bilal saqib. courtesy: northrop grumman corporation
TRANSCRIPT
Bilal Saqib
Courtesy: Northrop Grumman CorporationCourtesy: Northrop Grumman Corporation
WPAN :Personal Area Connectivity10 meters
WLAN :Local Area Connectivity100 meters
WMAN :Metro Area Connectivity(City or suburb)
WWAN :Wide Area Connectivity(Broad geographiccoverage)
Beyond 100 meters
Bluetooth, UWB WiFi, HiperLan WiMaxAMPS, GSM, IS-95cdma2000, W-CDMA
Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt
AMPS
FDMA
IS-95
GSM
IS-136/PDC
IS-95B
CDMA CDMA
cdma2000
CDMA
GPRS
EDGE
W-CDMA
TDMA
CDMA
TDMA
W-CDMA/HSDPA
cdma2000EV,DO,DV
TDMA TDMA
?
CDMA
CDMA
OFDM
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G
Analog Digital
FDMA
CDMA
TDMAOFDM
Voice 64~384K Packet ~2M Multimedia ~10M Multimedia ~100M Multimedia
Can be Implemented by Programmable DSP No fully programmable H/W solutions
NMTTACT
FDMA
Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt
802.11b11Mbps
CDMA
802.11g54Mbps
OFDM
802.11a54Mbps
OFDM
802.11n100+Mbps
OFDM
WMAN : Wireless Metro Area Network
802.16d : Fixed WiMax 802.16e : Mobile WiMax
WLAN : Wireless Local Area Network
High data rate Poor mobility support
WiMax802.16d
WiMax802.16e
OFDM OFDM
70Mbps 10Mbps
Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt
Bluetooth1.1
1 Mbps
Bluetooth1.2
Bluetooth2.0
3 Mbps
802.15.3aUWB
100 ~ 480 Mbps
802.15.3aUWB-NG~ 1Gbps
Interconnecting personal devices
Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt
Upper Protocol Layers
Physical Layer (PHY)
Application bits
BasebandProcessing
AnalogFront-end
Packets “Air”
MAC
LINK
Network
Transport
PPP
IP
TCP/UDP
Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt
Bluetooth
GPS
BasebandProcessor
AnalogFrontend
ApplicationProcessor
PowerManager
Camera
Keyboard
Display
Speaker
Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt
AudioAMR/QCELP
PHY
MAC
Upperlayers
Physicallayer
LINK
Network
Transport
ASIC(Hardware)
GPP(Software)
VideoMPEG
GPP(Software)
DSP/AcceleratorSource
coding
ApplicationProcessor
BasebandProcessor
Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt
Use software routines instead of ASICs for the physical layer operations of wireless communication system
ASICs(PHY)ASICs(PHY)
ProgrammableHardware
ProgrammableHardware
SoftwareRoutinesSoftwareRoutines
Both Analog Frontend and Digital Baseband are the scope of SDR
Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt
SDR A Software Defined Radio (SDR) system is a
radio communication system where components that have typically been implemented in hardware (i.e. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors. etc.) are implemented using software.
A basic SDR may consist of a PC equipped with a sound card, or other ADC, preceded by some form of RF front end.
Significant amounts of signal processing are handed over to the general purpose processor, rather than done using special-purpose hardware.
Levels of SDRTier Name Description
Tier 0 Hardware Radio (HR)Implemented using hardware components. Cannot be modified
Tier 1Software Controlled
Radio (SCR)Only control functions are implemented in software: inter-connects, power levels, etc.
Tier 2Software Defined
Radio (SDR)
Software control of a variety of modulation techniques, wide-band or narrow-band operation, security functions, etc.
Tier 3Ideal Software Radio
(ISR)Programmability extends to the entire system with analog conversion only at the antenna.
Tier 4Ultimate Software
Radio (USR) Defined for comparison purposes only
Courtesy: source:http://www.sdrforum.orgCourtesy: source:http://www.sdrforum.org
Seamless wireless connection – End User◦ Widely different wireless protocols
TDMA : GSM, AMPS CDMA : IS-95, cdma2000, W-CDMA, IEEE 802.11b OFDM : IEEE 802.11a/g/n, WiMAX
◦ Needs a terminal that can support multiple wireless protocols
Easy infrastructure upgrade – Service Provider◦ Wireless protocols evolve continuously
Ex) W-CDMA W-CDMA + HSDPA
Time to market – Manufacturer◦ Reduce hardware development time and cost
Military Communications◦ Tactical Military Communications◦ Military Satellite Communications◦ Rapid Prorotyping
Basestations◦ Weak constraints on power and area ◦ Support several hundred subscribers◦ Will be commercialized first
Wireless terminals◦ Tight constraints on power and area.◦ Will be commercialized next
Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt Courtesy:cccp.eecs.umich.edu/slides/lee-hipeac05.ppt
Hindrances in SDR Development High-Speed ADCs
◦ Nyquist requires to collect and process samples at more than twice the maximum operating frequency
◦ Maximum Operating Frequency can be in the range of GHz for RF
◦ Current ADCs have sampling frequencies in range of MHz
◦ A project aimed at improving the ADC performance by using digitally assisted analog (DAAC) loop is already underway at NIIT
◦ Not to be addressed for this project
Hindrances in SDR Development Programmable/Tunable Mixers, Filters and Amplifiers
Challenge is to make the RF Front End highly flexible Not in the scope of this project
RF Front EndRF Front End
Courtesy:www.ieee-lanman.org/presentations/hessamian.pdf Courtesy:www.ieee-lanman.org/presentations/hessamian.pdf
Hindrances in SDR Development Very High Performance and Flexible Digital
Processors This falls in the domain of our project
◦ DSPs are not very flexible◦ FPGAs are flexible but not very fast
General Purpose Processor is to be designed to cater for these needs