bibliometric report · other engineering and electrical engineering topics important. 10. of the...

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Manchester Security Foresight Bibliometrics Report v0.1 – 30-11-12

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Manchester

Security

Foresight

BIBLIOMETRIC

REPORT

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Acknowledgments:

We would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions from all involved in the Manchester Security Foresight, particularly: the project steering group and academic advisors: the KTA team: Matthew Walker of BEST: Greater Manchester Police: all the interviewees and consultees who gave their time freely.

The Manchester Security Foresight has been funded by the ESPRC Knowledge Transfer fund.

Reporthistory

Lead authors: John Rigby & Chiara Marzocchi

V0.0 05-07-12

JR Notes on methods

V0.1 30-10-12

JRigby/ CM

First draft for workshop consultation

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Manchester Security Foresight

Bibliometric Review of Security Researchers at Manchester

John Rigby & Chiara Marzocchi

30-11-12

Contents

Acknowledgments: ............................................................................................................................................. 2Report history..................................................................................................................................................... 2

1) EXECUTIVESUMMARY.....................................................................................................5

2) INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................8

Aims of the Study ............................................................................................................................................ 9

STUDYMETHODS..........................................................................................................................10

3) FINDINGS..............................................................................................................................11

4.1 The Field............................................................................................................................................ 11

4.2 The Security Authors ......................................................................................................................... 12

4.3 The Collaborating Authors................................................................................................................. 14

4) ANNEXES...............................................................................................................................15

Annex 1: The Field ......................................................................................................................................... 15Funding Bodies ................................................................................................................................................. 15Research Themes ............................................................................................................................................. 16Research Performers ........................................................................................................................................ 18Subjects: Subject Category Counts ................................................................................................................... 19Author Affiliations of DSTL Funded Papers ...................................................................................................... 21Mapping funding to research performers ........................................................................................................ 22

Annex 2 All Security Researchers ................................................................................................................... 23The Manchester Papers ................................................................................................................................... 23

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Manchester Authors: Most Used Journals and Count of Publications ............................................................. 25Concentration of Manchester security papers by journal ............................................................................... 26Papers across journal by count of publications per journal ............................................................................. 27Concentration of Manchester security papers by Subject category ................................................................ 28Concentration of Manchester security papers by web of science Journal Category ....................................... 29Web of Science Categories Occurrence of Papers ........................................................................................... 30Most Common Keywords Plus ......................................................................................................................... 31Keyword Plus Clusters ...................................................................................................................................... 32Clustering of Keywords Plus ............................................................................................................................. 33Keyword Plus Linkages ..................................................................................................................................... 34Keywords Authors ............................................................................................................................................ 35Count of Authors per Publication: Papers in which Manchester security Authors Involved ........................... 36Collaborating Institutions of Manchester Authors: Most Common across All Papers ..................................... 37Collaboration Patterns by Country ................................................................................................................... 38Collaboration Patterns by Institution ............................................................................................................... 39Manchester security author and country collaboration .................................................................................. 40Count of countries per paper ........................................................................................................................... 41Most common country links of our authors..................................................................................................... 42

Annex 3 The Subset of Collaborating Authors ................................................................................................ 43Manchester Security Authors Working Together with other Manchester Security Authors ........................... 43Co-authorship per Year .................................................................................................................................... 44Journals where collaborative work is published .............................................................................................. 45Keywords of the Collaborative Research ......................................................................................................... 46

Annex 4 The Security Researchers ................................................................................................................. 47Manchester Security Authors ........................................................................................................................... 47

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1) EXECUTIVESUMMARY

1. This report has been written to help with the assessment of the University’s strength in an area of work termed security research. This report uses bibliometric methods to assess the activities of the University’s researchers in this area. Researchers are considered to be included as working in this area by a process which involves the following steps: a) inclusion of the major grant holders in existing security research programmes of the UK’s main funding organisations; b) nomination and co nomination by the grant holders named in step a) which expands the group to just under 50 researchers.

2. Three databases of publications are reviewed: publications funded by a major UK security funding body, the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, to help give background on the field of security research of interest to a major UK funding body in this area, including the position of the University, the particular subjects researched and the other main research performers; a database of publications of the security researchers; a subset of publications of Manchester security authors who collaborate with each other is separately reviewed.

3. Research funded by DSTL supports military activities that may be separate from the area in which the University’s researchers are engaged and is not a random sample of security research. Despite that we believe that the other key funding organisations are EPSRC and joint MOD DSTL projects (which are projects where funding acknowledgements explicitly name DSTL and MOD jointly as funders, rather than as separate funding organisations). European Union funding and other UK research council funding are also funders (co-funders with DSTL as all publications have DSTL as a funding body, this being the criteria for selection).

4. Our review of research themes suggests a focus on engineering problems with a very limited focus upon social, human or economic aspects. Keywords Plus analysis suggests similar focus on engineering questions.

5. Certain institutions are significant in this area, notably Imperial College which has a significant count of author affiliations involved in this research. This analysis suggests that in respect of this kind of funding, Manchester has a less important role being in a cluster of eight universities which lead in just four of the papers, while Imperial leads in 35.

6. Using the main dataset of authored work by the security researchers, this shows of the 47 researchers identified by the e-Scholar scanning showed that the authors had published between them 477 papers in 283 academic journals during the period 2008 to 2013. One

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journal has 16 publications, another 15, another 13, another nine and another six. Three journals have seven publications each.

7. The dispersion of papers across journals is significant. Just under half the papers are in a unique journal, i.e. within a set of 206 journals, while remaining papers (271 papers) are in a total of 77 journals. Such dispersion suggests diversity and clustering, both processes likely to be at work behind the generation of papers.

8. Clustering of publications to Web of Knowledge Journal categories suggest engineering, electrical and electronic and computer science (AI and Theory and Methods) are important areas for research.

9. Keywords Plus frequencies suggest strong computer science focus of the publications with other engineering and electrical engineering topics important.

10. Of the 477 papers, 283 are published with one country involved, the UK. 145 papers are published with one other country. Of these 145 papers, most are published with Chinese institutions (72), the next most common partner for this category of papers is the US with which only 15 papers were published. Of the 34 papers that are published with three countries participating, the most common partner country is the US with 19 papers, the next most common is China with 9 papers. It is clear that for this group of authors, China is an important collaborator.

11. Chinese collaborations are bi- and not generally multi-lateral. The figures of Collaboration Patterns by Institution suggest some marginally greater connectivity of Chinese institutions to other non-Chinese institutions in the production of the papers.

12. The distribution of these 34 co-authored publications is not surprisingly, unevenly distributed between the eight collaborating researchers. 21 of the publications are the product of just two authors. One publication is the result of the work of three authors.

13. Co-authorship occurs amongst authors with large numbers of publications in this area but also amongst authors with few publications in the area. This suggests that co-authorship – co-publication - is not a fixed feature of the most heavily publishing authors but occurs amongst all authors in this group.

14. Over this short period of time from which the observations are drawn it is not possible to say whether there is a trend of increasing growth in collaboration or not amongst these authors.

15. The intensity of publication with China by a small number of authors may suggest that the strongest relationship of the security authors is with China. This may be true in terms of the numbers of papers written but the most common country link of our authors based on the count of authors collaborating and not on the basis of the count of papers, is the US, followed by China and Germany equal second.

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16. This work does not use the grey literature. All patterns of collaboration, indications of links to other institutions and countries and focus upon subject matter (i.e. themes) are based here on published material in ISI Journals.

17. NACTEM tools for bibliometric analysis have not been used here but could have been employed for clustering of key terms such as keywords and Keywords Plus. Further work to exploit the NACTEM tools is justified. This will allow for exploration of semantic entities, and to detect the presence of unseen (immanent) indirect / associative links which may not be capable of identification with the methods used here.

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2) INTRODUCTION

This report has been written to help with a review of the research capability of researchers at the University of Manchester working in the area of security and defence research. Research capability of a group of researchers can be assessed in a number of ways, for example by examining the publications of the researchers, their collaboration activities, their grant raising, their professional and personal networks and the development of new staff. The review can be retrospective or prospective, looking backwards or forwards. The aim of this assessment is to look forward and to assess what areas of work the researchers are engaged with. It is based very largely on publication data and includes analysis of publications, the institutional and researcher collaboration involved. By reviewing bibliographic data, information that is present within the data can be inferred to give a more extensive picture of the characteristics of the research being undertaken.

The review was begun in spring 2012 and is related to a larger scale review of energy researchers at the University of Manchester. The review of energy researchers has been undertaken to help define the capability of a far larger group of researchers at the University of Manchester who will be supported by a new Manchester Energy research initiative.

The group of researchers in the security area is just under 50. It has been selected by a process of self-nomination and co-nomination of researchers at Manchester. This began with an initial discussion with five key grant awardees holding grants in the research area of security and defence themes. The assessment undertaken here does not compare or benchmark the University with others as the number of researchers is small, the subject matter researched by the group of researchers diverse and not easily comparable, and the existing outputs relatively small in number. Where information about other universities is included in this assessment, this has been done to show where Manchester researchers in the area of security are working with other institutions and their staff.

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AimsoftheStudy

This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the research capability of the researchers in the security researchers group. Research capability is understood here to refer to the potential of the research group to contribute to the field of security research.

Our view is that capability is best to be understood here as the development of common shared interests that are pursued both inside and outside the University of Manchester. We have used the concept of intersection and common interest to identify research areas, research funders and other researcher performers where there is evidence of continued or a growing level of activity.

The aims of the research were in more detail:

a) to characterize the security field;

b) to assess the broad range of work previously undertaken by researchers in this area and assess its main characteristics;

c) to assess the work done by researchers within this set of researchers who have worked with each other here at Manchester (defined as collaborating when they have co-authored publications with other authors within the set of security authors).

In relation to this last aim, we have defined collaboration within the security author set.

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StudyMethods

The approach of this review has been on the security researchers as a whole. Measures and characterizations have been used that, where possible, focus on the group, and upon shared interests and activities rather than on the individual characteristics of researchers. We have downloaded a specific set of publications authored by the security researchers in our research group and reviewed these publications with the aim of noting common interests, collaboration activities and shared activities and research priorities.

A number of new information services have recently become available from citation index providers who have traditionally been associated with the development of metrics for evaluation. In particular, the Thomson Reuters InCites data system which has recently become available to the University of Manchester provides a large number of ways of assessing the research capability. In our view this tool can provide many of the measurements of research impact and many forms of comparisons (i.e. benchmarking) some of which the University already uses in its e-Scholar data.

However, the view taken here is that such tools does not provide the detailed insight into the characteristics of a group of researchers considered as a collective, their focus in terms of subject matter, journal output and collaboration activities, uses of funding, and as research takes place within collectivities and disciplinary communities it is as this level that the focus of research capability building should be directed and not at the individual level.

The steps taken to develop an assessment of research capability were as follows:

The researchers in this area (Security – capable of subdivision into a) Cyber Security and b) Scanning and Detection) were identified by snowball sampling and through nomination and co-nomination. This formed a group of 50 researchers.

Publications from e-Scholar were obtained for the researchers and from the Web of Knowledge.

The data set of publications of the security authors was obtained from the Web of Knowledge. This data set includes publications that are conference papers where outputs from computer science are more likely to be indexed than in the narrow citation index.

The data set was cleaned and systematized to remove duplications of author name, institution, funding body and keyword. Author names are unfortunately duplicated in the Web of Science in our data. We noted that there were duplications of publication data in e-Scholar, although minimal use was made of the e-Scholar data.

A range of analyses were carried out to determine a number of characteristics of the research group, for example the co-authorship practice by reference to count of names on each paper, and then various research theme (subject and Web of Science category) relevant measures were obtained.

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3) FINDINGS

4.1 TheFieldAn initial assessment was made of the field of security research with a set of publications defined by their acknowledgement of funding by the UK’s Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL). This defined a set of publications which, while likely to be more applied in focus than university research would be in general, gives some indication of the character of the field of security research and can be used to develop an outline of the University of Manchester presence within that research area.

Clearly some of the research which is funded by DSTL supports military activities that may be separate from the area in which the University’s researchers are engaged and is not a random sample of security research. Nevertheless, we believe that by identifying the research which DSTL has funded over the last four years we have a useful subset of research in the area of security that is a priority for the UK and it is possible on this basis to observe important features of the field such as leading areas of research, other important funding bodies supporting research in this area, major research performers outside the University amongst research institutes and universities elsewhere in the UK and abroad.

Our initial review of DSTL funding suggests that in this area where DSTL is active, the other key funding organisations are EPSRC and joint MOD DSTL projects (which are projects where funding acknowledgements explicitly name DSTL and MOD jointly as funders, rather than as separate funding organisations). European Union funding and other UK research council funding are also funders (co-funders with DSTL as all publications have DSTL as a funding body, this being the criteria for selection).

Research themes based on author keywords suggest a focus on engineering problems with a very limited focus upon social, human or economic aspects. Keywords Plus analysis suggests similar focus on engineering questions.

A review of the research performers in this area show the importance of certain institutions, notably Imperial College which has a significant count of author affiliations involved in this research. There is then a cluster for four major UK universities Bristol Cambridge Southampton and Oxford each of which has around 20 papers in the data set. Manchester is then in the next cluster of institutions with 8 papers in total in the data set, producing one sixth of the publications produced by Imperial College. A further table shows the count of the organisations of the authors of papers listed first. Such an ordering of the institutions may give some indication as to which organisations are leaders in the field and which are followers. Note that the list below of organisations of the 1st author includes fewer industrial or mission oriented organisations as these are less likely to lead research. The 1st author ordering has Imperial again at the top of the list followed by the same set of universities as in the clustering of all affiliations. This analysis suggests that in respect of this kind of

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funding, Manchester has a less important role being in a cluster of eight universities which lead in just four of the papers, while Imperial leads in 35.

Funding organisation have been mapped to research performers for the main funding bodies and performers. This shows the dependence of the main UK institutions on DSTL and EPSRC which is not surprising. Some other UK institutions indicate funding of papers by the Home Office and the Government Communications Centre.

4.2 TheSecurityAuthors

Review of the 47 researchers identified by the e-Scholar scanning showed that the authors had published between them 477 papers in 283 academic journals during the period 2008 to 2013. One journal has 16 publications, another 15, another 13, another nine and another six. Three journals have seven publications each.

Co-authorship of the papers was examined to examine how many papers had been published as single authored publications and how many had been published as joint authored papers. We also investigated how many of the papers had been published with other institutions and how many had only Manchester author(s).

The papers produced cover 66 subject categories of the ISI, a large spread of research themes. The average number of subject categories per paper taken the whole number of papers and dividing this into the sum of categories of all papers was (900/477) was 1.8, the mode was one subject category, but significant numbers of papers are in the area of security interdisciplinary where the definition of interdisciplinary is if the count of subject areas is greater than one. More than half the papers have more than one subject category, and just under a quarter of all papers have been allocated to three or more subject categories.

Data from e-Scholar was also available but this also had to be cleaned because of inaccuracies. This has been partly reviewed but has not been completed. A table has been produced that shows a range of information for each of the most commonly used journals by the security researchers. This shows the quartiles position of each of the publications and the rank of the journal within the set of journals within the journal category. Some journals have more than one category where the journal is interdisciplinary. The publications are generally from the first quartile of the journals in any classification, suggesting high impact of publications through the most cited journals. This may not apply in the tail however where there are many publications within single journals.

The distribution of papers in journals has been assessed using the Web of Knowledge papers not the e-Scholar set. The dispersion of papers across journals is significant. Just under half the papers are in a unique journal, i.e. within a set of 206 journals, while remaining papers (271 papers) are in a total of 77 journals. Such dispersion suggests diversity and clustering, both processes likely to be at work behind the generation of papers. Institutional comparison may reveal the existence of strategies on the part of researchers of their institutions at other research performers to focus research on to narrower range of journals.

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Clustering of publications to Web of Knowledge Journal categories suggest engineering, electrical and electronic and computer science (AI and Theory and Methods) are important areas for research.

Keywords Plus frequencies suggest strong computer science focus of the publications with other engineering and electrical engineering topics important.

Word frequency clusters suggest the importance of systems as a focus for research.

Autocorrelation of Keywords Plus terms suggests links between the computer science terms. This is likely to reflect a group of computer science researchers’ co-publication and common use of keywords and subjects, although Keywords Plus is a construction of research theme provided by the Web of Knowledge service.

Count of authors per paper suggests most papers are three to five authors. There are a small number of multiple authorship papers with n>8.

Of the 477 papers, 283 are published with one country involved, the UK. 145 papers are published with one other country. Of these 145 papers, most are published with Chinese institutions (72), the next most common partner for this category of papers is the US with which only 15 papers were published. Of the 34 papers that are published with three countries participating, the most common partner country is the US with 19 papers, the next most common is China with 9 papers. It is clear that for this group of authors, China is an important collaborator. It should be noted that papers with one country affiliation can have multiple institutional participation and this is the case for this data. For example, of the 72 papers with Chinese participation, there are 33 papers with two institutions, 30 papers with three institutions, six papers with four institutions and three papers with five institutions.

Tables of institution showing the count of addresses (which gives the number of participating institutions in papers) shows a large spread of institutional collaboration. There is not major other research partner globally for the research undertaken. This suggests the wide diversity of the institutional collaborations. Chinese institutions are important as noted above. Further analysis may reveal if the Chinese participation is generally multi country >2 countries or is bi-lateral. Figures showing country to country links reveal clusters of collaboration activities involving Argentina, Austria, Cameroon, Brazil New Zealand, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy Belgium and Hungary. These may be EU funded activities in which Manchester researchers are engaged. The absence of links for China in the Collaboration Patterns by Country does indeed suggest Chinese collaborations are bi- and not generally multi-lateral. The figures of Collaboration Patterns by Institution suggest some marginally greater connectivity of Chinese institutions to other non-Chinese institutions in the production of the papers.

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4.3 TheCollaboratingAuthors

Collaboration between the Manchester security authors measured from the bibliometric data we have downloaded from the Web of Science and measured as the number of co-authored papers amounts to 34 publications out of a total of 477. These co-publication arise from the work of just eight authors. The instance of co-publication is therefore around 7% measured by the number of publications and 16% of the authors.

The distribution of these 34 co-authored publications is not surprisingly, unevenly distributed between the eight collaborating researchers. 21 of the publications are the product of just two authors. One publication is the result of the work of three authors.

Co-authorship occurs amongst authors with large numbers of publications in this area but also amongst authors with few publications in the area. This suggests that co-authorship – co-publication - is not a fixed feature of the most heavily publishing authors but occurs amongst all authors in this group.

A box shows the author’s keywords of the publications resulting from co-authorship. Over this short period of time from which the observations are drawn it is not possible to say whether there is a trend of increasing growth in collaboration or not amongst these authors.

The intensity of publication with China by a small number of authors may suggest that the strongest relationship of the security authors is with China. This may be true in terms of the numbers of papers written but the most common country link of our authors based on the count of authors collaborating and not on the basis of the count of papers, is the US, followed by China and Germany equal second.

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4) ANNEXES

Annex1:TheField

FundingBodiesRank Papers Funding Organization

1 184 Defence Science and Technology Laboratory

2 120 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)

3 32 MOD/DSTL

4 18 European Community

5 17 EPSRC/DSTL

6 16 Natural Environment Research Council

6 12 Ministry of Defence (MOD), UK

7 10 QinetiQ Ltd

9 8 Royal Society

11 6 Home Office Scientific Development Branch (HOSDB)

12 5 Airbus UK

13 5 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

14 5 Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre

15 5 NIH

16 4 HM Revenue and Customs

17 4 Innovative Electronics Manufacturing Research Center (IeMRC)

18 4 NSF

19 4 Scottish Natural Heritage

20 3 Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (Northern Ireland)

TABLE 1 MAIN FUNDING BODIES ALSO FUNDING WITH DSTL

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ResearchThemesRank Papers Keywords (author's)

1 6 delamination2 5 Impact behaviour3 5 Microstructure4 5 Self-healing5 4 Damage mechanics6 4 Finite element analysis (FEA)7 4 Fracture toughness8 4 Mechanical properties9 3 Carbon fibre

10 3 Crack arrest11 3 Damage tolerance12 3 Fractography13 3 fracture14 3 Impact15 3 Mechanical testing16 3 natural scenes17 3 Remote sensing18 3 Spectrogram19 2 ABAQUS20 2 Ballistic21 2 biodiversity22 2 Carbon fibres23 2 Colocated antennas24 2 complex circularity25 2 copper26 2 Crowding27 2 diffusion28 2 estimation29 2 explosives30 2 Filler wire development31 2 friction32 2 Fuel cell

TABLE 2 RESEARCH THEMES – AUTHOR KEYWORDS

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Rank Papers Keywords Plus

1 14 Behavior

2 9 Composites

3 8 Model

4 7 Identification

5 7 Impact

6 7 Performance

7 7 Polymer composites

8 7 Stability

9 7 Strength

10 7 Water

11 6 Delamination

12 6 Dynamics

13 6 Nanoparticles

14 6 Surface

15 5 Crystal-structure

16 5 Deformation

17 5 Diffraction

18 5 Electrodes

19 5 Fabrication

20 5 Fracture-toughness

21 5 Mechanical-properties

22 5 Microvascular networks

23 5 Polymers

24 5 Primary visual-cortex

25 5 Signals

26 5 Temperature

27 4 Catalysts

28 4 Chemistry

29 4 Escherichia-coli

30 4 Fiber-reinforced composites

31 4 Fracture

32 4 Growth

33 4 Impact damage

34 4 In-situ composites

35 4 Models

TABLE 3 RESEARCH THEMES – KEYWORDS PLUS

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ResearchPerformers

Rank Papers Count of Occurrences Author Affiliations (Organization Only)

1 51 70 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med

2 46 46 DSTL

3 20 21 Univ Bristol

4 20 20 Univ Cambridge

5 20 26 Univ Southampton

6 18 22 Univ Oxford

7 13 13 Cranfield Univ

8 12 12 Univ Exeter

9 8 8 Univ Liverpool

10 8 8 Univ Manchester

11 7 11 Univ Edinburgh

12 7 7 Univ Leeds

13 6 7 Dstl Porton Down

14 6 6 Univ Loughborough

15 6 6 Univ Strathclyde

16 5 5 Bangor Univ

17 5 11 UCL

18 5 9 Univ Sheffield

19 5 5 Univ York

20 4 4 Kings Coll London

21 4 4 Newcastle Univ

22 4 4 RMIT Univ

23 4 4 Swansea Univ

24 4 4 Univ Birmingham

25 4 4 Univ Bolton

26 4 5 Univ Bradford

27 4 4 Univ Nottingham

28 4 5 Univ Surrey

29 3 4 Cardiff Univ

TABLE 4 INSTITUTIONS PRODUCING MOST PAPERS (TOP 30)

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Subjects:SubjectCategoryCounts

Rank Records Subject Category

1 69 Materials Science

2 51 Chemistry

3 48 Engineering

4 24 Physics

5 20 Science & Technology - Other Topics

6 13 Mechanics

7 11 Computer Science

8 11 Environmental Sciences & Ecology

9 10 Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

10 9 Acoustics

11 9 Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

12 8 Microbiology

13 7 Oceanography

14 6 Immunology

15 5 Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

16 5 Electrochemistry

17 5 Mathematics

18 4 Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology

19 4 Geology

20 4 Spectroscopy

21 3 Biophysics

22 3 Crystallography

23 3 Energy & Fuels

24 3 Imaging Science & Photographic Technology

25 3 Infectious Diseases

26 3 Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics

27 3 Marine & Freshwater Biology

28 3 Ophthalmology

29 3 Optics

30 2 Biodiversity & Conservation

31 2 Evolutionary Biology

32 2 Geochemistry & Geophysics

33 2 Instruments & Instrumentation

34 2 Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

35 2 Polymer Science

36 2 Telecommunications

37 1 Astronomy & Astrophysics

38 1 Cell Biology

39 1 Mathematical & Computational Biology

40 1 Microscopy

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41 1 Neurosciences & Neurology

42 1 Pharmacology & Pharmacy

43 1 Plant Sciences

44 1 Psychology

45 1 Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

46 1 Remote Sensing

47 1 Research & Experimental Medicine

48 1 Respiratory System

49 1 Robotics

50 1 Toxicology

TABLE 5 DSTL FUNDED RESEARCH SUBJECT CATEGORY CLASSIFICATIONS

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AuthorAffiliationsofDSTLFundedPapers

Rank Papers Author Affiliations (1st)

1 35 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med

2 16 Univ Southampton

3 15 Univ Cambridge

4 15 Univ Oxford

5 14 Univ Bristol

6 10 Cranfield Univ

7 6 Univ Edinburgh

8 5 Univ Leeds

9 5 Univ Loughborough

10 4 Bangor Univ

11 4 Univ Birmingham

12 4 Univ Exeter

13 4 Univ Liverpool

14 4 Univ Manchester

15 4 Univ Sheffield

16 4 Univ Strathclyde

17 4 Univ York

TABLE 6 ORGANISATIONS OF FIRST AUTHOR

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MappingfundingtoresearchperformersAuthor Affiliations (Organization Only)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Funding Organization

# Records

184

120

32

18

17

12

6 5 5 5 4

# Records

Defence Science and Technology Laboratory

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)

MO

D/Dstl

European Comm

unity

EPSRC/DSTL

Ministry of Defence (M

OD), U

K

Home O

ffice Scientific Development Branch

(HOSDB)

Airbus UK

Her Majesty's Governm

ent Comm

unications Centre

NIH

Innovative Electronics Manufacturing Research

Center (IeMRC)

1 51 Imperial College 46 24 9 5 5

2 25 Def Sci & Technol Lab 24 10 5

3 21 DSTL 18 10

4 20 Univ Bristol 5 12 8 8 5

5 20 Univ Cambridge 9 7 9

6 20 Univ Southampton 17 8 4

7 18 Univ Oxford 16 11 4

8 13 Cranfield Univ 10 5

9 12 Univ Exeter 11 4

10 8 Univ Liverpool 5

11 8 Univ Manchester 4 7 4

12 7 Univ Edinburgh 6 5 4

13 7 Univ Leeds 6 4 4 4

14 6 Dstl Porton Down 6

15 6 Univ Loughborough 6 5

16 6 Univ Strathclyde 6 5

17 5 Bangor Univ 5

18 5 UCL 4

19 5 Univ Sheffield 5 5

20 5 Univ York 5

21 4 Newcastle Univ 4

22 4 RMIT Univ 4 4

23 4 Swansea Univ 4

24 4 Univ Birmingham 4 4

25 4 Univ Bolton 4 4

26 4 Univ Bradford 4 4 4 4

27 4 Univ Surrey 4 4

TABLE 7 MAPPING OF FUNDING BODIES TO RESEARCH PERFORMERS

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Annex2AllSecurityResearchers

TheManchesterPapers

Subject Category Count of Papers

1 213

2 152

3 78

4 21

5 13

TABLE 8 FREQUENCY COUNT OF PAPERS BY NUMBER OF SUBJECT CATEGORIES

FIGURE 1 PLOT OF FREQUENCY COUNT OF PAPERS BY NUMBER OF SUBJECT CATEGORIES

0

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200

250

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FIGURE 2 MOST COMMON SUBJECT CATEGORIES FOR MANCHESTER SECURITY RESEARCHERS

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Most Common Subject Categories for Manchester Security Researchers

25


ManchesterAuthors:MostUsedJournalsandCountofPublications

Rank Count Source IF Quartile

1 16 Expert systems with applications2 15 Bmc bioinformatics3 13 Bioinformatics4 9 Ieee transactions on instrumentation and

measurement 5 7 Ieee transactions on fuzzy systems6 7 Ieee transactions on neural networks7 7 Measurement & control8 6 Multiple classifier systems, proceedings9 5 Chemical senses

10 5 Educational studies in mathematics11 5 European journal of operational research12 5 Ieee sensors journal13 5 International journal of computational intelligence

systems 14 5 Journal of algebra15 5 Transactions of the institute of measurement and

control 16 4 2011 50th ieee conference on decision and control

and european control conference (cdc-ecc 17 4 Analyst18 4 Computers & operations research19 4 Ieee transactions on control systems technology20 4 Ieee transactions on systems man and cybernetics

part a-systems and humans 21 4 International journal of advanced manufacturing

technology 22 4 Inverse problems23 4 Journal of urban technology24 3 2010 8th world congress on intelligent control and

automation (wcica 25 3 2011 ieee international symposium on circuits and

systems (iscas 26 3 2011 ieee nuclear science symposium and medical

imaging conference (nss/mic 27 3 Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry28 3 Ieee transactions on automatic control29 3 Ieee transactions on medical imaging30 3 International journal of algebra and computation31 3 Journal of chromatography a32 3 Journal of synchrotron radiation

26


33 3 Journal of the optical society of america a-optics image science and vision

34 3 Lab on a chip35 3 Lms journal of computation and mathematics36 3 Measurement science & technology37 3 Ndt & e international38 3 Physiological measurement39 3 Plos one

FIGURE 3 MAIN JOURNALS USED (477 PUBLICATIONS)

ConcentrationofManchestersecuritypapersbyjournal

Count of Papers Per Journal

Count of Journals

Count of Papers

1 206 206

2 38 76

3 16 48

4 8 32

5 7 35

6 1 6

7 3 21

9 1 9

13 1 13

15 1 15

16 1 16

Totals 283 477

FIGURE 4 DISPERSION OF PAPERS ACROSS JOURNAL BY COUNT OF PUBLICATIONS PER JOURNAL

27


Papersacrossjournalbycountofpublicationsperjournal

FIGURE 5 COUNT OF PAPERS PER JOURNAL AND COUNT OF JOURNAL

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 5 10 15 20

Coun

t of J

ourn

als

Count of Papers Per Journal

Count of Papers per Journal and Count of Journal

28


ConcentrationofManchestersecuritypapersbySubjectcategory

Subject Category Count

Engineering 157

Computer Science 154

Automation & Control Systems 53

Mathematics 52

Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 49

Instruments & Instrumentation 49

Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology 34

Mathematical & Computational Biology 34

Operations Research & Management Science 33

Physics 33

Chemistry 21

Optics 16

Neurosciences & Neurology 15

Science & Technology - Other Topics 14

Materials Science 12

Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging 12

Business & Economics 11

Education & Educational Research 11

Imaging Science & Photographic Technology 10

Physiology 9

Telecommunications 8

Food Science & Technology 7

Energy & Fuels 6

Urban Studies 6

Behavioral Sciences 5

Electrochemistry 5

Environmental Sciences & Ecology 5

Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics 5

Psychiatry 5

Information Science & Library Science 4

29


ConcentrationofManchestersecuritypapersbywebofscienceJournalCategory

FIGURE 6 MOST COMMON WOS CATEGORIES FOR MANCHESTER SECURITY RESEARCHERS

020406080

100120140

Engi

neer

ing,

Ele

ctric

al &

…Co

mpu

ter S

cien

ce, A

rtifi

cial

…Co

mpu

ter S

cien

ce, T

heor

y …Au

tom

atio

n &

Con

trol

…In

stru

men

ts &

…Bi

oche

mic

al R

esea

rch …

Com

pute

r Sci

ence

, …Co

mpu

ter S

cien

ce, …

Biot

echn

olog

y &

App

lied …

Mat

hem

atic

al &

…O

pera

tions

Res

earc

h &

…M

athe

mat

ics

Phys

ics,

App

lied

Chem

istry

, Ana

lytic

alCo

mpu

ter S

cien

ce, …

Opt

ics

Stat

istic

s & P

roba

bilit

yN

euro

scie

nces

Com

pute

r Sci

ence

, …M

athe

mat

ics,

App

lied

Radi

olog

y, N

ucle

ar …

Man

agem

ent

Engi

neer

ing,

Bio

med

ical

Imag

ing

Scie

nce

& …

Educ

atio

n &

Edu

catio

nal …

Nan

osci

ence

& …

Phys

iolo

gyBi

oche

mist

ry &

Mol

ecul

ar …

Mat

eria

ls Sc

ienc

e, …

Tele

com

mun

icat

ions

Food

Sci

ence

& T

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olog

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ergy

& F

uels

Coun

t of O

ccur

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e of

WO

S Ca

tego

ry

WOS Category

Most Common WOS Categories for Manchester Security Researchers

30


WebofScienceCategoriesOccurrenceofPapers

WOS Category Occurrences within the set of Papers

Engineering, Electrical & Electronic 126

Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence 69

Computer Science, Theory & Methods 55

Automation & Control Systems 53

Instruments & Instrumentation 49

Biochemical Research Methods 43

Computer Science, Information Systems 37

Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications 35

Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology 34

Mathematical & Computational Biology 34

Operations Research & Management Science 33

Mathematics 28

Physics, Applied 25

Chemistry, Analytical 18

Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture 16

Optics 16

Statistics & Probability 16

Neurosciences 15

Computer Science, Software Engineering 14

Mathematics, Applied 12

Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging 12

Management 11

Engineering, Biomedical 10

Imaging Science & Photographic Technology 10

TABLE 9 SECURITY RESEARCHER PAPERS BY WEB OF SCIENCE CATEGORY

31


MostCommonKeywordsPlus

Keywords Plus Number of Instances Uncertainty 25 Identification 24 System 24 Design 23 Evidential reasoning approach 22 Model 18 Models 17 Multi attribute decision-analysis 15 Systems 15 Algorithm 14 Diagnosis 14 Information 14 Inference 13 Optimization 12 Neural-networks 10 Algorithms 9 Biology 9 Text 9 Tomography 9 Methodology 8 Reconstruction 8 Tool 8 Information extraction 7 Management 7 Rule 7 Stochastic-systems 7 Classification 6 Construction 6 Database 6 Images 6 Incomplete data 6 Microtomography 6 Networks 6 Pipeline leak detection 6 Prediction 6 Protein 6 Recognition 6 Safety analysis 6 Annotation 5 Decision-analysis 5

TABLE 10 COMMONEST KEYWORDS PLUS (WOS)

32


KeywordPlusClusters

absorption algorithm analysis annotation approach approximation attribute behavior belief biology capillary chip classification computed

conductivity construction control data database decision density design detection device diagnosis distribution dynamic electrical

electrophoresis entropy environments estimator event evidential evolution expert

extraction feedback flow functions fuzzy gene identification image

impedance inference information integration language machines making management mass measurements methodology microtomography minimum

models multiattribute names natural networks neural nonlinear optimization output patterns pdfs pipeline prediction problem process

protein reasoning recognition reconstruction rule safety scenes sensor separation sets spectrometry spectroscopy stability state statistical stochastic structures

surface systems text theory time

tomography tools tracking uncertainty vision weight

FIGURE 7 KEYWORD PLUS FREQUENCY WORD PICTURE

33


ClusteringofKeywordsPlus

FIGURE 8 CLUSTERING OF KEYWORDS PLUS

34


KeywordPlusLinkages

FIGURE 9 KEYWORDS PLUS SECURITY AREA AUTOCORRELATION: MOST COMMON TERMS

35


KeywordsAuthors

Rank Count of Keywords Keyword (Author’s)

1 13 Evidential reasoning

2 11 Belief rule base

3 8 Uncertainty

4 6 Isotachophoresis

5 6 word problem

6 5 Evidential reasoning approach

7 5 expert system

8 5 image reconstruction

9 5 Uncertainty modeling

10 5 Utility

11 4 Data envelopment analysis

12 4 entropy

13 4 forecasting

14 4 Miniaturisation

15 4 Monoid

16 4 Refinement

17 4 Reliability

18 4 Signal processing

19 4 Text mining

20 4 tomography

21 3 Decision analysis

22 3 electrical impedance tomography

23 3 evidential reasoning (ER

24 3 Failure mode and effects analysis

25 3 Fault detection

26 3 Finite element method

27 3 Fuzzy logic

28 3 Image processing

29 3 Iterative learning control (ILC

30 3 Leak detection

31 3 machine learning

32 3 neural networks

33 3 New product development

34 3 nondestructive evaluation (NDE

35 3 Nonlinear optimization

36 3 Recursive algorithm

37 3 recursive algorithms

FIGURE 10 COMMON AUTHOR KEYWORDS IN RANK ORDER - SECURITY

36


CountofAuthorsperPublication:PapersinwhichManchestersecurityAuthorsInvolved

FIGURE 11 FREQUENCY COUNT OF AUTHORS PER PAPER

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Coun

t of P

aper

s

Count of Authors per Paper

Frequency Count of Authors per Paper

37


CollaboratingInstitutionsofManchesterAuthors:MostCommonacrossAllPapers

Rank University Count of Addresses 1 Univ Manchester 549 2 Northeastern Univ 24 3 Univ Tokyo 18 4 Manchester Metropolitan Univ 15 5 Univ Cambridge 14 6 City Univ Hong Kong 12 7 Hefei Univ Technol 10 8 Tsinghua Univ 10 9 High Tech Inst Xian 9 10 Univ Liverpool 9 11 Beihang Univ 7 12 Virginia Tech 7 13 Chinese Acad Sci 6 14 Concordia Univ 6 15 Fuzhou Univ 6 16 Newcastle Univ 7 17 Tianjin Univ 6 18 Univ Birmingham 6 19 Argonne Natl Lab 5 20 Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol 6 21 Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ 5 22 Univ London 5 23 Xian Inst Hitech 5 24 Carleton Univ 4 25 European Bioinformat Inst 4 26 Kangwon Natl Univ 4 27 Microsoft Res Asia 4 28 N China Elect Power Univ 5 29 Southeast Univ 4 30 UCL 8 31 Univ Lancaster 4 32 Univ Sheffield 5 33 Deakin Univ 5 34 Global FIA 3 35 Kings Coll London 3 36 Massey Univ 3 37 Univ Edinburgh 3 38 Univ Leicester 4 39 Univ Michigan 4 40 Univ So Calif 3

TABLE 11 COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS OF SECURITY RESEARCHERS

38


CollaborationPatternsbyCountry

FIGURE 12 COUNTRY TO COUNTRY LINKS

39


CollaborationPatternsbyInstitution

FIGURE 13 INSTITUTIONAL COLLABORATION LINKS MOST COMMONLY OCCURRING INSTITUTIONS (50 INSTITUTIONS)

40


Manchestersecurityauthorandcountrycollaboration

Authors (Cleaned) (Cleaned)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Show Values >= 1 and <= 65 Cooccurrence # of Records

UK

Chin

a

USA

Japa

n

Germ

any

Cana

da

Spai

n

Aust

ralia

Fran

ce

Russ

ia

Sout

h Ko

rea

Gree

ce

Net

herla

nds

# Records 473

87 42 21 14 13 12 8 8 6 6 5 5

Wang, Hong 65 37 2 1 4 1

Yang, Jian-Bo 44 35 3

Paton, Norman W 36 8 4 1 2 1 1 3

Ananiadou, Sophia 33 4 6 18 1 1 1 1

Withers, Philip J 27 1 4 1 2 1 6

Xu, Dong-Ling 26 19

Fielden, Peter R 24 3 3 1

Kambites, Mark 16 1 1 1

Dudek, Piotr 16

Brown, Gavin 16 3 1 1 1

Rowley, Peter 13 1

Peyton, Anthony J 13 3 2

Ozanyan, Krikor B 12 1

Foster, David H 12 3

McNaught, John 11 1

Keane, John A 11 1 2

Brown, Tony 11

Persaud, Krishna C 9 4

Lionheart, William R B 9 2 1 4 1 1

Gaydecki, Patrick 8

Crossley, Peter 8 1 1 1

Zhang, Ning 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Cootes, Timothy F 7

Aldridge, Judith 6

York, Trevor 5

Purdam, Kingsley 5

Brand, Ralf 5 1

Banach, Richard 5 1

van Silfhout, Roelof 4 1

Pan, Jianxin 4 1 1 1

McCann, Hugh 4

Li, Haiyu 4 1 1

Brass, Andrew 3 1 1 1

Wong, Cecilia 2

41


Marjanovic, Ognjen 2

Kawalek, Peter 2 2 1

Green, Peter R 2

George, Danielle 2

Dorn, Oliver 2 2 1

Missous, Mohamed 1 1

King, Ross D 1 1

Howells, Geraint 1

Healey, Mark P 1

TABLE 12 MANCHESTER SECURITY AUTHORS AND COUNTRY COLLABORATION

CountofcountriesperpaperRank Number of Countries in the Paper Frequency

1 1 283

2 2 145

3 3 34

4 4 9

5 5 2

6 27 1

7 12 1

8 6 1

9 0 1

TABLE 13 MANCHESTER SECURITY AUTHORS: COUNTRY COLLABORATION FREQUENCIES

42


Mostcommoncountrylinksofourauthors

FIGURE 14 MOST COMMON COUNTRY COLLABORATOR BY COUNT OF AUTHORS

0

5

10

15

20

China USA Japan Germany Canada Spain Australia France

Coun

t of A

utho

rs

Most Common Country Collaborator by Count of Authors

43


Annex3TheSubsetofCollaboratingAuthors

ManchesterSecurityAuthorsWorkingTogetherwithotherManchesterSecurityAuthors

Count of Publications Count of Instances Total Publications 20 1 20 8 1 8 2 1 2 1 4 4

Total Publications 34

TABLE 14 COLLABORATING AUTHORS

44


Co-authorshipperYear

FIGURE 15

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Frequency

2008

2009

2009

2010

2010

2011

2011

2012

2012

45


Journalswherecollaborativeworkispublished

Journal Title Count of Publications

BMC Bioinformatics 5

Chem. Eng. J 1

Comput. Oper. Res 2

Eur. J. Oper. Res 3

Expert Syst 1

Expert Syst. Appl 7

IEEE Sens. J 1

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas 1

IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Paart A-Syst. Hum 1

Inf. Sci 2

Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst 1

Int. J. Uncertainty Fuzziness Knowl.-Based Syst 1

J. Mar. Sci. Technol 1

Nucleic Acids Res 1

Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci

TABLE 15 MANCHESTER SECURITY AUTHORS COLLABORATING: JOURNALS USED

46


KeywordsoftheCollaborativeResearch

Adaptive training; Belief rule base; Evidential reasoning; Inference analysis; Leak detection; Multi-modal function analytical hierarchical process (AHP; decision with uncertainties; evidential reasoning (ER; group-based decision; product project screening Bayesian reasoning; Belief rule base; Leak detection; Recursive algorithm; expert system Belief rule base; Clinical risk assessment; Decision support systems; Evidential reasoning approach; OR in medicine; Uncertainty modeling Belief rule base; Consumer preference mapping; Consumer preference prediction; Evidential reasoning; Prediction accuracy Belief rule base; Evidential reasoning approach; clinical decision support system; clinical guideline; inference mechanism Belief rule base; Evidential reasoning; Leak detection; Recursive algorithm; expert system Belief rule base; Evidential reasoning; Recursive algorithm; Utility; expert system Belief rule base; Evidential reasoning; Uncertainty; forecasting; recursive algorithms Belief rule-based system; Consumer preference modeling; Optimization; Preference mapping; Product design; Quality assessment; Target setting Belief-rule-base (BRB; Uncertainty; evidential reasoning (ER; inference; recursive algorithms Branch-and-bound; Dynamic programming; Flexible maintenance; Shortest processing time; Single machine scheduling Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs; materials characterization; modeling; multifrequency eddy current sensors; nondestructive evaluation (NDE; polymer composites clinical decision support system; group clinical decision making; inference mechanism; knowledge acquisition tool; knowledge representation scheme; uncertainty handling Container Line Supply Chain; Security evaluation; Theft Data envelopment analysis; Efficient frontier; Minimax method; Multiple objective linear programming; Performance assessment Data envelopment analysis; Minimax method; Multiple objective linear programming; Performance assessment; Tradeoff analysis Decision analysis; Evidential reasoning; Nonlinear optimization; Partial information; Voices of customer Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT; THz tomography; X-ray tomography; electrical impedance tomography (EIT; electromagnetic tomography; gamma tomography; optical tomography; sensing systems Enterprise risk management; Evidential reasoning; health organization; intelligent decision system Evidence theory; Multiple criteria analysis; Uncertainty modeling; Vehicle evaluation Full Text Search; Information Retrieval; Natural Language processing; Termine; document clustering; term extraction IEC 61850; Process bus architecture; Reliability; protection system; relaying; reliability block diagram multiple-criteria decision analysis; reference ship selection; shipping evidential reasoning Process monitoring; UWB; Wireless sensor networks; grain storage; industrial processes; local positioning Text mining; document classification; document clustering; term extraction

BOX 1 KEYWORDS OF THE COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH

47


Annex4TheSecurityResearchers

ManchesterSecurityAuthorsAuthor Name

Aldridge, Judith

Ananiadou, Sophia

Banach, Richard

Brand, Ralf

Brass, Andrew

Brown, Gavin

Brown, Tony

Carr, Christopher

Cootes, Timothy

Crossley, Peter

Dorn, Oliver

Dudek, Piotr

Fielden, Peter

Foster, David

Gadd, David

Gaydecki, Patrick

George, Danielle

Green, Peter

Healey, Mark

Howells, Geraint

Kambites, Mark

Kawalek, Peter

Keane, John

King, Ross

Li, Haiyu

Lionheart, William

Marjanovic, Ognjen

Maytorena-Sanchez, Eunice

Mccann, Hugh

Mcnaught, John

Missous, Mohamed

Oyadiji, Sunday

Ozanyan, Krikor

Pan, Jianxin

Paton, Norman

Persaud, Krishna

Peyton, Anthony

Purdam, Kingsley

Rowley, Peter

48


Van Silfhout, Roelof

Wang, Hong

Withers, Philip

Wong, Cecilia

Xu, Dong-Ling

Yang, Jian-Bo

York, Trevor

Zhang, Ning

TABLE 16 MANCHESTER SECURITY AUTHORS

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