BIBLIOMETRICS SCINTOMETRICS

CITATION ANALYSIS CONTENT ANALYSIS

Presented BySumit Ranjan

Junior Research FellowDept. Of Library & Information Science (SIST)

BBAU, LUCKNOW

PRESENTATION TOPICS

2

What is Bibliometrics?Bibliometrics literally means "book measurement" but the term is used about all kinds of documents (with journal articles as the dominant kind of document). What is measured are not the physical properties of documents but statistical patterns in variables such as authorship, sources, subjects, geographical origins, and citations. Bibliometrics is defined as “the study of quantitative aspects of the production, dissemination and use of recorded information”. Herubel5 explained bibliometrics as “as a quantitative analysis of publications for the purpose of ascertaining specific kind of phenomenon”.

• “… all studies which seek to quantify processes of written communication.”

Pritchard• “… the quantitative treatment of the propertied of recorded discourse

and behavior pertaining to it.”Fairthorne

• Recorded communication - ‘literature’->quantitative methods

3

Alan Pritchard 1969

Coined the term “Bibliometrics“ in a paper “Statistical bibliography or Bibliometrics” published in the Journal of Documentation (1969)

"the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication“

Journal of Documentation (1969) 25(4):348-349quantitative methods

4

Also used to study broader than books, articles … Scientometrics

• covering science in general, not just publications

Infometrics• all information objects

Webometrics or cybermetrics• web connections, manifestations• using bibliometric techniques to study the

relationship or properties of different sites on the web

and other related metrics …

5

Reasons for quantitative studies of literatureAnalysis of structure and dynamics

• search for regularities - predictions possibleUnderstanding of patterns

• “order out of documentary chaos”• verification of models, assumptions

Rationale for policies & design

6

Application of Bibliometrics To identify research trends and growth of knowledge. To estimate comprehensiveness of secondary periodicals. Library selection, weeding, policies Information organization Information management To identify users of different subjects. To identify authorship and its trends in documents on various

subjects. To forecast past, present and future publishing trends. To predict productivity of publishers, individual authors,

organizations and countries.

7

What Studied?Governed by data available in documents or

information resources in general - that what can be counted

author(s)origin

• organization, country, languagesource

• journal, publisher, patent …

8

What … more

contents• text, parts of text, subject, classes

representationcitations

• to a document, in a document, co-citationutilization

• circulation, various useslinksany other quantifiable attribute

9

Tools Science Citation Index Compilation of variables from journals in

a subject Use data Publication counts from indexes, or

other data bases Web structures, links

10

Variable: Authorsnumber in a subject, field, institution, countrygrowth correlation with indicators like GNP, energy etc.productivity e.g. Lotka’s lawcollaboration - co-authorship, associated

networksdynamics - productive life, epidemicspapers/author in a subjectmapping

Variable: OriginRates of production, size, growth by

• country, institution, language, subjectComparison between theseCorrelation with economic & other

indicators

Variable: SourcesConcentration most often on journalsGrowth, dynamics, numbers

• information explosion - exponential laws• time movements, life cycles

Scatter - quantity/yield distribution• Bradford’s law

Various distributions• by subject, language, country

13

Variable: ContentsAnalysis of texts

• distribution of words – Zipf’s law• words, phrases in various parts• subject analysis, classification• co-word analysis

14

Variable: Representationfrequency of use of index terms,

classesdistribution laws - key terms

where?thesaurus structure

15

Variable: citationsStudied a lot; many pragmatic results

• base for citation indexes, web of science, impact factors, co-citation studies etc.

Derived:• number of references in articles• number of citations to articles

o research front; citation classics

• bibliographic coupling

16

Laws & methods

Lotka’s law

Bradford’s law

Zipf’s law

17

Alfred J. Lotka 1926 • Statistics—the frequency distribution of scientific

productivityPurpose: to "determine, if possible, the part which

men of different caliber contribute to the progress of science“– Looked at Chemical Abstracts Index, then Geschichtstafeln

der Physik• J. Washington Acad. Sci. 16:317-325

18

Lotka’s law: xn • y = CThe total number of authors y in a given subject, each

producing x publications, is inversely proportional to some exponential function n of x.

• Where:– x = number of publications– y = no. of authors credited with x

publications– n = constant (equals 2 for scientific

subjects)– C = constant

• inverse square law of scientific productivity

19

Lotka's Law - scientific publications

xn • y = C

No

. of

auth

ors

20

Samuel Clement Bradford 1934

Distribution of quantity vs yield of sources of information on specific subjects• he studied journals as sources, but applicable to other• what journals produce how many articles in a subject and how are

they distributed? or• How are articles in a subject scattered across journals?

Purpose: to develop a method for identification of the most productive journals in a subject & deal with what he called “documentary chaos”

First published in: Engineering (1934) 137:85-86, then in his book Documentation, (1948)

21

Bradford’s law"If scientific journals are arranged in order of

decreasing productivity of articles on a given subject, they may be divided into a nucleus of periodicals more particularly devoted to the subject and several groups or zones containing the same number of articles as the nucleus, when the numbers of periodicals in the nucleus and succeeding zones will be as a : n : n2 : n3 …“

22

Bradford’s law: f(x)=a+b log x

• Were

f(x) = Total no. of references in first x most productive journal

a & b = constant

It studies scattering of article on particular topic over different journal

23

Bradford's Law of Scattering – an idealized example

No. of source journals

12

1224

10755

No. of articles per source

60353025986543

Total no. of articles

60703050183260352015

3 130

9

27

130

130

24

Bradford's Law of Scattering – zones

3 sources 130 articles

9 sources 130 articles

27 sources 130 articles

nucleus

25

George Kingsley Zipf’s 1935

• The psycho-biology of language: an introduction to dynamic philology (1935)

• Human behavior and the principle of least effort: An introduction to human ecology (1949)

• Looked, among others, at frequency distributions of words in given texts– counted distribution in James Joyces’ Ulysses

• Provided an explanation as to why the found distributions happen:

Also known as Principle of least effort

26

Zipf’s law: r • f = c

• Where:r = rank (in terms of frequency)f = frequency (no. of times the given word is used in the text)c = constant for the given text

• For a given text the rank of a word multiplied by the frequency is a constant

• Works well for high frequency words, not so well for low – thus a number of modifications

27

Scientometrics: Definition

It is the quantitative study of science

output or outcome in any form, not just records or bibliographies. It comprises all the metrics studies related to science indicators, citation analyses, research evaluation, etc.

28

The measurement of science – not the use of measurement in science

The quantitative study of scientific communications

Using bibliometric methods

Scientometric

29

Scope….

It is a field wherein the flow of information and behavior of information are analyzed, measured and quantitative relations are established

It is a scientific field wherein the developments of measurement of impact of information are accessed continuously.

Scientometrics mostly deals with analysis of science data.

30

Topics deal with…..

Growth and obsolescence of literature. Measures of scientific productivity (often referred to as

the author productivity). Quantitative aspects of library and information studies,

including journal productivity, rank distribution of words, etc.

Co-citation, bibliographic coupling, co-word analysis, etc.

Identifying relations among various disciplines, structure of subjects, national mapping of science, etc.

31

Scientometrics: Applications Documentation – where it can count the number of

journals that constitute the core, secondary sources and periphery of a discipline by analyzing the quantity of journals needed to cover 50% of the information in a given area of science

Science policy – where it provides indicators to measure productivity and scientific quality, thereby supplying a basis for evaluating and orienting R & D.

32

Citation analysis is the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in articles and books. It uses citations in scholarly works to establish links to other works or other researchers. Citation analysis is one of the most widely used methods of bibliometrics. For example, bibliographic coupling and co-citation are association measures based on citation analysis.

Citation Analysis: Definition

33

Using citations (footnotes) as the raw data for bibliometric studies

Who footnotes whom/who is footnoted by whom

Can be used to assess the influence of an individual on a field of study

Citation Analysis

34

Citing behavior is little understood

Citer motivations are little acknowledged

Matthew Effect (Robert K. Merton) – "To him who has shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him who does not have, even that which he has shall be taken away.”

Obliteration by incorporation

Problems in Citation Analysis

35

Content Analysis• Content analysis is considered a scholarly method in

the humanities by which texts are studied as to authorship, authenticity, or meaning.

• Content analysis to explore the content of various media (book, journals, web resources, etc.) in order to discover how particular issues are presented.

• Content analysis is a summarizing, quantitative analysis of messages that relies on the scientific method and is not limited as to the types of variables that may be measured or the context in which the messages are created or presented

36

What Analysis?A technique that enables researchers to study

human behavior in an indirect way– through an analysis of their communications

The analysis of the– Written contents of a communication. – Examples?– Review resumes from job applicants

37

Steps for Conducting CA

Define terms– Knowledge

construction, socializing, presence

Specify unit and analysis– Words, sentences,

phrases, paintings, audio, video

Find data and sampling

Generate coding scheme

Inter rater reliability

Analyze!!!

38

Let’s look at examples Corporate Blog study Blog study: collaboration Socialization online study Let’s code together!

• Choose one entry from one of the class blogs

• Copy-paste to Word and then Code it together

39

Types Of Content Analysis

Quantitative Content Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

Computerized Content Analysis

40

Quantitative Content Analysis

Identify categories

Count frequencies of word occurrence & run statistical analysis

The frequency of occurrence of “people” and “taxes” in this campaign speech

41

Qualitative Analysis

Content Analysis Identifying, Coding, Categorizing the primary patterns in the

data• Interaction styles in online discussion: • Complexity of response• Question type• Levels of argumentation & negotiation• Socializing• Coding Scheme

Creates a scheme which clusters words and phrases into conceptual categories for purposes of counting

42

Computerized Content Analysis

Adolescent Writings of Napoleon Bonaparte

Analysis of verbal behavior

• scores on scales for on depression, anxiety, & preoccupation with sickness

• coincide with the availablebiographical evidence (childhood)

43

Unit of Analysis?

Words Phrases Sentences Paragraphs Blog entries Video segments Picture

44

1. Bibliometric and scientometric . (2006). Retrieved from http://edweb.sdsu.edu/courses/edtec296/

2. Content Analysis. (2010). Retrieved from http://amandaklein.blogspot.com/

3. Scientometric to webometrics. (2010). Retrieved from uni-mysore.ac.in/Asc/2010%20TO%202011/RC/.../mysore2011-1.ppt

4. Citation Analysis. (2011). Retrieved from boballen.info/ISS/PPT/ISSchp09.pptx

5. Content analysis. (2008). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_analysis

References

45

THANK YOU