bijlage 1a: compound - scriptieprijs · 1940 1947 2009 four typological groups have been defined as...
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Bijlage 1a: Compound
Voorkant van een traditionele compound.
Binnenplaats van een traditionele compound.
2000m500
Co-residents, such as grandparents, can look after the children when parents are working or travelling.
1959 1968 1969 1991 2000 2010
As to tackle the uncontrolled and informal growth of Ashaiman, TDC designs a layout for the western part. The few structures that are already erected on the land are incorporated in the plan. As a kind of sites and services program, streets, gutters and streetlights are (partly) provided and dwellers have to build their own houses on the square plots.
In Tema New Town the houses were built very close to the shore. Due to severe sea erosion, these houses are no longer safe to live in. TDC makes plans to resettle the families occupying the endangered houses closest to the beach.
In an attempt to accommodate low-income households in the township, an experimental project in Community 8 is initiated by the university of Kumasi. The Tema Cooperative Housing Society is officially inaugurated in 1971. The objective is to provide incremental and self-help housing for workers at low cost. Finances come from a government loan and the members have to repay the loan through collective savings.
Based on our fieldwork sample, building multi-storey houses has become a more general practice since 2000.
Despite TDC’s increasing involvement in Ashaiman, the eastern part kept expanding into new spontaneous settlements such as Amui Djor where infrastructure and sanitary facilities are largely unavailable. The occupants organised themselves to improve their neighbourhood by requesting an official plot demarcation and the provision of basic infrastructure. Although a layout for the area exists since the 1990s, it is still not implemented.
Inauguration of the Amui Djor Housing Project, a pilot project for members of the Ghana Federation of the Urban Poor, the result of a collaboration between NGOs with local government support. The building comprises 32 household units, a few commercial spaces on the ground floor and toilet and bathing infrastructure for the neighbourhood. After revising the pilot project, two more stages should follow on the plot next to it.
1971
COMPOUND CULTURE REVISITED
Dwellers engage in HOME bASED ENTERPRISES, working from a room in the compound or from a detached structure next to the house.
cooking is typically done in the outdoor space in front of residents’ room. Households usually do not prepare the food together nor share their meals.
FAMILy MEETINgS are held in the courtyard, every Sunday or once a month, depending on the family’s preference.
1940 1947 2009
Four typological groups have been defined as repetitive elements of the urban housing fabric: courtyard houses, row houses, compounds and apartment buildings.
Diagram of a family compound house in Old Tema.
1993
bAyO AMOLE, DAVID KORbOE & gRAHAM TIPPLE: THE FAMILy HOUSE IN WEST-AFRICA
Rural compounds in Northern Ghana.
1976
Typical Ashanti compound in Southern Ghana.
Many migrant workers spontaneously settle in the eastern part of Ashaiman as an alternative to Tema Township which became off limits for anyone from a low-income situation such as job seeking migrants.
The construction of a new deepwater harbour and industrial city at Tema was part of the Volta River Project. The Ghanaian government therefore acquired land from the traditional owners. Tema Development Corporation was established and given a 125 years lease term to plan and develop this area known as ‘Tema Acquisition Area’. TDC engaged Doxiadis Associates to assist them in the planning of Tema Township, a modern city comprising different communities. Since the site for the harbour is already occupied by a fishing village, the inhabitants are resettled to a new town, east of Tema Township, designed by the British architects Fry and Drew.
DEbORAH PELLOW: LANDLORDS AND LODgERS. SOCIO-SPATIAL ORgANISATION IN AN ACCRA COMMUNITy
2002
Typical single-storey urban compound in Kumasi.
ERIC FIRLEy & CAROLINE STAHL: THE URbAN HOUSINg HANDbOOK
AbU MARMAH : HOUSINg TRANSFORMATIONS in ghana
MAXWELL FRy & JANE DREW: VILLAgE HOUSINg IN THE TROPICS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WEST AFRICA
MARgARET FIELD: SOCIAL ORgANISATION OF THE gA PEOPLE
The LAUNDRy is done in the courtyard and afterwards hung to dry on clotheslines
spanning the courtyard.
In Ghanaian culture, HOUSES ARE bUILT ‘SMALL SMALL’ according to family dynamics and financial means. Transformations and additions can be done in many different ways: extending inside
or outside the compound, attached or separated from the original compound, horizontally or vertically.
In low-income areas, RUNNINg WATER is not self-evident. Many of those who invest in a water connection try to recover their initial costs by selling the service to the neigbourhood. Others supplement this by providing sanitary facilities.
FISH SMOKINg is performed outside the compound. Some women also take up this activity as a commercial business.
SOCIAL INTERACTION is nourished by the multi-habitation of different households who share spaces and facilities.
Ghanaian housing, but also Ghanaian culture and lifestyle overall, is rooted in its compound house typology, dominating the urban housing stock. A COMPOUND HOUSE is a cluster of single rooms or units, having a shared space, usually an open space enclosed by those units and/or another enclosure such as a wall. The actual spatial organisation, appearance and materialisation varies throughout the country as there are many different Ghanaian or even West-African cultures for that matter, as they cross nations’ borders. In the specific context where this study is focusing on, a compound house is typically described as a large rectangular, one-storey structure consisting of singular rooms facing a courtyard with a veranda or porch in between. But compound houses are not simply defined by their physical appearance. Essentially they are ‘SOCIO-PHySICAL STRUCTURES’, originally centered around the concept of the ‘extended family’. In the physical form as described above, they are so commonly adopted in urban family houses that the term ‘FAMILy HOUSE’ is sometimes loosely applied to the indigenous house type. However, compound houses do not necessarily accommodate members of one and the same family anymore and as such do not need to be ‘family houses’. Instead, compounds more frequently feature the MULTI-HAbITATION of different households, whether or not of the same extended family, sharing outdoor spaces, facilities and infrastructure. Under multi-habitation, not only physical amenities but also human relationships are shared.
Several advantages are associated with multi-habitation in compounds, such as the social security systems and relations they establish, the low cost, the sharing of facilities and the integration of affordable rental units in a compact entity. Of course, the compound house typology is NOT FLAWLESS. Issues such as the lack of privacy and conflicts regarding maintenance and the sharing of space and facilities have always been intrinsic to compound housing. However, more recently, CHANgINg SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS and cultural attitudes in modernising and urbanising centres are leading to the individualisation of family systems. The increasing negative perception towards compound houses is also attributed to its limited economic value in the sense that they are owned in common. All these factors are contributing to the fact that compounds tend to be associated with indigenous lifestyles and as such SEEN AS OLD-FASHIONED or even stigmatised as housing for the poor, who cannot afford the modern ideal of the self-contained and uni-nuclear accommodation. This issue is enhanced by authorities and policymakers who focus on the latter and largely fail to recognise the value of indigenous and dynamic dwelling cultures, leading to a gROWINg MISMATCH with urban reality. Residents themselves take actions to deal with the problems inherent to indigenous compound as to attain a more modern, comfortable and individual lifestyle. This results in a gradual shift from multi-habitation in compounds to intermediate typologies or ‘hybrids’ which tend to combine the merits of the compound house with the ideals expressed by members of a changing society.
A compound is typically occupied by different households. This involves the SHARINg OF
SPACES, FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE such as the courtyard, electricity, a water connection
and bathhouses. Sharing reduces the cost of living and allows low-income households to enjoy facilities and
services they otherwise could not access.
teMa NEW TOWN
HARbOUR
INDUSTRIALarea
ASHAIMAN
c12
c11
c10
c6
c5
c3
c2
c1
c4
c7
c8
c9
Stef Turelinckx | Anke Vandenbempt | Eva Van Puyvelde
A lived-in assessment of low-income housing strategies in Tema and Ashaiman, through tenure, value and mobility
A household typically occupies a SINgLE ROOM and porch. Some, mostly the owning family members,
have the opportunity to obtain more than one room.
Bijlage 1b: Compound
Gebruik van ruimten in een traditionele compound.
Bijlage 2a: Hybriden
Uitbouw aan de achterkant van een compound tot een op zichzelf staande wooneenheid.
Compound over twee verdiepingen, bewoond door het gezin van de eigenaar, dat van de dochter en aangevuld met huurders in de vrije kamers.
1
5m
Eric
’s fa
mily
tena
nts
bloc
k w
alls
woo
den
or m
etal
wal
ls
gutte
r
sand
/unp
aved
neig
hbou
ring
build
ings
Eric
(int
ervi
ewee
)
hall
hall
hall
hall
hall
hall
Eric
’s ex
tens
ion
INDI
GEN
OU
S CO
MPO
UN
D
VILL
A
exte
nsio
n of
a ro
om w
ith a
n en
tran
ce
outs
ide
the
com
poun
d
attac
hed
exte
nsio
n of
a c
ompo
und
deta
ched
ext
ensio
n of
a c
ompo
und
com
poun
d w
ith si
ngle
ow
ner,
nucl
ear
fam
ily o
f thr
ee g
ener
ation
s and
tena
nts
com
poun
d fo
r nuc
lear
fam
ily o
nly
(thr
ee g
ener
ation
s)
self-
cont
aine
d co
mpo
und
for n
ucle
ar fa
mily
, un
its fo
r ten
ants
are
pla
ced
outs
ide
self-
cont
aine
d un
it ca
rved
out
of t
he c
ompo
und,
sti
ll us
ing
its sp
aces
and
rela
tions
with
the
fam
ilyse
lf-co
ntai
ned
unit
carv
ed o
ut o
f the
com
poun
d,
with
ver
y lim
ited
inte
racti
on b
etw
een
them
YET
TO B
E CO
NSTR
UCTE
D
self-
cont
aine
d ho
use
next
to th
e co
mpo
und
and
with
lim
ited
inte
racti
on
stor
ey h
ouse
nex
t to
the
com
poun
d,
with
ext
ende
d fa
mily
and
tena
nts
stor
ey h
ouse
for t
he n
ucle
ar fa
mily
nex
t to
the
com
poun
d, w
ith sh
ared
bat
hhou
ses
self-
cont
aine
d st
orey
hou
se fo
r the
nu
clea
r fam
ily a
nd te
nant
sse
lf-co
ntai
ned
hous
e fo
r the
nuc
lear
fa
mily
, nex
t to
the
com
poun
dse
lf-co
ntai
ned
apar
tmen
tsse
lf-co
ntai
ned
hous
e fo
r the
nuc
lear
fam
ily
and
tena
nts,
sepa
rate
d fr
om th
e fa
mily
rent
al u
nits
for t
he si
ngle
ho
useh
old,
alm
ost s
elf-c
onta
ined
as
ther
e ar
e to
ilets
, but
shar
edse
lf-co
ntai
ned
hous
e fo
r the
sin
gle
hous
ehol
d
COM
POU
NDS
EXTE
NSI
ON
S
SELF
-CO
NTA
INED
EXT
ENSI
ON
S
MU
LTI-S
TORE
YHO
USE
S
NO
N-C
OM
POU
ND
RELA
TED
HOU
SES
empt
y (s
earc
hing
te
nant
s)
shop
1969
| o
rigin
al h
ouse
1996
| ex
tens
ions
2011
| ex
tens
ions
Map
of T
ema
New
Tow
n.
The
cour
tyar
d of
the
fam
ily c
ompo
und.
Eric
’s se
lf-co
ntai
ned
exte
nsio
n.
Elev
ation
of E
ric’s
new
hou
se.
CASE
STU
DY: H
OU
SE B
5, T
EMA
NEW
TO
WN
(MAN
HEAN
)
Fabr
icati
ng h
ybrid
hom
es: n
eith
er co
mpo
und
nor v
illa
but s
omet
hing
in b
etw
een
Eric
’s ho
useh
old
It is
cert
ain
that
by
now
a s
hift
from
the
indi
geno
us c
ompo
und
typo
logy
tow
ards
a m
oder
n vi
lla-t
ype
is on
-go
ing.
How
ever
, mos
t of t
he re
siden
ts a
re n
ot a
ble
to a
chie
ve th
e id
eal o
f the
vill
a an
d ar
e w
ell a
war
e of
this
limita
tion.
Fur
ther
mor
e, m
any
resid
ents
are
con
tent
edly
resid
ing
in th
eir c
ompo
und
hous
es a
nd th
e se
vera
l va
riatio
ns o
f it,
rega
rdle
ss o
f the
‘dre
am’ t
hey
mig
ht h
ave.
Mea
nwhi
le th
ey p
erfo
rm a
ll ki
nds
of a
ction
s to
re
shap
e th
eir d
wel
ling
spac
es a
nd u
rban
live
s in
a co
ntex
t whe
re p
ro-p
oor p
ublic
pol
icie
s are
bas
ical
ly a
bsen
t.
Whe
n co
nsid
erin
g TE
NU
RE, i
t bec
omes
evi
dent
how
diffi
cult
it is
for t
he u
rban
poo
r to
acce
ss th
eir ‘
idea
l’ ho
me,
esp
ecia
lly w
hen
it in
volv
es co
-ow
ners
hip
and
whe
n pl
ots f
or si
ngle
hou
seho
ld d
wel
lings
are
as l
arge
as
a fu
ll co
mpo
und
hous
e. A
t the
scal
e of
the
hous
e its
elf,
varie
ty o
f ten
ure
type
s and
stat
uses
can
be id
entifi
ed.
The
com
poun
d ho
use
and
its v
aria
tions
pro
vide
acc
omm
odati
on f
or a
n ar
ray
of r
esid
ents
, fro
m w
ell-o
ff ow
ners
to
poor
ten
ants
, with
a w
ide
rang
e of
inte
rmed
iate
pos
sibili
ties,
res
ultin
g in
a s
ocia
lly m
ixed
but
co
here
nt e
ntity
.
Stat
e-le
d an
d m
arke
t-driv
en a
ppro
ache
s to
urb
an d
evel
opm
ent
coun
t on
hig
h re
siden
tial M
OBI
LITY
and
en
visa
ge r
esid
ents
’ ‘co
ntinu
ous
act
of m
ovin
g’. H
owev
er, r
esid
ents
ofte
n ex
pres
sed
a ra
ther
str
ong
iner
tia
agai
nst m
ovin
g, e
spec
ially
whe
n co
nsid
erin
g in
ter-r
esid
entia
l mob
ility
. It i
s cle
ar th
at m
ovin
g ph
ysic
ally
is n
ot
the
only
stra
tegy
ado
pted
by
the
urba
n re
siden
ts, r
athe
r soc
ial a
nd sy
mbo
lic m
obili
ty ca
n al
so b
e att
aine
d by
im
prov
ing
and
tran
sfor
min
g on
e’s
hom
e. B
ut re
siden
ts a
ppea
red
to b
e qu
ite m
obile
with
in th
eir r
esid
entia
l ar
eas a
s the
y to
ok fu
ll ad
vant
age
of th
e op
port
uniti
es fo
ster
ed b
y co
mpo
und
cultu
re. C
hang
ing
tenu
re st
atus
ap
pear
ed to
be
one
of th
e m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t inp
uts
for
mov
ing
and
coul
d on
ly b
e ho
sted
by
a ty
pe o
pen
to
hosti
ng m
ixtu
res a
s the
com
poun
d ho
use
is.
Com
poun
d ho
uses
and
rela
ted
typo
logi
es c
ontr
ibut
e to
urb
an d
wel
lers
’ wel
l-bei
ng a
nd re
silie
nce
by h
ostin
g a
wid
e ar
ray
of d
iffer
ent V
ALU
ES, t
enan
cy s
tatu
ses
and
mob
ility
opti
ons
com
pare
d to
form
al h
ousin
g. T
he
latte
r is
far m
ore
narr
ow-m
inde
d as
val
ues
are
deriv
ed fr
om n
on-G
hana
ian
cont
exts
and
tend
s to
focu
s on
di
spla
ying
stat
us a
nd o
n m
onet
ary
valu
e, th
ough
exc
ludi
ng in
com
e-ge
nera
ting
oppo
rtun
ities
.
The
need
for r
evisi
ting
com
poun
d cu
lture
is ir
refu
tabl
e. H
ybrid
hom
es a
nd co
mpo
und
varia
tions
allo
w u
rban
re
siden
ts to
ada
pt to
, cop
e w
ith a
nd re
inte
rpre
t cha
ngin
g so
cio-
econ
omic
env
ironm
ents
. It i
s al
so v
ital f
or
the
surv
ival
of t
he c
ompo
und
cultu
re in
itse
lf. W
hile
it is
diffi
cult
to d
efine
an
idea
l hyb
rid in
this
cont
ext
ther
e ho
wev
er sh
ould
be
a w
orth
y al
tern
ative
to th
e ‘o
ld-fa
shio
ned’
com
poun
d as
wel
l as
to th
e ub
iqui
tous
sin
gle-
fam
ily v
illas
feat
ured
in c
onte
mpo
rary
subu
rban
spra
wl.
Urb
an d
wel
lers
cann
ot b
e pl
aced
in th
e sa
me
box
and
a w
ide
rang
e of
hyb
rid h
omes
sho
uld
- and
doe
s - e
xist
. Man
y of
them
are
cus
tom
-mad
e an
d w
ell
adap
ted
to e
very
dw
elle
r and
to h
is or
her
act
ual a
spire
d po
sition
som
ewhe
re b
etw
een
the
extr
emes
of t
he
indi
geno
us c
ompo
und
and
the
villa
.
The
B5 h
ouse
in M
anhe
an, a
mor
e re
cent
sett
lem
ent
in
the
outs
kirt
s of
Tem
a N
ew T
own,
is c
o-ow
ned
by E
ric a
nd
his f
amily
. Aft
er th
e de
ath
of h
is gr
andm
othe
r, th
e or
igin
al
owne
r, th
e ho
use
was
div
ided
am
ong
the
child
ren.
A lo
t of
room
s and
ext
ensio
ns a
re re
nted
out
. Som
e of
the
tena
nts
are
livin
g in
the
orig
inal
com
poun
d an
d sh
are
the
cour
tyar
d w
hile
oth
ers
are
livin
g in
ext
ensio
ns w
hich
are
orie
nted
ou
twar
ds a
nd d
o no
t hav
e a
cour
tyar
d.
In 1
996,
Eric
con
stru
cted
his
own
self-
cont
aine
d ex
tens
ion
to t
he c
ompo
und.
It h
as a
ll m
oder
n am
eniti
es s
uch
as a
ki
tche
n, a
toi
let
and
show
ers.
The
fam
ily c
anno
t us
e hi
s
show
er a
nd t
oile
t bu
t th
ey c
an fe
tch
wat
er a
t hi
s ta
p. H
e w
ante
d to
live
mor
e on
his
own
beca
use
‘the
peop
le in
the
com
poun
d al
way
s beg
for m
oney
and
food
’.
He n
ow s
tart
ed b
uild
ing
a ne
w h
ouse
or
villa
in M
anhe
an
beca
use,
alth
ough
he i
s liv
ing i
n hi
s ow
n de
tach
ed ex
tens
ion,
he
doe
s no
t lik
e liv
ing
next
to th
e fa
mily
hou
se. C
urre
ntly,
hi
s fa
mily
alw
ays
com
es t
o hi
m (
as a
pro
sper
ous
and
resp
ecte
d fa
mily
mem
ber)
for m
oney
and
solv
ing
quar
rels.
Er
ic o
wns
som
e ro
oms
in th
e co
mpo
und
as w
ell w
hich
he
will
giv
e to
his
child
ren
late
r to
bene
fit fr
om, i
nclu
ding
the
exte
nsio
n he
cur
rent
ly is
livi
ng in
.
1959
2013
1959
2013
1980
s20
13
1959
2003
2005
2013
1969
1975
2013
~196
319
93<
1976
2013
THE
COU
RTYA
RD IS
HER
E TO
STA
YPr
eser
ving
the
orig
inal
spac
e in
gov
ernm
ent-
built
hou
sing
in Te
ma
New
Tow
n.Gr
adua
lly c
reati
ng a
n en
clos
ed sp
ace
in se
lf-bu
ild c
ompo
unds
in A
shai
man
.
hous
e 36
C
hous
e B1
4
hous
e B6
hous
e E/
4
hous
e E/
320
hous
e E/
163
case
stud
y B5
orig
inal
hou
ses 1
959
built
env
ironm
ent 2
013
mul
ti-st
orey
bui
ldin
gs
orig
inal
pav
ed ro
ads 1
959
publ
ic to
ilets
poly
tank
s10
030
0m10
030
0m
orig
inal
self-
cont
aine
d TC
HS
hous
e fo
r the
nuc
lear
fam
ilyTC
HS h
ouse
with
nuc
lear
fam
ily o
f thr
ee
gene
ratio
ns a
nd tr
aditi
onal
use
of t
he c
ourt
yard
TCHS
hou
se fo
r the
nuc
lear
ho
useh
old,
with
out a
cou
rtya
rd
TCHS
hou
se fo
r the
nuc
lear
hou
seho
ld w
ith
priv
ate
gard
en (n
ot u
sed
as a
trad
ition
al
cour
tyar
d) a
nd a
driv
eway
for t
he c
ar
singl
e AD
HP u
nit w
ith o
wn
kitc
hen
and
shar
ed sa
nita
ry fa
ciliti
estw
o-be
droo
m se
lf-co
ntai
ned
ADHP
uni
t
TEM
A CO
-OPE
RATI
VE
HOU
SIN
G S
OCI
ETY
(TCH
S)
AMU
I DJO
R HO
USI
NG
PRO
JECT
(ADH
P)
Glaz
ing
inst
ead
of lo
uvre
s
Tile
s
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
lettable shop space
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
lettable shop space
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
lettable shop space
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
lettable shop space
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
lettable shop space
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
mal
efe
mal
e
Pers
onal
bel
ongi
ngs
The
Amui
Djo
r Hou
sing
Proj
ect (
ADHP
) was
initi
ated
on
the
2002
UN
-Hab
itat c
onfe
renc
e on
Hou
sing
and
Urb
an D
evel
opm
ent
for
Low
Inc
ome
Hous
ing
in s
ub-S
ahar
an A
fric
a. I
n 20
05 U
N-H
abita
t es
tabl
ished
the
Slu
m U
pgra
ding
Fac
ility
(SU
F) t
o co
ordi
nate
initi
ative
s to
rai
se fi
nanc
ial m
eans
, brin
g to
geth
er r
elev
ant
acto
rs f
rom
diff
eren
t go
vern
men
t le
vels
and
the
priv
ate
sect
or to
pro
vide
bus
ines
s sol
ution
s for
soci
al h
ousin
g an
d to
impr
ove
urba
n in
fras
truc
ture
s thr
ough
slum
upg
radi
ng.
Ghan
a w
as c
hose
n am
ong
thre
e ot
her
coun
trie
s to
initi
ate
an e
xhib
ition
pro
ject
. TAM
SUF
(Tem
a As
haim
an M
etro
polit
an
Slum
Upg
radi
ng F
acili
ty),
a lo
cal b
ranc
h of
the
SUF,
was
in c
harg
e of
coo
rdin
ating
the
colla
bora
tion
betw
een
the
diffe
rent
st
akeh
olde
rs a
nd o
f pro
vidi
ng th
e te
chni
cal h
elp
that
the
com
mun
ity n
eede
d. T
hey
wor
ked
toge
ther
with
Gha
na F
eder
ation
of
the
Urb
an P
oor a
nd P
eopl
e’s
Dial
ogue
to c
ompl
ete
a PI
lOT
PRO
JECT
whi
ch to
ok th
e fo
rm o
f an
affor
dabl
e ho
usin
g bl
ock.
The
se c
omm
unity
-bas
ed o
rgan
isatio
ns s
uppo
rt th
e ur
ban
poor
nati
onw
ide
in d
iffer
ent w
ays
to o
rgan
ise th
emse
lves
an
d to
est
ablis
h re
latio
ns w
ith lo
cal g
over
nmen
ts to
pro
vide
nec
essa
ry in
fras
truc
ture
and
impr
ove
thei
r liv
ing
cond
ition
s.
ADHP
is a
hyb
rid h
ome
whi
ch a
ptly
revi
sits s
ome
of th
e co
mpo
und
hous
e its
mai
n fe
atur
es w
ith th
e ch
alle
nge
of ca
terin
g to
a
COll
ECTI
VE S
CAlE
. In
2010
the
thre
e-st
orey
bui
ldin
g, p
rovi
ding
a h
ome
for 3
2 nu
clea
r fam
ilies
, was
inau
gura
ted.
The
ho
usin
g un
its, d
ivid
ed in
to a
hal
l and
an
cham
ber,
are
loca
ted
on th
e fir
st a
nd s
econ
d flo
ors,
wra
pped
aro
und
an o
pen-
air
spac
e. A
ll ho
useh
olds
hav
e th
eir o
wn
kitc
hen
and
ever
y tw
o fa
mili
es s
hare
a to
ilet a
nd s
how
er b
ut th
ose
are
not a
ttach
ed
to th
e re
siden
tial r
oom
s. To
redu
ce b
uild
ing
cost
s ‘dr
y’ a
nd ‘w
et’ a
reas
are
gro
uped
sepa
rate
ly. A
ll to
geth
er a
stan
dard
uni
t ha
s a su
rfac
e of
16m
² whi
ch is
sim
ilar t
o th
e siz
e of
an
aver
age
room
in a
com
poun
d ho
use.
Fiv
e se
lf-co
ntai
ned
units
cons
ist
of tw
o be
droo
ms,
a li
ving
room
and
inco
rpor
ate
a ki
tche
n an
d ba
thro
om. B
ased
on
the
com
poun
d ty
polo
gy it
s fo
rem
ost
arch
itect
ural
ele
men
t, a
sem
i-priv
ate
cour
tyar
d fo
r the
resid
ents
, is
also
pre
sent
. As
ADHP
is a
ver
tical
bui
ldin
g an
d ot
her
func
tions
are
inco
rpor
ated
the
use
of th
e co
urty
ard
beco
mes
diff
eren
t.
The
inve
stm
ent
is re
gain
ed t
hrou
gh t
he te
n-ye
ar r
epay
men
ts o
f its
ben
efici
arie
s, a
fter
whi
ch t
hey
beco
me
owne
r of
the
un
it. T
o m
ake
the
proj
ect m
ore
affor
dabl
e ad
ditio
nal p
rofit
-mak
ing
func
tions
are
impl
emen
ted.
The
gro
und
floor
hos
ts 1
5 co
mm
erci
al u
nits
faci
ng th
e st
reet
that
are
rent
ed to
indi
vidu
als,
in a
dditi
on to
pub
lic to
ilets
and
bat
hing
faci
lities
for t
he
surr
ound
ing
com
mun
ity. B
y th
e sa
me
toke
n AD
HP te
nds
to im
prov
e th
e w
hole
Am
ui D
jor a
rea,
not
onl
y sy
mbo
lical
ly a
s a
pion
eer o
f im
prov
emen
t and
inve
stm
ent b
ut a
lso p
hysic
ally.
After
rev
ising
the
pilo
t pr
ojec
t, a
SECO
ND
PH
ASE
is e
xpec
ted
to b
egin
on
the
adja
cent
plo
t, ta
king
into
acc
ount
the
le
sson
s lea
rnt f
rom
the
first
pha
se. T
o lo
wer
the
cost
s for
the
bene
ficia
ries,
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
oth
er p
rofit
able
func
tions
w
ill b
e ne
cess
ary,
with
out s
atur
ating
the
offer
in th
e ne
ighb
ourh
ood.
The
pro
positi
on is
to se
ll 60
% o
f the
resid
entia
l uni
ts
on th
e re
gula
r mar
ket f
or m
iddl
e in
com
e w
orke
rs a
nd re
serv
e th
e re
mai
ning
40%
for t
he u
rban
poo
r. Co
mm
erci
al fu
nctio
ns
such
as p
rofe
ssio
nal k
itche
ns w
ill b
e ad
ded
as w
ell.
INDI
GEN
OU
S CO
MPO
UN
D
VIll
A
Step
s ahe
ad fo
r a fu
lly-fl
edge
d ci
ty co
mpo
und:
Am
ui D
jor H
ousi
ng P
roje
ct
Dwel
lers
are
not
alo
ne in
thei
r con
stru
ction
of h
ybrid
typo
logi
es a
nd re
visiti
ng o
f the
indi
geno
us c
ompo
und
typo
logy
. In
an e
ver-c
hang
ing
dial
ogue
with
the
spon
tane
ously
gro
win
g ci
ty, S
TATE
-lED
STR
ATEG
IES
for
the
urba
n po
or o
f Gre
ater
Acc
ra h
ave
resp
onde
d w
ith v
aryi
ng d
egre
es o
f rec
eptiv
ity to
indi
geno
us d
wel
ling
cultu
res,
infl
uenc
ed b
y ge
nera
l PA
RAD
IGM
ATIC
SH
IfTS
occ
urrin
g gl
obal
ly. H
ousin
g pr
ojec
ts a
nd
plan
ning
pol
icie
s mor
e re
cepti
ve to
use
r-bas
ed ch
ange
s hav
e al
so m
ade
thei
r sta
nce.
As t
he ca
se o
f the
Am
ui
Djor
Hou
sing
Proj
ect i
llust
rate
s, a
rchi
tect
s, a
utho
rities
and
/or o
ther
org
anisa
tions
hav
e be
en in
dev
elop
ing
hous
ing
units
mor
e ad
here
nt t
o re
aliti
es o
n th
e gr
ound
and
mad
e an
atte
mpt
at
impl
emen
ting
SOCI
Al
HO
USI
NG
. Com
poun
d cu
lture
as
embo
died
in k
ey c
ompo
nent
s is
scal
ed u
p to
the
leve
l of
a co
llecti
ve
hous
ing
typo
logy
with
mor
e th
an o
ne fl
oor.
The
cour
tyar
d - i
n its
full
pote
ntial
as a
n ur
ban
figur
e - i
n ad
ditio
n to
bed
room
and
hal
l con
figur
ation
s, p
hase
d im
prov
emen
ts a
nd sh
ared
faci
lities
are
all
to b
e fo
und.
How
ever
, no
t all
have
foun
d th
eir p
lace
as t
hey
norm
ally
hav
e in
the
cont
ext o
f the
com
poun
d ho
use.
As th
e Am
ui D
jor c
ase
illus
trat
es, T
YPO
lOG
ICA
l RE
VISI
ON
S an
d us
ing
feat
ures
of t
he co
mpo
und
hous
e ca
n be
of a
gre
at v
alue
, but
a s
ingl
e id
eal m
odel
hou
sing
typo
logy
with
in a
nor
mati
vely
pla
nned
city
is n
ot
wha
t wou
ld s
uit G
hana
’s ur
ban
cont
ext b
est.
A SU
PPO
RTIV
E fR
AM
EwO
Rk fo
r ur
ban
deve
lopm
ent,
allo
win
g th
e ex
isten
ce o
f a v
arie
ty o
f hyb
rid h
omes
, wou
ld b
e co
nsid
erab
ly m
ore
fitting
. A fo
cus o
n pr
ovid
ing
infr
astr
uctu
re, f
acili
ties
and
indi
vidu
al p
lot a
lloca
tion
for i
ndiv
idua
l con
stru
ction
wou
ld a
llow
aut
horiti
es to
be
sig
nific
antly
mor
e eff
ectiv
e in
thei
r pl
anni
ng. I
t sho
uld
be a
mod
el th
e ur
ban
dwel
lers
bel
ieve
in a
nd to
w
hich
they
are
abl
e to
con
trib
ute
by fa
bric
ating
hyb
rid h
omes
and
as
such
impr
ovin
g th
eir
cond
ition
s an
d th
ose
of th
e en
tire
neig
hbou
rhoo
d. T
he re
sulti
ng a
rtef
acts
are
func
tiona
lly h
ybrid
(or a
re d
e-fu
nctio
nalis
ed
tout
cour
t) a
nd in
tert
win
ed w
ith th
e vi
bran
t URb
AN
fA
bRIC
, con
stitu
ting
the
imag
e of
the
city
as a
who
le.
Resid
ents
ofte
n re
trea
t to
thei
r uni
ts, a
lone
or
with
gue
sts,
inst
ead
of u
sing
the
cour
tyar
d fo
r SO
CIA
l IN
TERA
CTIO
N. S
ome
resid
ents
ex
pres
sed
thei
r disa
ppoi
ntm
ent w
ith th
e ab
senc
e of
soci
al in
tera
ction
as o
ccur
s in
the
com
poun
d ho
use.
AMU
I DJO
R HO
USI
NG
PRO
JECT
The
COU
RTYA
RD is
not
as v
ibra
nt a
s in
com
poun
d ho
uses
, thi
s may
be
beca
use
of th
e di
stan
ce b
etw
een
it an
d re
siden
ts’ a
ctua
l liv
ing
units
, in
addi
tion
to th
e pr
esen
ce o
f pub
lic sa
nita
ry fa
ciliti
es th
at le
ads t
o ‘st
rang
ers’
com
ing
into
the
cour
tyar
d.
Alth
ough
eve
ry u
nit h
as it
s ow
n M
OD
ERN
kIT
CHEN
an
d th
e co
urty
ard
was
pla
nned
for t
radi
tiona
l coo
king
su
ch a
s the
pou
ndin
g of
fufu
, the
se sp
aces
are
not
in
tens
ivel
y us
ed a
s suc
h. In
stea
d, m
any
resid
ents
use
th
e op
en a
ir co
rrid
ors i
n fr
ont o
f the
ir un
its a
s wha
t w
ould
be
thei
r por
ch in
the
com
poun
d. It
is in
thes
e sp
aces
that
they
soci
alise
and
coo
k w
ith g
as c
ylin
ders
or
char
coal
.
The
INCR
EMEN
TAl
bUIl
DIN
G a
spec
t is p
rese
nt
in th
e AD
HP b
ut o
nly
in te
rms o
f int
erio
r fini
shin
g, to
re
duce
bui
ldin
g co
sts.
Uni
ts a
re v
ery
smal
l, bu
t con
trar
y to
indi
geno
us c
ompo
unds
, the
re is
no
poss
ibili
ty fo
r in
divi
dual
s to
enla
rge
thei
r uni
t in
the
futu
re.
Sinc
e th
e pr
ojec
t offe
rs n
o po
ssib
ilitie
s reg
ardi
ng
hom
e-ba
sed
ente
rpris
es a
s in
the
com
poun
d an
d th
e im
plem
ente
d CO
MM
ERCI
Al S
PACE
S ar
e ge
nera
lly
out o
f rea
ch fo
r mos
t res
iden
ts, m
any
self-
empl
oyed
re
siden
ts a
re st
rugg
ling.
GRO
UN
D FL
OO
R
SECO
ND
FLO
OR
Map
of A
shai
man
.pa
ved
road
s with
gutt
ers
gutte
rs c
onst
ruct
ed b
y re
siden
tsm
ulti-
stor
ey b
uild
ings
publ
ic to
ilets
priv
ate
com
mer
cial
sa
nita
ry fa
ciliti
es30
0m10
0
Amui
Djo
r Hou
sing
Proj
ect
300m
100
Bijlage 2b: Hybriden
Hyb
ride
n do
or h
et v
olk.
Hyb
ride
n ge
stim
ulee
rd d
oor d
e ov
erhe
id.
Bijlage 3a: Amui Djor Housing Project
Voorkant van het ‘Amui Djor Housing Project’ met verhuurbare commerciële ruimtes op het gelijkvloers en twee verdiepingen met sociale wooneenheden.
Binnenplaats van het ‘Amui Djor Housing Project’.
original self-contained TCHS house for the nuclear family
TCHS house with nuclear family of three generations and traditional use of the courtyard TCHS house for the nuclear
household, without a courtyard
TCHS house for the nuclear household with private garden (not used as a traditional courtyard) and a driveway for the car
single ADHP unit with own kitchen and shared sanitary facilities
two-bedroom self-contained ADHP unit
TEMA CO-OPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETY (TCHS)
AMUI DJOR HOUSING PROJECT (ADHP)
Glazing instead of louvres
Tiles
lettable shop space
lettable shop space
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
lettable shop space
lettable shop space
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
lettable shop space
lettable shop space
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
lettable shop space
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
lettable shop space
lettable shop space
letta
ble
shop
spac
e
lettable shop space
male female
Personal belongings
The Amui Djor Housing Project (ADHP) was initiated on the 2002 UN-Habitat conference on Housing and Urban Development for Low Income Housing in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2005 UN-Habitat established the Slum Upgrading Facility (SUF) to coordinate initiatives to raise financial means, bring together relevant actors from different government levels and the private sector to provide business solutions for social housing and to improve urban infrastructures through slum upgrading. Ghana was chosen among three other countries to initiate an exhibition project. TAMSUF (Tema Ashaiman Metropolitan Slum Upgrading Facility), a local branch of the SUF, was in charge of coordinating the collaboration between the different stakeholders and of providing the technical help that the community needed. They worked together with Ghana Federation of the Urban Poor and People’s Dialogue to complete a PIlOT PROJECT which took the form of an affordable housing block. These community-based organisations support the urban poor nationwide in different ways to organise themselves and to establish relations with local governments to provide necessary infrastructure and improve their living conditions.
ADHP is a hybrid home which aptly revisits some of the compound house its main features with the challenge of catering to a COllECTIVE SCAlE. In 2010 the three-storey building, providing a home for 32 nuclear families, was inaugurated. The housing units, divided into a hall and an chamber, are located on the first and second floors, wrapped around an open-air space. All households have their own kitchen and every two families share a toilet and shower but those are not attached to the residential rooms. To reduce building costs ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ areas are grouped separately. All together a standard unit has a surface of 16m² which is similar to the size of an average room in a compound house. Five self-contained units consist of two bedrooms, a living room and incorporate a kitchen and bathroom. Based on the compound typology its foremost architectural element, a semi-private courtyard for the residents, is also present. As ADHP is a vertical building and other functions are incorporated the use of the courtyard becomes different.
The investment is regained through the ten-year repayments of its beneficiaries, after which they become owner of the unit. To make the project more affordable additional profit-making functions are implemented. The ground floor hosts 15 commercial units facing the street that are rented to individuals, in addition to public toilets and bathing facilities for the surrounding community. By the same token ADHP tends to improve the whole Amui Djor area, not only symbolically as a pioneer of improvement and investment but also physically.
After revising the pilot project, a SECOND PHASE is expected to begin on the adjacent plot, taking into account the lessons learnt from the first phase. To lower the costs for the beneficiaries, the implementation of other profitable functions will be necessary, without saturating the offer in the neighbourhood. The proposition is to sell 60% of the residential units on the regular market for middle income workers and reserve the remaining 40% for the urban poor. Commercial functions such as professional kitchens will be added as well.
INDIGENOUS COMPOUND VIllA
Steps ahead for a fully-fledged city compound: Amui Djor Housing Project
Dwellers are not alone in their construction of hybrid typologies and revisiting of the indigenous compound typology. In an ever-changing dialogue with the spontaneously growing city, STATE-lED STRATEGIES for the urban poor of Greater Accra have responded with varying degrees of receptivity to indigenous dwelling cultures, influenced by general PARADIGMATIC SHIfTS occurring globally. Housing projects and planning policies more receptive to user-based changes have also made their stance. As the case of the Amui Djor Housing Project illustrates, architects, authorities and/or other organisations have been in developing housing units more adherent to realities on the ground and made an attempt at implementing SOCIAl HOUSING. Compound culture as embodied in key components is scaled up to the level of a collective housing typology with more than one floor. The courtyard - in its full potential as an urban figure - in addition to bedroom and hall configurations, phased improvements and shared facilities are all to be found. However, not all have found their place as they normally have in the context of the compound house.
As the Amui Djor case illustrates, TYPOlOGICAl REVISIONS and using features of the compound house can be of a great value, but a single ideal model housing typology within a normatively planned city is not what would suit Ghana’s urban context best. A SUPPORTIVE fRAMEwORk for urban development, allowing the existence of a variety of hybrid homes, would be considerably more fitting. A focus on providing infrastructure, facilities and individual plot allocation for individual construction would allow authorities to be significantly more effective in their planning. It should be a model the urban dwellers believe in and to which they are able to contribute by fabricating hybrid homes and as such improving their conditions and those of the entire neighbourhood. The resulting artefacts are functionally hybrid (or are de-functionalised tout court) and intertwined with the vibrant URbAN fAbRIC, constituting the image of the city as a whole.
Residents often retreat to their units, alone or with guests, instead of using the courtyard
for SOCIAl INTERACTION. Some residents expressed their disappointment with the absence
of social interaction as occurs in the compound house.
AMUI DJOR HOUSING PROJECT
The COURTYARD is not as vibrant as in compound houses, this may be because of the distance between it and residents’ actual living units, in addition to the
presence of public sanitary facilities that leads to ‘strangers’ coming into the courtyard.
Although every unit has its own MODERN kITCHEN and the courtyard was planned for traditional cooking
such as the pounding of fufu, these spaces are not intensively used as such. Instead, many residents use
the open air corridors in front of their units as what would be their porch in the compound. It is in these
spaces that they socialise and cook with gas cylinders or charcoal.
The INCREMENTAl bUIlDING aspect is present in the ADHP but only in terms of interior finishing, to reduce building costs. Units are very small, but contrary to indigenous compounds, there is no possibility for individuals to enlarge their unit in the future.
Since the project offers no possibilities regarding home-based enterprises as in the compound and the implemented COMMERCIAl SPACES are generally out of reach for most residents, many self-employed residents are struggling.
GROUND FLOOR
SECOND FLOOR
Map of Ashaiman. paved roads with guttersgutters constructed by residentsmulti-storey buildings
public toiletsprivate commercial sanitary facilities300m100
Amui Djor Housing Project
300m100
Bijlage 3b: Amui Djor Housing Project
Gebruik van de ruimten in het ‘Amui Djor Housing Project’.