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Index

AA, see Alcoholics Anonymous Abortion, 74, 95, 173, 176,274-275,281 Acculturation, 70-72 ACLU, see American Civil Liberties Union Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

(AIDS), 221, 222 Admissions, 160 Adultery, 95 AIDS, see Acquired immune deficiency

syndrome Alcohol abuse, 20, 21, 22, 193,227,233,

252, 268, 271, 276 arrest and, 105 conuption and, 247 crime and, 186 difficulty of controlling, 27, 28 domestic violence and, 199,201,213 in homeless, 223-224, 274 in police, 52 police brutality and, 5 poverty and, 4 recidivism and, 19, 100 testing for, 261 violence and, 85

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 206, 212, 261 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU),

173-174,254 American Nazi Party, 169 American Society for Industrial Security,

144 Appeal process, 55

Appointment system, 240 civil service system versus, 37-39, 83

Arendt, Hannah, 19 Arrests, 29, 108, 134, 138, 160

Constitution and, 159, 161, 162 crime statistics and, 87-90 criminal control and, 180 effectiveness of, 92-95 factors influencing, 105 pressure to produce, 24, 31 rates of, 27, 91 for woman battering, 204, 205-206, 208-

210, 211, 213, 214, 215 Arson, 15,86,87,271 Assault, 15, 86, 87, 248, 271 Assignments, 7-8, 143-144 Atlanta, 90 Atlantic Monthly, 30 Auto theft, 15, 86, 134, 271

statistics on, 87, 88, 90 Auxiliary police, 31

Bail, 182 Beethoven Project, 227 Bennett, William, Ir., 85, 278 Biaggi, Mario, 174-175 BJS, see Bureau of Justice Statistics Black Muslims, 220 Blacks, 103, 131,245,252,271-272,281

capital punishment and, 196 controversy over, 141-142, 143, 144,

289

290

Blacks (cont.) 225, 226-228, 229

crime and, 90, 93, 194,226-227,252, 280

exclusion of, 278, 279 injustice to, 7, 8 likelihood of arrest among, 105 myths about, 233, 234, 235 police brutality toward, 4, 94, 160, 246,

249,257,264,280-281 in rank structure, 34 recidivism and, 10 I recruitment of, 79 worsening condition of, 273

Block clubs, 155, 237 Bootlegging, 245 BOSSI, see Bureau of Special Services and

Investigations Boston, 61, 149,248 Broken-window syndrome, 30, 118 Bronson, Charles, 66 Bronx, 23, 35, 106, 124, 174,218,228,

274 Bugging, 17, 172,265 Bundy, Ted, 195-196,271 Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), 87, 100 Bureau of Special Services and Investiga-

tions (BOSSI), 169 Burglary, 15,27,86,94, 156,271

defined,92 statistics on, 87

Bush, George, 77, 191,230 Byrne, Matt, 77

California, 264, see also specific cities Calls, see also 911

prioritizing, III repeat, 114-115 response time and technology, 112-114

Capital punishment, 189, 192, 193-196, 275 Captains, 36, 38, 39, 55, 83 Carson, Rachel, 282 Carter, Jimmy, 228 Central data bank, 169-172 Chicago, 131, 140,227,234,248 Child abuse, 199,200,201,212,274, see

also Incest recidivism and, 19

Index

Cities, 274-275, 282, see also specific cities Citizen volunteers, 156, see also specific

groups Civilianization, 66 Civilian review, 252-255 Civil judgments, 16 Civil rights, 5, 141, 147,221,229 Civil service system, 43, 123, 269

appointment system versus, 37-39, 83 rank structure and, 34 reform and, 36-37, 61, 244, 266

Class, 225-229, see also Overclass; Underclass

Clearance rate, 91, 134 Cocaine, 202, 268, 276, 277 Community-oriented policing (COP), 30, 31,

219, 236-237 Community service, 105, 187, 188, 189-190 Computer crime, 16, 269 Conditioning process, 77-78 Confessions, 75-76, 160, 163

defined, 160 Confidential relationships, 172-173 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 169 Connecticut, 117, 151, 199, 204, see also

specific cities Constitution, 159-177

American Civil Liberties Union and, 173-174

bail and, 182 central data bank and, 169-172 confidential relationships and, 172-173 entrapment and, 165-166 exclusionary rule and, 160-163 impersonations and, 166-167 intelligence operations and, 167-169 national identity cards and, 169-172 National Rifle Association and, 173, 174-

176 obscenity definitions and, 164-165 police power and, 15 preventive detention and, 182 purposes of, 159 rights of the least and, 176-177 searches and, 159, 160-163 suspects' rights and, 163

Controversy, 139-157 class and, 225-229

Index

Controversy (cont.) economics and, 225-229 manuals and, 148-149 over assignments, 143-144 over blacks, 141-142, 143, 144, 225,

226-228, 229 over citizen volunteers, 156, 218-221 over crime, 225-229 over crime prevention, 154-156 over demonstrations, 152-154 over gays, 221-222 over homeless, 222-225 over minorities, 140, 141-142, 144,225-

229 over name tags, 56, 149-150,239,248 over precinct consolidation, 146-147 over privatization, 144-146 over women, 140, 141-142 recruitment and, 140

Convictions, 9, 10, 184 Co-Op City, 274 COP, see Community-oriented policing CORE, see Congress of Racial Equality Corruption, 27, 60, 243, 245, 247, 267, 268

acculturation and, 72 civil service system and, 37 drugs and, 246, 248-249 internal climate and, 49, 51, 52-53 in New York Police Department, 34 police unions and, 239 rationalization of, 4

Crack, 90, 102, 148,227,271,276 Crime, 1, 2, 3-4, 7, 67, 85-98, 143, 160,

270, 272, 281, see also Criminals; spe­cific crimes; Street crime

arrest rates for, 27, 91 blacks and, 90, 93, 194,226-227,252,

280 causes of, 8, 96-97 controversy over, 225-229 defined, 86-87 drugs and, see under Drug abuse; Drug

dealing federal, 15-16 homeless and, 87,96,97,223 organized, see Organized crime police brutality and, 5 political, 15

Crime (cont.) politics and, 90-92 prevention of, see Crime prevention privatization and, 145 prosecution of, 9-10

291

racism and, 96, 103, 160, 193, 194, 228, 252,271,272,278-280

rate of, 15, 29-30, 273 shifting definitions of, 95 statistics on, 86, 87-90, 98 weather and, 97-98, 236-237, 274 white-collar, 15, 17, 187, 252

Crime prevention, 22-24, 103, 108 controversy over, 154-156

Crime waves, 235-236 Criminal justice system, 80, 138, 183, 193

criminal control and, 179, 180-182, 183, 187

decline of, 31, 227 reform and, 243 woman battering and, 204, 211-213

Criminals, control of, 179-198 capital punishment and, 189, 192, 193-196 criminal justice system and, 179, 180-

182, 183, 187 desk appearance tickets and, 183 determinate sentences and, 188 halfway houses and, 190-191 house arrest and, 190 incarceration and, 179, 180, 182, 185,

187, 188-190, 192, 195 mandated sentences and, 186-188 parole and, 191-192 plea bargaining and, 183-184 privatization and, 197-198 probation and, 191-192 rehabilitation and, 193 selective incapacitation and, 196-197 sentencing guidelines and, 184-186

Date rape, 187 Davis, Larry, 148 Death Wish, 66 Decoy operations, 34, 92, 93, 94, 166, 227 A Delphic Forecast of the Future of Law En-

forcement, 269 Demonstrations, 82, 152-154,246 Department of Agriculture, 35

292

DepwrtnrentofJustice, 87 Deployment, 137-138 Desk appearance tickets, 183 Detectives, 26-28, 34-35, 84, 92 Determinate sentences, 188 Detroit, 93, 274 Dirty Harry, 66 Disability pensions, 151 Discipline, 53, 240, 258, 268

management and, 133-134 misuse of, 62-63

District attorneys, see Prosecutors DNA testing, 113, 170 Domestic violence, 95, 100, 148, 151, 200-

202, see also specific abuses Do the Right Thing, 226, 279 Douglas, William 0., 163 Downsizing, 132-133 Drug abuse, 4, 15,23,71, 193,227,229,

252,268,271, see also Drug dealing; specific drugs

crime and, 18, 31, 85, 86, 91, 96, 102, 186, 196, 225, 276

difficulty of combatting, 16, 27, 28, 96, 145

domestic violence and, 199, 200, 201, 202,213

in homeless, 223, 274 in police, 59 police brutality and, 5 recidivism and, 19, 100, 101, 102-103,

105, 106 treatment for, 212 war on, 130-131,281

Drug dealing, 77, 147, 167,220,234,268, see also Drug abuse

corruption and, 246, 248-249 crime and, 16, 17,90,226

Drug Enforcement Agency, 85 Drug raids, 254, 275-278 Drug testing, 69, 106, 131, 161,261 Drunk driving, 95, 100, 135 Dukakis, Michael, 191

Eastwood, Clint, 66 Education, 40, 259, 266, 269, 278, 279, 280

controversy over, 140 lack of funding for, 42

Education (cont.) of managers, 128-129 obstacles to, 76, 77 of police chiefs, 78-79, 217, 241

Elder abuse, 199 Elderly, 272 Embezzlement, 17 Emergency service, 15,29,67, 134 England,13 Entrapment, 2, 93, 165-166

defined,94 Escobedo v. Illinois, 163, 174, 255

Index

Europe, 169, 170, see also specific countries Exclusionary rule, 160-163 Expectation of privacy, 172 Expectations, 8-12, 67-68

FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal agencies, 15-16, 161-162, 168,

276, see also specific agencies Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 15,

17,85,87,91, 171,251,253,254, 255,277

Federal crime, 15-16 Felonies, 87, see also specific crimes Feminist movement, 141, 164, 201, 214,

279 Field-training officers (FrOs), 76 Fines, 105, 187, 188, 189 Fingerprints, 35, 169, 170 Firearms, 2, 16, 194, 225, 229

controls on use of, 60 controversy over, 174, 175, 176 crime and, 18, 31, 85, 186, 196 crime prevention and, 156 murder rate and, 90 police misuse of, 257-258 policies on, 149

Fire depattment, 73, 113 First-line supervisors, 84 Flag burning, 74, 153 Florida, 195, see also specific cities Ford, Gerald, 228 FI'Os, see Field-training officers

Gamblers Anonymous, 261 Gambling, 16,27,28,246,247 Gangs, 91, 234, 235

Index

Gardner v. Tennessee, 163, 255-256 Gays, 221-222, 238, 245 Genovese, Kitty, 29, 91, 197 Gideon v. Wainwright, 163 Grand juries, 9,10,251,253,254,255 Grass eaters, 70, 78 Guardian Angels, 31, 139, 156,218-221 Guns, see Firearms

Habeas corpus, 159, 182 Halfway houses, 180, 190-191 Harlem, 41 Hawthorne effect, 152 Heroin, 103, 276 Hispanics, 4, 142,245,257,281 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 176 Homeless, 4, 7, 20, 238, 246, 252, 271,

274 controversy over, 222-225 crime and, 87, 96, 97, 223

Homogeneity, 66-67 Hoover, J. Edgar, 17 Horton, Willie, 179, 191, 213 House arrest, 190 Housing and Urban Development agency, 42 Houston, 30

Iacocca, Lee, 123 IACP, see International Association of

Chiefs of Police Impersonations, 166-167 Incarceration, 227

alternatives to, 105, 188-190 criminal control and, 179, 180, 182, 185,

187, 188-190, 192, 195 rate of, 10, 89, 160 recidivism and, 103, 104, 105, 106-107,

108 for woman battering, 210

Incest, 199, 200, 212 Indianapolis, 165 Indictment, 9 Insularity, 6-7, 31, 66 Intelligence operations, 167-169 Internal affairs division, 49, 60 Internal Revenue Service, 172 International Association of Chiefs of Police

(IACP), 15, 175

Investigations unit, see Detectives Irish, 142 Italians, 142

Jackson, Jesse, 230, 279 Jews, 142, 228 Johnson, Lyndon, 225

293

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 269

Joyce, James, 164 Judges, 89, 162, 164, 179, 180, 183, 185,

188, 211, 212, 214, 253, 266 gaps in training of, 76, 77

Juries, 19, 214, see also Grand juries

Kansas City, 248 Kelling, George, 30 Kidnapping, 200, 234 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 17, 168 Klem, Bill, 182 Knapp Commission, 34, 70, 91, 247, 248,

263 K-9 unit, 26, 148

La Cosa Nostra (LCN), 17,91 Law Enforcement Assistance Administration,

41-42 Law of unintended consequence, 186 Laws, 1, 2, 23

attitudes toward, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11 changes in, 95 definition of crime and, 86-87 difficult to enforce, 96 domestic violence and, 204 need for, 21 primacy of, 14

Lawyers, 2, 180 confidentiality and, 172 responsibilties of, 212 right to, 160, 163

LCN, see La Cosa Nostra League of Women Voters, 256 Lee, Spike, 226, 279 Lie detector tests, 68-69 Lieutenants, 35-36, 39, 55, 84 Life magazine, 169 Lindsay, John V., 88 London, 13

294

Long Beach, 264 Los Angeles, 94, 131, 234, 276

MADD, see Mothers Against Drunk Drivers Major Cities Chiefs of Police, 129-130, 175 Mala in se crimes, 95 Mala prohibita crimes, 95 Malcolm X, 169, 225 Management, 121-138

deployment and, 137-138 development of, 128-129 discipline and, 133-134 downsizing and, 132-133 literature and, 126-127 measuring results of, 134-135 personal interests and, 127-128 strategic planning and, 136-137 worker motivation and, 124-126

Management by objectives (MBO), 123-124, 126

Mandated sentences, 186-188 Manuals, 148-149 Mapp v. Ohio, 162, 163, 174,246,255 Marijuana, 69, 95, 167,268,276 Mass murder, 19 Mayors, 37,40,41,43,44, 138, 151, 176,

240 police tactics and, 94 reform and, 253, 257, 261, 267

MBO, see Management by objectives McNamara, Joseph, 176 Meat eaters, 70, 257 Media, 27, 80, 153, 155, 167,234

crime and, 235 hostility toward, 82 investigative reporting by, 237-238 management and, 127, 128 pressure from, 24 reform and, 244, 256, 260 woman battering and, 207

Meese, Ed, 131 Metropolitan Police, 13 Miami, 61,226,248-249 Middle East, 169 Milk, Harvey, 222 Minneapolis, 35, 52, 103, 137, 149, 153,

234, 247, 248, 249

Index

Minneapolis (cont.) crime in, 96, 97, 136,225,236,276 drug problem in, 277 911 in, 113, 114 precinct consolidation in, 146 traffic control in, 116 woman battering in, 199, see also Min­

neapolis Domestic Violence Experiment

Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment, 206-208, 209

Minneapolis Police Department (MPD), 48, 122-123, 141, 143, 151,254

Minnesota, 95, 104, 140, 145, 194, 234, 259

Minnesota Connection, 233, 235 Minorities, 6, 54, 60, 93, see also specific

groups controversy over, 140, 141-142, 144,

225-229 educational standards and, 76 exclusion of, 248 in rank structure, 34 recidivism and, 105

Miranda v. Arizona, 163, 174, 255 Misdemeanors, 87, 183,203,204, see also

specific crimes Moonlighting, 145 Morale, 47, 63 Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD),

116 Motivation, 124-126 Motorcycle police units, 26 Mounted police units, 26, 147 MOVE, 56-57, 58, 61,81, 148, 177 MPD, see Minneapolis Police Department Murder, 15, 19,35,81,85,86,90,93,

104, 107, 200, 225-226, 229, 235, 248,271

arrest rates for, 91 blacks and, 90, 93, 194, 226 capital punishment for, 194, 196 drugs and, 90, 91, 102, 226, 276 prevention of, 202 statistics on, 87, 88, 89, 90, 134

Murphy, Pat, 127, 128, 133 Myths, 72, 233-235, 241, 252

Index

Name tag controversy, 56, 149-150,239, 248

Narcotics unit, 34 National Advisory Commission on Civil Dis­

order, 225 National Crime Information Center (NCIC),

171 National identity cards, 169-172 National Institute of Justice, 220 National police, 15-16 National Rifle Association (NRA), 171, 173,

174-176, 186 National Urban League, 273 Native Americans, 278, 279 NCIC, see National Crime Information

Center Neighborhood watches, 155, 237 Newark, 30, 96 New York, 7,131,132,137,141,166,

169, 218, 243, 248, 249, see also spe­cific cities

capital punishment in, 194 crime in, 88, 89, 96, 196, 226, 276 crime prevention in, 155 homeless in, 223, 274 911 in, 113 precinct consolidation in, 146 quality of life in, 20 woman battering in, 199

New York Police Department (NYPD), 41,70,77,83, 124, 127, 128, 143, 174

conflict with media in, 167 intelligence operations in, 169 minorities in, 142 police-citizen ratio in, 128 problems in, 56, 61, 148,246,263 reform in, 33-34, 258

New York Times, 91, 138 911,24,59, 109, 110-111, 113, 135, 146,

208, 212, 213 expectations of, 112 repeated use of, 114-115

North, Oliver, 131 NRA, see National Rifle Association Nussbaum, Hedda, 201-202 NYPD, see New York Police Department

Operation 10, 155 Orders of protection, 211 Organized crime, 15, 16-17,91

defined, 16

295

Overciass, 20, 106, 116, 144, 176, 193, 226,229-231,238,272,273,274, 275, 281

Overtime, 150-151 The Oxbow Incident, 220

Parole, 191-192 defined, 192

Parole boards, 188, 192 Participative management, 126 Part I crimes, see Street crime Partners, 75, 84, 141 Pastoral Letter on Social and Economic Jus-

tice, 279 Patrol force, 26, 28, 84 Patrolman's Benevolent Association, 263 Peace Officer Standards and Training pro-

cess, 259 Personnel development, 54-56 Philadelphia, 31, 103, 141,248,249 Philadelphia Police Department, 25, 160

problems in, 56-62, 80-81, 121, 148, 177

Photo files, 169, 170 Physical fitness, 59, 141, 261 Plea bargaining, 9, 10, 183-184 Police brutality, 5, 21, 60, 243, 247, 248,

253,267,268 acculturation and, 72 causes of, 69, 70 internal climate and, 49,51,52-53 in New York Police Department, 34 police unions and, 239 toward blacks, 4, 94, 160, 246, 249, 257,

264, 280-281 Police chiefs, 10, 41, 66, 71, 84, 100, III,

112, 149, 150, 152, 153, 166, 217, 226, 230, 274

authority of, 37-39 citizen volunteers and, 156, 220-221, 236 civil service system and, 39 community relations and, 31 department management and, 122, 123,

296

Police chiefs (cont.)

128, 129-130, 131, 133 detecti"es and, 27 education of, 78-79, 140,217,241 gays and, 222 homeless and, 224-225 job qualifications of, 40 media and, 237-238 messages conveyed by, 52, 54 myths and, 233, 241 National Rifle Association and, 175, 176 personnel development and, 55 police tactics and, 94 police unions and, 238-241 pressures on, 20, 82-83 qualities needed by, 241-242 in rank structure, 33 reform and, 147,243-244,250,253,

254,255,256,258,259,260-261, 262, 264, 265-266

response of to crime, 88, 92, 235, 236 response of to domestic violence, 201,

207,209,214,215 responsibilities of, 78-81, 97-98 role of in crime prevention, 22 secrecy and, 81-82 selection of, 42-43 tenure and, 42-43 whistle-blowers and, 50, 51

Police commissioners, 25, 26 Police discretion, 3, 6, 8

woman battering and, 207, 209 Police mission, I, 14 Police power, 4-6 Police unions, 4, 39, 55, 56, 58, 71, 77,

140, 141, 218, 238-241 civil service system and, 36, 37 disability pensions and, 151 educational standards and, 76 name tags and, 149, 150 rank structure and, 34 reform and, 36, 37, 61, 137,239,244,

247,248,264,266-268 Policies, 3-4, 49 Political crime, 15 Politics, 10-11,42, 112, 143, 150,230

crime and, 90-92, ISO reform and, 247

Index

Pornography, 164 Precinct commanders, 38, 44, 71 Precinct consolidation, 79, 146-147,239 President's Commission on Crime, 110 Preventive detention, 182 Prisons, see Incarceration Privatization, 144-146, 197-198,269 Probation, 105, 191-192

defined, 192 Probation officers, 180, 212 Prohibition, 97 Promotion, 38, 39, 60, 83, 122, 239, 265,

267 Prosecutors, 9-10, 76, 162, 180, 211

domestic violence and, 214 plea bargaining and, 184 reform and, 251, 253, 255

Prostitution, 16, 165,201,233,247 Pursuits, 148, 258, 259

Quality circles, 124, 126

Racism, 54, 94, 142, 249, 264 capital punishment and, 196 crime and, 96, 103, 160, 193, 194, 228,

252, 271, 272, 278-280 recidivism and, 19

Racketeering, 16 Rand Corporation, 27 Rank structure, 13, 33-36, 84 Rape, 15,23,35,81,85,86, 113, 197,

212, 235, 271 pornography and, 164-165 prevention of, 187 procedures for response to, 148, 149 shifting definition of, 95 statistics on, 87

Reagan, Ronald, 228, 272, 275 RECAP, see Repeat Call Analysis Program Recidivism, 18,99-108,276

factors influencing, 19 risk factors· for, 100, 10 I selective incapacitation and, 196-197

Recruitment, 140 Recruits, 5, 55, 66, 73-77, 79, 84

acculturation of, 70, 72 expectations of, 67-6~, 78

Index

Recruits (cont.) screening of, 69 shaping of, 52-53

Refonn, 67, 147, 152, 163,243-268 administrative, 257-260 agenda for, 245-246 civilian review and, 252-255 civil service system and, 36-37, 61, 244,

266 defined, 251 identification of targets for, 249-250 internal concerns and, 265-266 internal problems and, 246-249 mechanics of, 262-265 police unions and, 36, 37, 61, 137,239,

244, 247, 248, 264, 266-268 Supreme Court and, 255-256 techniques for, 256-257

Rehabilitation, 103, 193 Repeat Call Analysis Program (RECAP),

1I4, 135 Repeat offender program (ROP), 103 Report of the National Advisory Commission

on Civil Disorders, 273 Responsiveness, 62-63 Restitution, 105, 187, 188, 189 Riots, 246, 255, 257, 274 Risk distribution, 54-56 Rizzo, Frank, 60 Robbery, 15,86, 188,227,271

arrest rates for, 91 defmed,92 statistics on, 87

Rockwell, George Lincoln, 169 Rookies, see Recruits ROP, see Repeat offender program Rotation, 41, 55

Salary, 35, 39, 137, 140,239 San Diego, 137 San Francisco, 222 Saroyan, William, 226 Screening process, 68-70 Searches, 159, 160-163, 265 Search warrants, 160, 162, 246 Secrecy, 81-82 Selective incapacitation, 196-197 Self-incrimination, 159

Senior staff, 83, 84 Sentencing guidelines, 90, 92

criminal control and, 184-186, 198 recidivism and, 103, 104

Sergeants, 35, 36, 39, 84 Serial murder, 81, 90, 104,235 Serial rape, 81, 187, 197,235

297

Service, 24-25, 26, 32, 67, 109-1I6, 143 communication and, 112 traffic control and, 1I8 training and, 116

Settlements, 183 Sex, 27, 28, 164, 16.5,245 Sexism, 54, 142 Sexual abuse, 233, see also Rape Sheriffs, 16, 180 Shoplifting, 87 Shreveport, 226 Shylocking, 16 Silent Spring, 282 Silver platter doctrine, 161 Sliwa, Curtis, 218 Social Security card, 172 Societal menace factor, 106 Son of Sam, 23, 34-35, 81, 90 South Africa, 227 Soviet Union, 227 Special Weapons Assault Team (SWAT),

148,277 St. Louis, 248 Stability, 66-67 Stakeout operations, 92, 93, 94, 227 Stamford, 151 Steinberg, Joel, 201-202 Steinberg, Lisa, 201, 202 Sting operations, 92, 93-94, 166 Stock swindles, 16, 17 stop The Robberies, Enjoy Safe Streets

(STRESS), 93 Strategic planning, 136-137 Street crime, 15, 18-22, 29, 32, 85, 93,

134, 135, 138, 143, 226, 252, see also specific crimes

analysis of offenders, 18-19 causes of, 96 control of, 186, 196 defined, 15, 86 poverty and, 4, 271

298

Street crime (cont.) recidivism and, 99- 108 teenagers and, 136, 275 traffic control and, 117

Stress, 59, 261 STRESS, see Stop The Robberies, Enjoy

Safe Streets Suicides, 89, 90 Support services, 28-29 Supreme Court, 3, 131, 153, 159, 162, 182,

253 American Civil Liberties Union and, 173 effects of decisions of, 160, 163 obscenity definitions and, 164 reform and, 255-256 suspects' rights and, 163

SWAT, see Special Weapons Assault Team

Tafoya, William, 269, 270 TAPD, see Transit Authority Police

Department Teamsters, 240 Tenure, 36, 38, 39, 42-45, 129 Terrorism, 15, 16, 17, 169,269 Theft, 15,86,94,248,271, see also Auto

theft Tompkins Square Park incident, 7, 132, 153 Top 40 program, 103 Torrington, 199, 204 Traffic control, 15, 25, 26, 29, 32, 109,

116-119, 134, 135, 143 three E's of, 117-119

Training, 41, 60, 269, 276 lack of funding for, 42 of managers, 128-129 reform and, 259-260 for responding to woman battering, 209-

210 service and, 116

Transit Authority Police Department (TAPD), 122-123

Trials, 9, 183

UCR, see Uniform Crime Reports Ulysses, 164 Underclass, 58, 193, 226, 227, 229, 238,

252,271,272,273,274,275,276, 279, 281

Underclass (cont.)

Constitution and, 176

Index

control of, 7, 15,20,73,223,230,255 crime and, 18, 22, 88, 93, 94, 228 defined, 229 police power and, 4-5 recidivism in, 106 weather and, 236

Undercover operations, 17,34,92, 166 Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), 86, 87 Unions, 16, 145, 190, 279, see also Police

unions United Auto Workers, 126 Urban League, 226

Vera Institute of Justice, 183 Vice operations, 27-28, 34, 96, 164, 245 Vietnam war, 130, 131,227,228,229,279,

282 Virginia Beach, 226 Vollmer, August, 24, 269, 270

Wagner, Robert F., 243 Warrants, 16, 203, see also specific types Warren, Earl, 159, 163, 173, 174, 177 Washington, D.C., 49, 61, 103, 137,278

crime in, 225, 276 Waste, 56 Watergate, 168 Weather, 97-98, 236-237, 274 Wedtech,228 Wellness programs, 261 Whistle-blowers, 49-51, 151 White-collar crime, 15, 17, 187, 252 Wilson, James Q., 30 Wiretapping, 17, 172,265 WLIB radio, 167 Wolfgang, Marvin, 103 Woman battering, 194, 199-215, see also

Domestic violence approach to controlling, 202-203 arrest for, 204, 205-206, 208-210, 211,

213, 214, 215 criminal justice system and, 204, 211-213 incarceration for, 210 model policy toward, 203-205 orders of protection and,211

Index

Woman battering (cont.)

police attitudes toward, 206-208 treatment programs and, 213 woman's responsibility and, 213-215

Women, 54, 129 abuse of, see Woman battering

controversy over, 140, 141-142 entrance criteria and, 68 exclusion of, 248 as partners, 75 in rank structure, 34 recruitment of, 79

299