:ukorova university 214 demand for education 5, 96, 101,
147,153,195,200
Index 241
Turkey contd. Demirel, S., Mr 155 Democratic Party 101, 102, 103, 140,
204,205 Erbakan, Mr 207 education in 17,91-104, 141-62, 198 Galatasaray Lise 191 Gazi university 214 Hacettepe university 196 Higher Education Council (Yiik)
145, 189, 208, 210, 211, 212-13, 214-16
Higher Education Law (1981) 208-9 human resource planning 159-60 imam and hatip schools 94, 155, 156 income distribution 197 Justice Party 156 Kurdish revolt 95 labour market in 5 labour migration in 4, 5, 103, 146,
147, 156-8, 223 language reform in 93, 97 lise 96, 103, 157, 191, 198 literacy in 95, 97, 99, 103, 144 Menderes, Mr 205 Middle East Technical University
196, 207, 211 military coups 103, 141, 156, 160,
189,206 Ministry of Education 142, 155 modernisation 90-104, 151, 204-5 National Action Party 160, 206 National Education Council 143,
144 National Education Conference 145 National Salvation Party 155, 207 National Student Federation 194,
206 nationalism 89, 97, 158-9, 160, 194 Nurculuk 156 People's Houses 97, 98 political violence in 141, 160, 162,
189, 191, 203-7 population in 12-13 private schools 142 Progressive Republic Party 95 religion in 155, 206-7, 222 Republican People's Party 95, 97,
101,103,155,156,204,205,206 revolution 1908 84, 85 Revolutionary Youth Movement (Dev
Gem;) 206 social structure of 11, 12, 98, 103,
141, 146-7, 151, 198, 200, 204 Social Democrat Party 211
students in 189, 194, 205, 207, 213 SUleymancis 156 Syriani, The 161 Scientific and Technical Research
Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) 202
technical education 96, 156-7, 201-3 trades unions 205, 206 Turkish Labour Party 205 Turkish Scientific and Technical
Documentation Centre (TURDOC) 202
Turkish teachers' union (T0S) 154 universities in 145, 189, 193, 194 University of Instanbul 193 Village Affairs Commission 98 villages in 91-2,98-100,151-2 village institutes 97, 100-l, 223 War College, the (Harbiye) 191 War oflndependence 89, 190 women in 144, 150, 153, 199 Young Turks 56, 102, 191, 192 see also AtatUrk
ulema 10, 24, 29, 48, 62 Egypt, in 58, 59, 76
underdevelopment 7, 16, 17 cultural aspects 7
United Nations 102. 115, 233 Conference on Science and
Technology for Development 185, 186
UNDP 126, 137, 139, 184 UNESCO 126, 129, 165
United States aid policy 103, 139, 187 Carter, President Jimmy 117 education in 53, 55 Egypt and 116, 122, 139, 140, 187 Marshall Aid programme 102, 195 research and development 196 Truman Doctrine 102 US AID 196
universities 33, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 53, 164, 166
Egyp~in 84,108,133,170-88 Turkey, in 145, 189-216
Vatikiotis, P. J. 59, 63, 64, 75, 76, 114, 233
Vexliard, A 100, 233
Waardenburg, J. 26, 233 Wallerstein, I. 45, 233 Ward, N. 136, 233
242
Waterbury, J. 118, 119, 121, 135, 233 Watson, K. 219, 233 Weber, M. 10, 18, 20, 21, 24, 32
education, on 220-1 Islamic education, on 23 State, on the 42 science, on 165
Weiker, W. F. 152, 201, 233 Wikan, U. 131, 233 Williams, J. 22, 23, 233 Williamson, B. 6, 233
Index
Wilson, H. E. 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 104, 159,226
World Bank 137, 138, 139, 161, 201, 234
World Health Organisation 165
Yussef Gamal, Al-Din, N. 176, 182, 234
Zahlan, A B. 187, 234