1

Be

fore

we

start, a

brie

f ove

r view

of IS &

EW

. IS&T

do

esn

’t usu

ally d

ea

l with

ele

ctron

ic

wa

rfare

;h

ow

eve

r the

y do

de

al w

ith in

form

atio

n se

curity; w

hich

is rela

ted

to in

form

atio

n

wa

rfare

;h

ow

eve

r the

y do

de

al w

ith in

form

atio

n se

curity; w

hich

is rela

ted

to in

form

atio

n

wa

rfare

, an

d th

ere

fore

EW

.

On

e ca

n a

rgu

e th

at m

an

y EW

system

s are

info

rma

tion

system

s; the

y com

prise

of h

ard

wa

re,

softw

are

/firmw

are

, an

d p

ersw

are

(op

era

tors), ju

st like in

form

atio

n syste

ms. In

tellige

nce

gath

erin

g syste

ms p

rovid

e in

form

atio

n to

aid

an

alysis a

nd

de

cision

s; an

d to

ide

ntify

con

tacts/sig

na

ls by th

eir E

M ch

ara

cteristics m

ea

ns th

ere

is som

e fo

rm o

f info

rma

tion

stora

ge.

Info

rma

tion

system

s can

pro

vide

spe

ctrum

con

trol –

the

re ca

n b

e d

ata

ba

ses fo

r the

restricte

d fre

qu

en

cies, o

r pro

vide

hig

he

r de

gre

es o

f spe

ctrum

con

trol, su

ch a

s the

Spe

ctrum

XX

I system

an

d th

e n

ew

er G

EM

SIS, wh

ich ca

n sca

n th

e E

M sp

ectru

m in

rea

l-time

,

an

d a

lloca

te ava

ilab

le fre

qu

en

cies.

2

34

Info

rma

tion

wa

rfare

can

be

de

fine

d to

activitie

s tha

t atta

ck or d

efe

nd

info

rma

tion

, info

rma

tion

-ba

sed

pro

cesse

s an

d in

form

atio

n syste

ms in

the

in

form

atio

n, in

form

atio

n-b

ase

d p

roce

sses a

nd

info

rma

tion

system

s in th

e

ph

ysical, in

form

atio

n a

nd

cog

nitive

do

ma

ins.

Ele

ctron

ic wa

rfare

is de

nyin

g th

e e

ne

my u

se o

f the

EM

spe

ctrum

an

d p

rese

rving

it for o

ne

’s

ow

n u

se. Tra

ditio

na

lly ba

sed

on

RF e

lectro

nic co

un

term

ea

sure

s an

d co

un

ter-co

un

ter

me

asu

res.

5

Inte

lligen

ce B

ase

d W

arfa

re (IB

W) –

ma

ximise

inte

lgath

erin

g, a

ssessm

en

t & d

issem

ina

tion

pro

cesse

s & d

eg

rad

e th

ose

of th

e a

dve

rsary.

pro

cesse

s & d

eg

rad

e th

ose

of th

e a

dve

rsary.

Info

rma

tion

Infra

structu

re W

arfa

re (IIW

) –p

rote

ct on

e’s in

frastru

cture

wh

ile e

xplo

iting

an

d

atta

cking

the

en

em

y’s.

Co

mm

an

d &

Co

ntro

l Wa

rfare

(C2

W) –

effe

ctively co

mm

an

d a

nd

con

trol o

ne

s force

s, wh

ilst

hin

de

ring th

e o

pp

ositio

ns a

bilitie

s.

Ne

two

rk Wa

rfare

(NW

) –a

ttacks th

e e

ne

my

’s info

rma

tion

ne

two

rks wh

ilst pro

tectin

g o

ne

’s

ow

n.

Ele

ctron

ic Wa

rfare

(EW

) –a

lrea

dy b

ee

n d

iscusse

d.

Psych

olo

gica

l Op

era

tion

s (PSYO

Ps) –

aim

s to a

lter p

erce

ptio

n a

nd

ultim

ate

ly be

havio

ur o

f

an

au

die

nce

to favo

ur o

ne

’s ob

jective

s, an

d co

un

ter sim

ilar o

pe

ratio

ns b

y the

en

em

y.

[click] Th

e g

rou

pin

g o

f NW

, EW

+P

SYOP

s can

be

see

n a

s we

ap

on

s, wh

ich a

re u

sed

to cre

ate

‘effe

cts’ i.e. a

ttack, th

e g

rou

pin

g o

f IBW

, IIW, C

2W

. Will fo

cus m

ain

ly on

EW

, NW

, an

d IIW

.

6

Ofte

n th

ere

is con

fusio

n a

bo

ut

the

diffe

ren

t term

ino

log

ies –

som

e th

ink th

at E

lectro

nic

Wa

rfare

an

d In

form

atio

n W

arfa

re a

re th

e sa

me

thin

g, o

r tha

t the

com

bin

atio

n o

f Ne

two

rk W

arfa

re a

nd

Info

rma

tion

Wa

rfare

are

the

sam

e th

ing

, or th

at th

e co

mb

ina

tion

of N

etw

ork

Wa

rfare

an

d E

lectro

nic W

arfa

re is cyb

erw

ar;

[click] this is n

ot th

e ca

se.

[click] IW is a

mu

ch b

roa

de

r discip

line

, an

d a

s it also

cove

rs the

cog

nitive

do

ma

in, it is n

ot

limite

d to

op

era

tion

s ba

sed

on

ele

ctron

ic eq

uip

me

nt; a

s such

EW

is on

ly a su

bse

t of IW

. EW

missio

n a

rea

exists in

the

EM

Spe

ctrum

, wh

ere

as N

W e

xists in th

e in

form

atio

n n

etw

orks &

cybe

rspa

ce. T

he

re is a

n o

verla

p b

etw

ee

n th

ese

do

ma

ins, h

ow

eve

r it is sma

ll, so th

at

cybe

rspa

ce ca

nn

ot in

corp

ora

te th

e E

W m

ission

are

a a

nd

vice ve

rsa.

7

Th

ere

are

also

simila

rities in

con

cep

ts be

twe

en

som

e p

illars –

the

exa

mp

le h

ere

is the

pa

ralle

l tactics in

EW

an

d N

W, a

nd

som

e o

f the

se ta

ctics may a

pp

ly to, o

r affe

ct, p

ara

llel ta

ctics in E

W a

nd

NW

, an

d so

me

of th

ese

tactics m

ay ap

ply to

, or a

ffect,

Infra

structu

re W

arfa

re, C

om

ma

nd

an

d C

on

trol W

arfa

re o

r Inte

lligen

ce-B

ase

d W

arfa

re.

From

top

to b

otto

m: d

en

y tha

t info

rma

tion

gath

erin

g o

r disse

min

atin

g m

ed

ium

by

jam

min

g/D

OS a

ttack –

wh

ich w

ill con

seq

ue

ntly a

ffect th

e e

ne

my

’s infra

structu

re a

nd

inte

lligen

ce/co

mm

an

d a

bilitie

s.

De

coys a

nd

De

cep

tion

, will p

rovid

e fa

lse o

r con

flicting

info

rma

tion

to h

ind

er th

e d

ecisio

n

cycle.

Pro

vide

ide

ntifica

tion

me

tho

ds, co

nce

al yo

ur p

rese

nce

, wa

rn o

f en

em

y thre

ats, ga

the

r

inte

lligen

ce, a

nd

sup

po

rt pro

vide

sup

po

rt to th

ese

an

d o

the

r op

era

tion

s.

8

Oth

er e

xam

ple

s of a

pilla

r crea

ting

an

affe

ctin

an

oth

er’s d

om

ain

can

be

:

[Re

ad

from

slide

]

9

As th

ere

are

pa

ralle

lsin

tactics, a

nd

pilla

rs can

crea

te a

ffects in

the

do

ma

ins o

f the

oth

er

fun

ction

al a

rea

s; the

refo

re th

ere

are

ove

rlap

s in th

e va

riou

s missio

n a

rea

s. Th

is may re

sult

fun

ction

al a

rea

s; the

refo

re th

ere

are

ove

rlap

s in th

e va

riou

s missio

n a

rea

s. Th

is may re

sult

in a

dd

ition

al e

qu

ipm

en

t de

sign

con

side

ratio

ns, th

e n

ee

d fo

r eq

uip

me

nt w

ith n

ew

or

exte

nd

ed

cap

ab

ilities (su

ch a

s the

IED

jam

me

rsin

Iraq

an

d A

fgh

an

istan

).

Th

ese

ove

rlap

s may a

lso a

lter th

e w

ay con

flicts are

con

du

cted

; the

y may in

trod

uce

ne

w

varia

ble

s, or m

od

ify an

d e

xpa

nd

existin

g o

ne

s. Th

is will th

en

in tu

rn re

qu

ire m

ore

ad

ap

tatio

ns to

cha

nge

s in e

qu

ipm

en

t to m

ee

t the

ne

w re

qu

irem

en

ts.

10

To a

ssess th

e p

ossib

ilities

for th

e fu

ture

role

s of E

W, w

e first n

ee

d to

atte

mp

t to p

red

ict the

cha

nge

s in co

nflict th

at m

ay occu

r. By lo

okin

g a

t the

use

of te

chn

olo

gy in

con

flicts ove

r the

ch

an

ges in

con

flict tha

t may o

ccur. B

y loo

king

at th

e u

se o

f tech

no

log

y in co

nflicts o

ver th

e

last 1

5ye

ars, it m

ay be

po

ssible

to e

xtrap

ola

te tre

nd

s to th

e fu

ture

.

11

Th

e g

rap

hsh

ow

s the

nu

mb

er o

f arm

ed

con

flicts in th

e la

st 15

yea

rs; the

re w

as a

gen

era

l

de

crea

se u

ntil 2

00

3, re

cen

tly the

tren

d h

as ch

an

ged

an

d h

as sh

ow

n a

n in

crea

se. T

he

d

ecre

ase

un

til 20

03

, rece

ntly th

e tre

nd

ha

s cha

nge

d a

nd

ha

s sho

wn

an

incre

ase

. Th

e

nu

mb

er o

f wa

rs (de

fine

d b

y the

nu

mb

er o

f casu

altie

s exce

ed

ing

10

00

in a

cale

nd

ar ye

ar)

ha

s rem

ain

ed

stab

le, ye

t the

nu

mb

er o

f min

or co

nflict is in

crea

sing

.

12

Th

ere

wa

s a p

red

om

ina

te (a

nd

effe

ctive) u

se o

f cell-p

ho

ne

s an

d ch

ea

p 2

-way ra

dio

s tha

t

we

re u

sed

for in

tellige

nce

an

d C

2 p

urp

ose

s. Th

is pre

sen

ted

a p

rob

lem

to th

e U

S force

s as

we

re u

sed

for in

tellige

nce

an

d C

2 p

urp

ose

s. Th

is pre

sen

ted

a p

rob

lem

to th

e U

S force

s as

the

ir sop

histica

ted

eq

uip

me

nt w

as n

ot d

esig

ne

d/ca

pa

ble

of d

ea

ling

with

the

‘low

-tech

’ of

the

Som

alis. T

he

re w

as a

lso a

n e

ffective

use

of th

e m

ed

ia; th

e b

od

ies o

f US se

rvicem

an

we

re d

rag

ged

in fro

nt o

f the

CN

N ca

me

ras –

the

se im

age

s sen

t sho

ckwave

s an

d e

ffective

ly

resu

lted

in th

e U

S with

dra

wa

l from

Som

alia

.

Th

e ge

no

cide

s an

d re

late

d civil w

ars in

Africa

usu

ally h

ave a

‘low

-tech

’ imp

lem

en

tatio

n;

aga

in civilia

n m

ed

ia b

roa

dca

sts we

re u

sed

, this tim

e to

instiga

te th

e vio

len

ce a

nd

disse

min

ate

ha

te m

essa

ges.

13

Wh

en

ten

sion

s esca

late

d to

con

flict, Eth

iop

iaa

nd

Eritre

a su

rprisin

gly fie

lde

d a

dva

nce

d

mo

de

rn e

qu

ipm

en

t, ma

inly E

aste

rn-b

lock e

qu

ipm

en

t, in la

rge sca

le fo

rce-o

n-fo

rce co

nflicts.

mo

de

rn e

qu

ipm

en

t, ma

inly E

aste

rn-b

lock e

qu

ipm

en

t, in la

rge sca

le fo

rce-o

n-fo

rce co

nflicts.

Th

is illustra

tes th

e u

np

red

ictab

ility of co

nflicts –

the

se a

re tw

o o

f the

po

ore

r na

tion

s, yet

the

y de

plo

yed

som

e o

f the

mo

st ad

van

ced

eq

uip

me

nt o

n th

e co

ntin

en

t.

Ko

sovo

ha

s be

en

de

scribe

d a

s a virtu

al w

ar; th

e m

ajo

rity of th

e co

nflict w

as a

eria

l

bo

mb

ard

me

nt b

y the

NA

TO fo

rces, u

sing

mo

de

rn ta

rgetin

g, co

mm

un

icatio

ns a

nd

C2

system

s. Th

e m

ed

ia p

layed

a h

uge

role

; this w

as o

ne

of th

e first tru

e ‘m

ed

ia w

ars’. Lo

w-

scale

cybe

ratta

cks(w

eb

de

face

me

nts b

y sup

po

rters) a

lso m

ad

e th

eir a

pp

ea

ran

ce. T

his w

as

also

an

infra

structu

re w

ar; b

ridge

s an

d tra

nsp

ort ro

ute

s we

re a

ttacke

d, b

roa

dca

sting

infra

structu

re w

as a

ttacke

d to

limit p

rop

aga

nd

a, a

nd

the

po

we

r infra

structu

re w

as a

ttacke

d

with

spe

cialise

d w

ea

po

ns to

crea

te ‘te

mp

ora

ry’ o

uta

ges.

14

Bo

th A

fgh

an

istan

an

d Ira

q ca

mp

aig

ns sta

rted

as h

igh

-tech

con

ven

tion

al w

ars, w

ith

incre

ase

d m

ed

ia in

volve

me

nt th

rou

gh

em

be

dd

ed

jou

rna

lists, an

d th

e p

rop

aga

nd

a o

f the

in

crea

sed

me

dia

invo

lvem

en

t thro

ug

h e

mb

ed

de

d jo

urn

alists, a

nd

the

pro

pa

gan

da

of th

e

Talib

an

& Ira

qi re

gim

es. A

fter th

e re

gim

es w

ere

top

ple

d, th

e co

nflict co

ntin

ue

d, w

he

re

‘resista

nce

’ mo

vem

en

ts atta

ck the

occu

pyin

g fo

rces co

nd

uctin

g sta

bility o

pe

ratio

ns, u

sing

asym

me

tric/terro

rist-like ta

ctics. Th

e m

ost e

ffective

we

ap

on

em

plo

yed

thro

ug

h th

e e

ntire

con

flict in th

e re

gio

n is th

e IE

D –

ma

ny o

f wh

ich a

re d

eto

na

ted

usin

g ra

dio

-con

trolle

d

de

vices, a

nd

in p

articu

lar, ce

ll ph

on

es.

Th

e co

nflicts b

etw

ee

n Isra

el a

nd

the

surro

un

din

g n

atio

ns, h

as b

ee

n ge

ne

rally

asym

me

tric, with

raid

s an

d te

rrorist ta

ctics be

ing

use

d, a

nd

the

occa

sion

al fo

rce-o

n-fo

rce

con

flict. Mo

re re

cen

tly, the

an

tago

nism

ha

s mo

ved

to th

e in

tern

et, w

he

re h

acke

rs on

bo

th

side

s of th

e co

nflict u

se lo

w sca

le w

eb

-de

face

me

nts. T

his is re

po

rted

to h

ave b

ee

n ta

ken

a

step

furth

er, w

ith th

e Isra

elis h

ackin

g in

to ce

ll ph

on

es a

nd

me

dia

to b

roa

dca

st PSYO

Ps

me

ssage

s. Th

is furth

er illu

strate

s tha

t civilian

infrstru

cture

may b

e u

tilised

in co

nflicts.

15

Th

e R

ussia

n in

cursio

n in

to G

eo

rgia

wa

s con

ven

tion

al w

arfa

re, b

ut th

is is the

first time

tha

t

in co

incid

ed

with

stron

g cyb

er-a

ttacks th

at e

ffective

ly hin

de

red

com

mu

nica

tion

with

the

in

coin

cide

d w

ith stro

ng

cybe

r-atta

cks tha

t effe

ctively h

ind

ere

d co

mm

un

icatio

n w

ith th

e

ou

tside

wo

rld, lim

iting

the

flow

of in

form

atio

n to

Ru

ssian

sou

rces fo

r the

initia

l stage

s of

the

con

flict.

In 2

00

7 th

e E

ston

ian

s face

d co

ntin

uo

us cyb

er a

ttacks fo

r we

eks a

fter a

nge

red

the

Ru

ssian

s

by m

ovin

g a

wa

r me

mo

rial. T

he

prim

ary ta

rgets w

ere

fina

ncia

l an

d go

vern

me

nt. In

20

09

, a

serie

s of cyb

er-a

ttacks w

ere

dire

cted

at So

uth

Ko

rea

n a

nd

US go

vern

me

nt

we

bsite

s, fina

ncia

l institu

tion

s an

d o

the

r com

me

rcial ve

ntu

res. T

he

se w

ere

no

t of th

e sca

le

as se

en

in E

ston

ia, o

nly la

sting

for a

cou

ple

of d

ays, ye

t the

atta

cks see

me

d to

orig

ina

te

from

16

cou

ntrie

s.

A se

ries o

f bo

mb

s rocke

d C

ap

e To

wn

from

19

98

, a n

um

be

r of th

ese

we

re re

mo

tely

de

ton

ate

d, so

me

usin

g ce

ll ph

on

es. T

he

se a

re th

e sa

me

con

cep

ts as th

e IE

Ds b

ein

g

curre

ntly u

sed

in Ira

q &

Afg

ha

nista

n.

Th

e p

ost-e

lectio

n d

em

on

stratio

ns in

Iraq

resu

lted

in a

me

dia

-bla

ckou

t by th

e

au

tho

rities, h

ow

eve

r info

rma

tion

wa

s still availa

ble

thro

ug

h th

e in

tern

et w

he

re ce

ll–p

ho

ne

ima

ges a

nd

vide

os w

ere

up

loa

de

d. C

erta

in w

eb

sites w

ere

eve

ntu

ally b

locke

d to

curb

this, ye

t me

ssage

s we

re still ava

ilab

le th

rou

gh

Twitte

r. Th

is furth

er illu

strate

s the

role

tha

t

civilian

infra

structu

re m

ay play in

pro

vidin

g a

nd

disse

min

atin

g in

form

atio

n in

a co

nflict.

16

From

the

see

xam

ple

s, the

re a

re tw

o m

ain

tech

no

log

ical ro

ute

s con

flicts take

;

Th

e lo

w-te

ch ro

ute

exh

ibits a

symm

etric w

arfa

re, im

pro

visatio

n w

ith ava

ilab

le

Th

e lo

w-te

ch ro

ute

exh

ibits a

symm

etric w

arfa

re, im

pro

visatio

n w

ith ava

ilab

le

eq

uip

me

nt, w

hich

is usu

ally b

ase

d o

n civilia

n in

frastru

cture

, an

d th

ere

is a p

ossib

ility of

low

-key cyb

er w

arfa

re.

Th

e H

igh

tech

rou

te e

xhib

its mo

re co

nve

ntio

na

l wa

rfare

with

mo

de

rn/a

dva

nce

d

eq

uip

me

nt, w

he

re n

ew

tech

no

log

ies a

re in

trod

uce

d a

nd

de

plo

yed

. He

re th

ere

is a d

efin

ite

con

verge

nce

of IC

T te

chn

olo

gy –

pa

rticula

rly with

cell-p

ho

ne

s an

d th

e in

tern

et, a

nd

ma

ssive cyb

er-a

ttacks.

Ho

we

ver b

oth

are

exh

ibitin

g u

se o

f civilian

me

dia

an

d in

frastru

cture

.

[Click] C

on

flicts may tra

nsitio

n b

etw

ee

n th

e tw

o ro

ute

s; in A

frica (a

nd

Ko

sovo

) ma

ny

con

flicts we

re in

itially in

tern

al e

thn

ic/po

litical p

rob

lem

s –so

me

of th

ese

tran

sition

wh

en

inte

rna

tion

al p

ea

ce-ke

ep

ers ge

t invo

lved

. In Ira

q &

Afg

ha

nista

n th

e co

nflict tra

nsitio

ne

d

from

force

-on

-force

to a

symm

etric d

urin

g th

e ‘sta

bility o

pe

ratio

ns.’ C

on

flicts may co

nta

in

cha

racte

ristics of b

oth

, yet o

ne

rou

te te

nd

s to d

om

ina

te.

17

Co

nflicts

may a

rise fo

r a n

um

be

r of re

aso

ns; th

e m

ost re

cen

t ten

d to

be

ide

olo

gica

l/po

litical re

aso

ns, w

hich

can

inclu

de

eth

nic cla

she

s. Th

ese

do

no

t ne

cessa

rily id

eo

log

ical/p

olitica

l rea

son

s, wh

ich ca

n in

clud

e e

thn

ic clash

es. T

he

se d

o n

ot n

ece

ssarily

req

uire

ph

ysical h

ostilitie

s, an

d m

ay be

limite

d to

ele

ctron

ic/virtua

l me

tho

ds.

Th

ey m

ay also

arise

in a

n a

ttem

pt to

con

trol n

atu

ral re

sou

rces, su

ch a

s dia

mo

nd

s, gold

, oil

an

d o

the

r strate

gic m

ate

rials; th

is wo

uld

ne

ed

an

occu

pyin

g fo

rce, a

nd

cou

ld th

ere

fore

exh

ibit fo

rce-o

n-fo

rce cla

she

s.

In th

e fu

ture

, as in

form

atio

n is b

eco

min

g a

strate

gic re

sou

rce a

nd

the

fina

ncia

l secto

r is

ba

sed

on

info

rma

tion

an

d ‘virtu

al’ m

on

ey, co

nflict m

ay arise

ove

r eco

no

mic re

aso

ns –

in

the

exa

mp

les th

e so

me

cybe

r atta

cks ten

de

d to

focu

s on

ba

nkin

g in

frastru

cture

.

Co

nce

ntra

ted

atta

cks on

the

ba

nkin

g in

frastru

cture

may re

sult in

furth

er h

ostilitie

s.

An

oth

er p

ossib

ility is en

viron

me

nta

l issue

s; en

viron

me

nta

l extre

mists m

ay use

cybe

r-

atta

cks on

corp

ora

tion

s/na

tion

s the

y pe

rceive

are

da

ma

gin

g th

e e

nviro

nm

en

t; or a

s a ra

dio

ad

vert su

gge

sts, con

flict may a

rise to

con

trol fre

sh w

ate

r if po

llutio

n re

ach

es h

igh

leve

ls.

18

19

Am

ajo

r are

a a

ffectin

g E

W m

ission

is the

incre

asin

g u

se o

f civilian

tech

no

log

y –sp

ecia

lised

IED

jam

me

rs have

be

en

de

sign

ed

an

d d

ep

loye

d to

com

ba

t this th

rea

t. Civilia

n m

ed

ia

IED

jam

me

rs have

be

en

de

sign

ed

an

d d

ep

loye

d to

com

ba

t this th

rea

t. Civilia

n m

ed

ia

infra

structu

re h

as b

ee

n ta

rgete

d d

ue

to p

rop

aga

nd

a –

EW

may a

lso p

lay a ro

le

he

re, ja

mm

ing

bro

ad

casts in

stea

d o

f the

ph

ysical d

estru

ction

of th

e in

frastru

cture

.

Th

e a

symm

etric style

of w

arfa

re, a

nd

use

of civilia

n IC

T ra

ises th

e p

rob

lem

of th

rea

t

ide

ntifica

tion

an

d ta

rgetin

g; w

hich

sign

al is a

ctua

lly a th

rea

t or ju

st an

inn

oce

nt p

ho

ne

call?

If con

flicts inco

rpo

rate

bo

th h

igh

-tech

an

d lo

w-te

ch so

lutio

ns, E

W m

ay no

t be

cap

ab

le fo

r

ha

nd

ling

bo

th, su

ch a

s in so

ma

liaw

he

re th

e sig

int/co

min

te

qu

ipm

en

t cou

ld n

ot in

terce

pt

the

sign

als fro

m th

e ch

ea

p tw

o-w

ay rad

ios.

An

issue

tha

t will n

ee

d to

be

ad

dre

ssed

is the

con

verge

nce

of IC

T –

switch

ph

on

e n

etw

orks

use

com

pu

ters, a

nd

carry in

tern

et tra

ffic. Ce

llph

on

es

are

con

ne

cted

to b

oth

the

inte

rne

t

an

d P

STN

, an

d h

ave a

ssocia

ted

mo

bile

da

ta se

rvices. W

LAN

an

d B

lue

too

th a

lso p

rovid

e

da

ta tra

nsfe

r ove

r wire

less ch

an

ne

ls. Me

dia

service

s can

use

bo

th tra

ditio

na

l

bro

ad

castin

g, b

ut a

lso o

nlin

e-stre

am

ing

, an

d a

gain

are

relia

nt o

n co

mp

ute

rs, ne

two

rks an

d

wire

less co

mm

un

ciatio

ns.

20

Du

e to

the

con

verge

nce

of te

chn

olo

gy, th

e p

revio

us d

istinctio

ns o

f

me

dia

, tele

com

mu

nica

tion

sa

nd

com

pu

ter n

etw

orks a

re b

eco

min

g b

lurre

d. T

his re

sults in

a

me

dia

, tele

com

mu

nica

tion

sa

nd

com

pu

ter n

etw

orks a

re b

eco

min

g b

lurre

d. T

his re

sults in

a

blu

rring

of th

e d

istinctio

ns b

etw

ee

n th

e p

illars o

f IW;

[click] as a

resu

lt the

re is in

crea

sing

ove

rlap

s an

d o

pp

ortu

nitie

s to cre

ate

effe

cts in e

ach

oth

er’s d

om

ain

; resu

lting

in in

crea

sed

ove

rlap

s.

Fibre

op

tics can

be

use

d to

illustra

te th

is blu

rring

; in u

tilises lig

ht, w

hich

is in th

e E

M

spe

ctrum

, an

d co

nse

qu

en

tly an

y actio

ns a

gain

st fibre

op

tics cou

ld b

e co

nsid

ere

d a

s EW

–

yet it is ge

ne

rally n

ot ca

tere

d fo

r in th

e E

W m

ission

are

a. H

ow

eve

r fibre

is prim

arily u

sed

for n

etw

orkin

g a

nd

com

mu

nica

tion

s, an

d fo

rms th

e b

ackb

on

e o

f infra

structu

re –

so th

is

also

falls in

to N

W a

nd

IIW.

21

Th

e fu

ture

role

s of E

W m

ay inclu

de

targe

ting

civilian

system

s, such

as ce

ll ph

on

es u

sed

for

com

ma

nd

&co

ntro

l/ IED

de

ton

ato

rs, me

dia

ou

tlets b

roa

dca

sting

co

mm

an

d&

con

trol/ IE

D d

eto

na

tors, m

ed

ia o

utle

ts bro

ad

castin

g

PSYO

Ps/p

rop

aga

nd

a, w

irele

ss da

ta n

etw

orks a

nd

low

-tech

rad

ios th

at m

ay be

use

d fo

r

imp

rovise

d co

mm

an

d a

nd

con

trol.

Th

is will b

e in

ad

ditio

n to

the

trad

ition

al m

ilitary ta

rgets su

ch a

s

rad

ar, co

mm

un

icatio

ns, o

the

r EW

system

s an

d th

rea

t wa

rnin

g a

nd

cou

nte

rme

asu

res.

22

Du

e to

the

cha

ng

ing

na

ture

of co

nflict th

ere

are

a n

um

be

r of co

nsid

era

tion

s tha

t sho

uld

be

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt w

he

n d

esig

nin

g n

ew

system

s or p

lan

nin

g m

ission

s.ta

ken

into

acco

un

t wh

en

de

sign

ing

ne

w syste

ms o

r pla

nn

ing

missio

ns.

If civilian

system

s are

be

ing

em

plo

yed

–th

is raise

s a n

um

be

r of e

thica

l issue

s: wh

en

is it ok

to ta

rget civilia

n syste

ms? U

sing

EW

may b

e p

refe

rab

le a

s the

effe

cts are

tem

po

rary –

ph

ysical d

estru

ction

as u

sed

in K

oso

vo is fa

r mo

re la

sting

. If the

se syste

ms a

re to

be

targe

ted

, ho

w b

roa

dly is th

is goin

g to

be

do

ne

? An

en

tire a

rea

cou

ld b

e su

bje

cted

to

jam

min

g, o

r bro

ad

casts co

uld

be

mo

nito

red

an

d o

nly ce

rtain

con

ten

t cou

ld b

e ja

mm

ed

.

Tech

nica

lly, the

EM

spe

ctrum

is be

com

ing

crow

de

d w

ith th

e in

crea

se in

wire

less te

chn

olo

gy

an

d th

e n

um

be

r of u

sers. T

his cro

wd

ing

can

resu

lt in e

lectro

nic fra

tricide

, wh

ere

jam

min

g

an

d co

mm

un

icatio

ns fre

qu

en

cies in

terfe

re w

ith e

ach

oth

er. T

his m

ay call fo

r ‘pre

cision

’

EW

, wh

ere

the

jam

min

g p

ow

er is m

ore

efficie

ntly u

sed

in sm

alle

r ba

nd

wid

ths.

Du

e to

the

simp

ler ra

dio

s be

ing

em

plo

yed

, EW

system

s may re

qu

ire b

roa

de

r tech

nica

l

cap

ab

ilities to

de

al w

ith b

oth

the

‘low

-tech

’ an

d ‘h

igh

-tech

’ system

s.

23

As th

e p

illars a

nd

tech

no

log

y are

con

verg

ing

, EW

ma

y be

calle

d to

sup

po

rt,or b

e su

pp

orte

d

by, th

e o

the

r EW

pilla

rs. Ho

we

ver, E

W m

ay have

a n

ega

tive e

ffect o

n in

tero

pe

rab

ility, du

e to

b

y, the

oth

er E

W p

illars. H

ow

eve

r, EW

may h

ave a

ne

gative

effe

ct on

inte

rop

era

bility, d

ue

to

fratricid

e, w

he

re in

com

pa

tibilitie

s or p

oo

r co-o

rdin

atio

n m

ay furth

er h

ind

er

com

mu

nica

tion

s or co

mm

an

d a

nd

con

trol.

EW

may a

lso n

ee

d to

sup

po

rt secu

rity service

s; cell p

ho

ne

s have

be

en

use

d to

‘ha

ck’ into

ba

nk a

ccou

nts, a

nd

this m

ake

s the

m d

ifficult to

track a

s the

y are

mo

bile

. EW

tech

niq

ue

s

an

d e

qu

ipm

en

t may b

e u

sed

by se

curity se

rvices to

trian

gu

late

an

d tra

ce th

e ce

ll ph

on

e

tha

t is be

ing

use

d in

ord

er to

ma

ke th

e a

rrest.

EW

may a

lso a

id d

ece

ptio

n o

pe

ratio

ns o

r op

era

tion

al se

curity; m

ob

ile th

rea

t simu

lato

rs

cou

ld b

e u

sed

to m

imic a

ir de

fen

ce n

etw

orks, g

iving

the

en

em

y false

loca

tion

s., or E

W

em

ission

s can

be

dire

cted

to m

ask co

mm

un

icatio

ns a

nd

mo

vem

en

ts, pro

vidin

g o

pe

ratio

ns

secu

rity. Bo

th o

f the

se a

rea

s are

con

side

red

pa

rt of IW

.

24

Acco

rdin

g to

an

article

in issu

e 4

5 o

f Join

t Force

s Qu

arte

rly in 2

00

7, $

3 B

illion

spe

nt o

n

fun

din

g IE

D ja

mm

er p

rog

ram

s in 2

00

6, a

nd

ove

r $3

00

millio

n sp

en

t on

pro

cure

me

nt 2

00

3-

fun

din

g IE

D ja

mm

er p

rog

ram

s in 2

00

6, a

nd

ove

r $3

00

millio

n sp

en

t on

pro

cure

me

nt 2

00

3-

20

06

. Th

e E

C-1

30

Co

mp

ass C

all E

W a

ircraft a

lso u

pg

rad

ed

, allo

ws th

em

to ta

rget ce

ll

ph

on

es a

nd

IED

s.

Th

ere

are

un

con

firme

d re

po

rts tha

t the

Israe

li’s are

usin

g U

AV

s to ja

m co

mm

un

icatio

ns;

ho

we

ver th

e Fu

ry pla

tform

carryin

g th

e T

hu

nd

ersto

rm co

mm

un

icatio

ns

ele

ctron

ic atta

ck

system

wa

s succe

ssfully te

sted

in U

S.

System

s such

as th

e A

ctive D

en

ial Syste

m (A

DS) w

hich

use

s millim

etre

en

erg

y wave

s to

crea

te b

urn

ing se

nsa

tion

s, or d

irecte

d m

icrow

ave p

ulse

s to b

urn

circuitry, A

irbo

rne

Lase

r

an

d re

late

d syste

ms u

tilise th

e E

M sp

ectru

m; h

ow

eve

r som

e a

rgu

e th

at su

ch syste

ms a

re

no

t trad

ition

al E

W a

s it targe

ts inte

ntio

na

l rece

ivers &

tran

smitte

rs (Ho

ad

& Jo

ne

s, 20

04

).

25

26

EW

is no

t an

isola

ted

pilla

r tha

t is ind

ep

en

de

nt o

f the

oth

er fu

nctio

na

l are

as –

the

re a

re

ove

rlap

sa

nd

pa

ralle

lsin

tactics w

ith th

e o

the

rs.o

verla

ps

an

dp

ara

llels

in ta

ctics with

the

oth

ers.

Th

ere

is an

incre

asin

g u

se o

f civilian

infra

structu

res, a

nd

the

vario

us IC

T te

chn

olo

gie

s are

con

verg

ing

. Th

is resu

lts in th

e IW

pilla

rs con

verg

ing

, an

d n

ew

thre

ats/ta

rgets fo

r the

EW

missio

n a

rea

.

EW

tech

no

log

ies m

ay ne

ed

to a

da

pt/e

volve

to ca

ter fo

r the

ne

w th

rea

ts, an

d m

ay ne

ed

to

be

com

e m

ore

invo

lved

in o

the

r are

as o

f IW.

27

28

29