Bilingual Dictionary for ESL Beginners

Inzinduzi y’ibirimi bibiri y’abagitangura kwiga Icongereza nk’ikirimi ca kabiri

English/Kirundi

Icongereza/Ikirundi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This document was developed by Multicultural Programs Unit, Equity Programs and Distance Education Directorate.

Level 14, 1 Oxford Street Darlinghurst NSW 2010.

Phone 9244 5324

The work on this production was supported by a large number of ESL teachers in government schools who assisted in the choice of lexicon.

© State of New South Wales through the NSW Department of Education and Training 2008.

ISBN: 9780731386310 SCIS: 1369374

Contents

Introduction i

How to use the dictionary ii

Dictionary 1

Appendices

1. Numerals and ordinals 80 2. Common countries/states and their adjectival forms 81 3. Common irregular verbs 82 4. Times 84 5. Days of the week/months of the year/units of time 85 6. Weights and measures 85

Bibliography 85

i

IntroductionThe Bilingual Dictionary for ESL Beginners has been developed for use by students in the early stages of learning English as a second language.

The list of words contained in this dictionary includes the most common words that students use in everyday communication and in the classroom. This list provides a scaffold for further language acquisition.

The Bilingual Dictionary for ESL Beginners takes into consideration the Australian culture and way of life including frequently encountered colloquial words and phrases. It is expected that students will use this publication as a reference point for the first 12 to 18 months of English language acquisition.

A companion volume titled Thematic Picture Dictionary for ESL Beginners may be used in conjunction with this volume. It contains over 400 illustrated words, all of which can be found with their translations in this volume.

The two dictionaries are designed for individual student use at school and at home to support English language acquisition.

The skills of many ESL teachers were utilised in the choice of lexicon for this dictionary. Their enthusiastic participation has helped to produce a valuable teaching and learning resource suited to the needs of beginner ESL students.

ii

How to use this dictionary

Notes for the teacher

The information in this dictionary is presented simply showing part of speech, headword in bold, definition if required and phrases for words which need to be read in context for clarity of meaning. You will find explanations regarding the organisation of the dictionary below.

Page Header

The page header is found at the top left of each page in bold for easy identification of the page contents. It shows the first and last English entry on the page.

Example from page 1:

a - afterwards indicates that the first entry on this page is a and the last entry is afterwards.

The Headword

The headword is the word being defined in an entry. It appears in large bold type and is alphabetically ordered. Definitions of the headword appear under the headword (if applicable) and are numbered. Phrases, colloquial phrases, phrasal verbs and interjections containing the headword are translated in full and appear under the definitions.

Example from page 4:

Headword Translationpart of speech

back

n Definition 1. body part only the word back is translated as a noun with the meaning body part

adv Definition 2. opposite front only the word back is translated as an adverb with the meaning opposite front

phrase 3. give it back the phrase give it back is translated in full Example from page 31:

Headword Translationpart of speech

help

n Definition 1. aid only the word help is translated as a noun with the meaning aid

phrase 2. help yourself (serve yourself)

the phrase help yourself is translated in full with the meaning serve yourself

colloq phr 3. I can’t help it (I have no control over it)

the colloquial phrase I can’t help it is translated in full with the meaning I have no control over it

Where there is more than one meaning for an item of lexicon but only one is in common usage the meaning for translation has been included next to the headword in brackets.

Example from page 2:

Headword Translationn angle (mathematical usage) only the word angle is translated as a noun

with the meaning mathematical usage

Abbreviations

Words commonly found in the lexicon as abbreviations appear in the dictionary as abbrev and are not translated. They indicate the full spelling of the word where the translation may be found.

iii

Example from page 4:

Headword Translationabbrev barbie *see barbecue no translation - translation is found at the entry

barbecue

Common present and past tense verb forms

Commonly used irregular present and past tense verb forms have been included in the body of the dictionary as they may not be recognised by the student as a derivative of the base form. These are not translated however and indicate the base form where the translation may be found.

Examples from page 2:

Headword Translationprt v am *see be no translation - translation is found at the entry

beprt v are *see be no translation - translation is found at the entry

be Appendices

Six appendices have been included and may be found at the end of the word list. These are:

1. numerals and ordinals2. common countries/states and their adjectival forms3. common irregular verbs showing the base form, past tense and past participle forms4. times in analog and 24 hour format5. days of the week/months of the year/units of time6. weights and measures.

These appendices have not been translated.

Parts of speech

Parts of speech are abbreviated and found in the left hand column of the English text in the dictionary. Other descriptors such as colloquialism are also abbreviated. A full list of abbreviations used is shown below.

Abbreviations used in this dictionary

Abbreviation Meaningabbrev abbreviationadj adjectiveadv adverbcolloq colloquialismcolloq phr colloquial phraseconj conjunctiondet determinerint interjectionn nounphr v phrasal verbprep prepositionpron pronounprt v present tense verb formpt v past tense verb formv verb

1

a – afterwards

Adet a/an umwe/imwen ability ubushobozi

ablev 1. be able to gushoboraadj 2. talented kugira ingabiranon Aboriginal person imvukira zambere

aboutadv 1. approximately ugereranijeprep 2. concerning ivyerekeye

aboveprep 1. over hejuruphrase 2. the example above akarorero ko haruguruadj absent uwasivye/uwutarengutseadv absolutely pen accent imvugo y’umuntu umwumwev accept kwemeraadj acceptable ivyemerewen accident intureka/igisida/impanukaadj accidental kugira igisidav accompany guherekeza/kujanan account agasandugu/kontev ache kugira umusongav achieve gushika kuco wifuzan achievement gushikira ico wifuzaprep across kurundi ruhandev act kugira ico ukoze/gukoran activity igikogwan actor umukinyi w’inkino nyamucov add kongereza/guteranyan addition ukongereza/guteranyan address irangiro/ibarizon adjective ingereka

admitv 1. tell the truth about kuvuga ukuri kuvyerekeyev 2. allow to enter kwemerera kwinjirav adopt (take on) kwakirana yosen adult umuntu akuzen advantage akarushon adventure ukwipiman adverb ingereranyon advice inama/impanuro/ingingon aerobics ukwinonora imitsin aeroplane indegev afford kugira ubushoboziadj afraid gutinya/kwikangaprep after hanyuma/inyuma/mu nyuman afternoon umugorobaadv afterwards hanyuma

2

again – argue

adv again (one more time) gusubira/kongera/kandiagainst

prep 1. next to iruhandeprep 2. anti kwiyamiriza/gitandukanyen age imwakaadv ago kera/hahezev agree kwemera

aidn 1. help imfashanyov 2. help gufashav aim (try) kugeragezan air impwemu/ikireren airport ikibuga c’indegeadj all (every) bose/vyosev allow gukundira/kureka/kwemereraadv alone nsa/ wenyene/gusaadv aloud cane/ kuvuga bakakumvan alphabet urutonde rw’indomeadv already ivyabaye/vyamazeadv also (too) kandiconj although nahoadv altogether bose (vyose) hamweadv always iminsi yose/kwamaprt v am * see be n ambulance umuduga w’abarwayin amount ikivi/ urugeron amphibian indege ishobora kugendera mu maziv analyse (study) kwiga neza/kwihwezaconj and na/kandi/utekon angle (mathematical usage) imfurukaadj angry gushavuran animal igikoko/igitungwan ankle ijisho ry’ikirengeadj annual umwaka wose/ kira mwaka

answern 1. reply inyishuv 2. reply kwishuraadj any icarico cose/ivyarivyo vyoseadv anymore sinzosubira/ntibikegerepron anyone uwariwe wesepron anything icarico coseadv apart (separate) gutandukana/bitandukanyen apology ikigongwev appear (come into view) kuboneka/guserukan apple icamwa gisa n’ikirayan appointment isangoprt v are *see be n area ikigabane/intarav argue guharira/kwemeza

3

argument – autumn

n argument gucanamwo/ingingov arise kuvyukan arm (part of body) ukubokon army igisodaprep around iruhande/gukikuza

arrangev 1. put in order kwegeranya/gutondekav 2. make plans gutegurav arrest (take into custody) gupfunga/guhagarika umuntuv arrive gushikan arrow umwampin art umwuga/ibicapon artist umunyamwuga ashushanyaadv as (to such a degree) nka/nkon ash umunyotaadj ashamed kumaramarav ask baza/kubazav assemble kwegeranyan assembly igikoranen assignment (for school) igikorwa c’ishulev assist gufashan assistant icegeraprep at i/ku/kuri/kwapt v ate *see eat n athletics inonora ry’imitsiphrase athletics carnival isabukuru y’ukwinonora imitsin atom inzatsav attach kwihambira/komeka ko

attackn 1. fight ingwano/intambarav 2. fight kugwana/gutera intambara

attemptn 1. try uwageragejev 2. try kugeragezav attend kwitaba n attendance abitavyen attention itegereze neza/ukugabav attract gukwegaadj attractive kuroreka/gusa nezan aunt senge/nyokwanyuabbrev Aussie *see Australiann Australia Australiyaadj Australian imvukira za Australiyan Australian flag idarapo rya Australiyan Australiana ivyo muri Australiyan author umwanditsi w’igitabon autumn igihe gikurikira ici

4

average – basketball

averagen 1. arithmetical mean uburinganireadj 2. ordinary ibisanzwev avoid kuzibukira/gukwepaadj awake gukanguka/kuba masoadv away kure/iruhandeprep away from kwigirwa kureadj awful kibi canept v awoke *see awaken axe imarabiti

Bn baby uruyoya/uruhinja

backn 1. body part umugongoadv 2. opposite front inyumaphrase 3. give it back gisubizen backbone urutirigongon background amamukon backpack isaho yo kumugongon backyard mu kigoadj bad kibi/umubi/ikibin badminton urukino rwo gutera agapira hejuru

y’urusengan bag isahov bake guteka mwifuru/kwotsav balance gupima ku munzanin balcony kurubarazaadj bald ubuhanza

balln 1. toy igikinishocolloq phr 2. have a ball (good time) kuryoherwan balloon igipurizon banana umuhwi/igitoken band (music group) umugwi w’abacuraranzin bangle igikomo c’ukubokon bank i banki

barn 1. place to drink ikirabov 2. stop from something guheba/guhagarikan 3. metal rod icuman barbecue kwotsa inyamaabbrev barbie *see barbecueadj bare bisa/gusan barrier intambamyin base (bottom) inkingi/itsitson basin (wash) ikarabo/ibesani n basket inkoko/igiseken basketball umukino wamaboko basket

5

basketball court – bid

n basketball court ikibuga ca basketbat

n 1. sporting equipment ubuhiri bakubitisha umupiran 2. animal agahungareman bath kwiyuhagira umubiri wosin bathroom akumba wiyuhagiriramwon battle urugamba/ingwanon bay (inlet) akarere kinjira mu maziabbrev BBQ *see barbecuev be kuba/kumeran beach ku musenyi ku kiyagan beach towel iswime yo kukiyagan beach umbrella umutaka wo kukiyagan beak umunwa w’inyoni

beam n 1. ray of light umuco n 2. wooden plank isaso ry’ibiti n bean igiharagen beard ubwanwa

beatv 1. win gutsindav 2. hit gukubita/gushishaguran 3. rhythm mudundo/umudihoadj beautiful mwiza/nzizapt v became *see becomeconj because kuko/kubera v become kuba/kumeran bed uburirin bedroom icumba c’ukuryamamwon bee uruyukin beef inyama y’inkapt v began *see beginv begin kubanza/guhera/gutanguran beginner uwugitangurav behave kwifata runtu/kwerekana inderon behaviour ingesoprep behind inyuman bell inkengeriv belong kwitirigwa/ gukukiran belt umusipin bench intebev bend guheta/kugondapt v bent *see bendadj best uwambere/agahetav bet gupinga/gutsibaadj better urushaprep between hagatin bicycle ikingav bid kumenyesha ikiguzi utanze

6

big – boat

adj big kinini/niniabbrev bike *see bicycle

billn 1. money igiciro c’amaheran 2. account ikonti n 3. of a bird icarin bird inyoni

birthn 1. act of being born ivukaphrase 2. date of birth itariki yamavukiron birthday itariki yamavukiron biscuit igisuguti

bitn 1. small piece agatete/gitoyi/gatoyiphrase 2. a little bit gato gatopt v 3. *see bitev bite gusemura/gushikuraadj black (colour) umufyirin blackboard urubaho rwo kwandikakon blade uruhago/urwembe

blamen 1. censure umugayo/agasuzugurov 2. lay responsibility with guta umwikomoadj blank gusiga ikibanza kigaragaran blanket uburetav bleed kuva amarasopt v blew *see blow

blindadj 1. unable to see impumyin 2. window covering agakingirizo k’amadirishan blindness ubuhumyi

blockn 1. child’s toy igikinisho c’abanav 2. stop from doing something kubuza/guteshaphrase 3. a block away ibarabara rikurikiraphrase 4. block of flats igorofa ry’amazuadj blond umuzungu w’imishatsi yeran blood amarasoadj bloody cuzuye amaraso

blown 1. hit guhungabanyav 2. pertaining to wind guhuhuta (umuyaga)phr v 3. blow up gusavya/guturitsa

blueadj 1. colour ubururucolloq 2. sad kugira amaganyan board (stiff material) urubaho n board game imikino yo kurubahon boat ubwato

7

body – break

n body umubiriv boil kubira/kubiza

boldadj 1. as typeface indome niniadj 2. daring gushirukanya/gutimban bomb ibomben bone igufan book igitabun bookshelf akabati k’ibitabun boomerang umukino wigiti gihese/ukoze ikintu

kikakugarukakoboot

n 1. of car urubiko rw’umudugan 2. footwear amaboti/amabotine/ngamiya

bordern 1. as of country, state umupaka/urubiben 2. edge ku mperaadj bored kurambirwaadj boring kurambirav borrow kugurana/gutira

bossn 1. person in charge umutegetsiv 2. tell what to do gutegeka adj both vyose/bosev bother kugoranan bottle icupa

bottomn 1. body part igisusu/inyon 2. lower edge hasipt v bought *see buyv bounce kudundikan bowl akabakuren box isandugu/umukeben boy umuhunguabbrev bra *see brassieren brain ubwonko/ubwenge

branchn 1. of tree ishamiv 2. separate igisatan brassiere isutiyeadj brave umwihevyi/gushira amangaadv bravely rugabon bread umukaten breadth ubwaguke

breakn 1. pause akaruhukov 2. opposite of fix guca/kumena/gutandukanyaphr v 3. break down (as in car) gukwamaphr v 4. break down (as health) amagara atituka

8

breakfast – bus stop

phr v 5. break in (as housebreak) kumena kugira wibephr v 6. break up (for holidays) gufata akaruhuko n breakfast indya zo mugitondon breath impwemuv breathe guhema/guhemukav breed ubwokon brick itafarin bridge ikiraro/igitarurwa

brightadj 1. shiny isayanganaadj 2. clever incabwengev brighten gusayanganaadj brilliant igitangazav bring kuzanaadj broad akayiran broccoli imboga zo mumugwi w’ishupt v broke *see breakcolloq broke (penniless) gukenaphrase broken arm kuvunika ukubokan brother musazawe/umuvukanyi w’umuhungupt v brought *see bringn brush uburosin bucket indobov build kubakapt v built *see buildn bulb (electric light) itaran bullet urusasu

bullyn 1. person who harasses others umuturubitsiv 2. harass guturubika

bunchn 1. group umugwiphrase 2. bunch of flowers umugwi w’amashugwe

burnn 1. injury caused by fire ubushev 2. be on fire gushav burst guturika/guturitsav bury guhamba/gufoban bus ibisi

bushn 1. outback intara iri kure y’umujin 2. small tree ishamba

businessn 1. company ishirahamwecolloq phr 2. mind your own business raba ibikwerekeyen bus stop aho urindirira ibisi

9

bust – cardboard

bustcolloq 1. break gusambuka/guhomban 2. female body part igikiriza c’umugoreadj busy kugira ibikorwa vyinshiconj but mugabo/arikon butcher umuntu adandaza inyaman button igipfungov buy kuguraprep by hegereye/cegereye/iruhande

Cn cabbage ishun cable urutsingan cafe ikawan cage akazu k’inyonin cake imikate isosav calculate guharuran calculator akamashini ko guharuran calendar ikiranga minsi

callv 1. name kwita izinan 2. as for phone gutera akamo ku telefonephr v 3. call for gusaba icese/kurarikaphr v 4. call off gusivyaphr v 5. call out guhamagarira ku rutonde

calmadj 1. peaceful gitekanye/utekaniwephr v 2. calm down kuremesha/guhwamikapt v came *see comen camera icuma gifata amasanamuv camp kurara hanze mu migwi

canv 1. able to gushobora/kubashan 2. steel container ikigopon candle ishasharan canteen (tuck shop) aho abantu benshi bafungurira

capn 1. headwear inkoferon 2. top hejuru

capitaln 1. important location umugwa mukuruphrase 2. capital letter indome nkurun capsicum igiterwa kimeze nk’urutorin capsule ikinini/akagopon captain kapitenen car umudugan card ikaratan cardboard igikarato

10

care – chalk

v care kwitwararika/kwitondaadj careful kwirinda/kwitondaadv carefully mu bwitonzi /mu kwengengan carnival isabukuru y’intambon carrot ikaroti

carryv 1. take guterura/kwiremekaphr v 2. carry on (keep going) gushishikara/kubandanya

casen 1. bag isanduguphrase 2. just in case mugihe vyoshikan cash amahera

cassette phrase 1. audio cassette ikaseti y’iradiyophrase 2. video cassette ikaseti yerekana amasanamu

castn 1. of a play umugwi w’abakinyiv 2. throw guteran castle inzu nki y’ibwami adj casual rimwe na rimwen cat inyabu

catchphrase 1. catch a train gufata itereniphrase 2. catch a cold kwandura inkororacolloq phr 3. catch on (understand) gusobanukirwaphr v 4. catch up (reach) guhamvyapt v caught *see catch

causen 1. reason igituma/impamvu/imvov 2. make happen gutera/gutuman cave isengaabbrev CD *see compact discn ceiling idari/urusengen cell icumban cent imeya/isengeadj central hagati na hagati

central processing unitn 1. pertaining to computer icuma nyamukuru ca kompyutaabbrev 2. CPUn centre hagatin century ikinjanan cereal umugwi w’inteten ceremony ibiroriadj certain nivyo/ata nkekaadv certainly vyukurin chain (jewellery) umugufun chair inteben chalk ingwa

11

chance – cigarette

n chance kugira imanachange

n 1. money amahera acitsekov 2. alter guhinduraphrase 3. change one’s mind guhindura icuyumvirophrase 4. change clothes guhindura impuzuadj changeable guhindagurikan change room icumba co guhinduriramwon channel umurongo n chapter ikigabanen character (literary) umuntu urwandiko (mu gitabo)

rushikigikiyekocharge

n 1. cost ikiguziv 2. as for battery gushiramwo umurirophr v 3. in charge uwo ibintu vyegav chase kwamira/kwirukanaadj cheap kizimbutsev cheat kugunga/guhumburav check guhinyuzan cheek (body part) itama/umusayacolloq cheeky (naughty) kugira amahane

cheerv 1. make happy kunezerezan 2. sound expressing enthusiasm urwamo rw’akanyamunezan chemist umudandaji w’imitin cheque urupapuro rwamahera/sheken cherry umuryango w’inkeren chess umukino bakinira kukabahon chest igikirizan chewing gum ibazoka

chickenn 1. animal inkoko/inkokokazicolloq 2. not brave uwukaze ubwoban child umwanaadj childish kwigira rwanan chin urwasakusaku

chipsn 1. hot variety amafiritin 2. cold crisps amafiriti yumye n chocolate ishokoran choir umugwi w’abaririmvyiv choose gutora/gutobanura

chopn 1. meat cut inkekera y’inyamav 2. cut guhimbura/gucagagurapt v chose *see choosen church isengeron cigarette itabi

12

cinema – coin

n cinema inzu berekaniramwo amasanamu y’ibishusho

n circle umuzingiadj circular kizinguruje/c’umuzingin circumference ubwaguke bw’umuzingi n city igisagara

claimn 1. assertion ivyemezav 2. assert kwemeza

clapn 1. loud noise gukoma amashi canev 2. show appreciation gukoma amashi ushiman class (group of students) abanyeshuren classmate umunyeshure mugenzawen classroom ishurephrase classroom block uruhande ruriko amashuren claw urwaran clay ibumba

cleanv 1. remove dirt gusukuraadj 2. opposite dirty gicafuyeadj clear gitomoye/cumvikanaadj clever umunyabwengen cliff imangav climb kuduga/kwurirav cling kugumiriza/kumatan clock isaha

closev 1. shut kugara/kurumyaadj 2. near hafiadj closed kugagwa/cugayen cloth igitambaran clothes impuzun clothes line umugozi w’impuzun clothing umwambaron cloud igicuadj cloudy gukuba kw’ibicu

clubn 1. group of people abantu bahuriye mw’ishirahamwen 2. implement gushira mu ngiron clue icerekana/kwereka inziran coal ikaran coast inkengera y’amaziadj coastal biri ku nkengera y’amazin coat ikotin cockatoo gasukun coconut inazin coffee ikawan coin igiceri

13

cold – concern

coldn 1. illness ibicuraneadj 2. opposite hot kumva imbeho/gukanyaadj cold-blooded kutagira umutima/gutimban collar ikorov collect gutora torana/kunoban collection ivyo watoratoranijen college ishuri ryisumbuye

colourn 1. hue yibarav 2. make colourful gusiga amabaraadj colourful ifise amabara

combn 1. hair accessory igisokozov 2. do one’s hair gusokoza

comev 1. move towards egeraphr v 2. come from kuva/kwandurukaphr v 3. come out (as in sun) kuza ahabona/guserukacolloq phr 4. Come on! (Let’s go.) ngwino/nyaruka (tsa)! adj comfortable kumererwa nezan comic gutwenzan comic strip igitabo c’ibicapov command itegeko/ibwirizwaadj common gisanzwe/gihuriweko na benshin commonsense kwiyumvira biroranyen communication itangazon community umugwi w’abantun compact disc agasahani kimizikin company (business) ishirahamwev compare kugereranyan compass akuma kerekana intumberon compasses (geometry

equipment)icuma bacisha umuzingi

v compete guhiganwan competition ihigano/ihiganwav complain kwidoga/kwitwaran complaint umwidodombo

completev 1. finish gusozera/kumaraadj 2. finished vyaherahejwe/vyarangiyev complicate kugoranaadj complicated bihanitsen complication ibigoyen composer uwandika imizikin composition urwandikon computer kompyutan concern amakenga

14

concerned – couple

adj concerned kuba utaremye mu ndan concert igiteramo c’umuzikin condition ibi (gi)sabwa ubwamberen cone (geometrical shape) ishushanyo ry’ikigori v confuse kuvurugana/gushaka kuyobezav congratulate gukezav connect gufatanya/kumatanyan connection guhuzaadj conscious kuzirikanav consider kwitwararikaphr v consist of ikintu kigizwe nan consonant urudome rw’indagiv contain kirimwo/kubikwa mwon container ideben contents (as of a book) ibiri mugitabov continue kubandanya

contrastn 1. difference ibihushanev 2. find differences gutora ibihushanev control gucungeran conversation ikiyago

convictn 1. person convicted of a crime umuntu yagirizwa icahav 2. find guilty of a crime kwemeza icaha v cook guteka/gukinjika

cooladj 1. opposite warm guhora/gufuka/gukonjacolloq 2. trendy umunyamuji/kigezweho

copyn 1. imitation igisanira/ukwigana abandiv 2. imitate kwimura/kwigana abandin corner imfuruka

correctv 1. make right gukosoraadj 2. right ivyukuri/ kiroranyen corridor hagati y’ivyumbav cost igiciro/ikiguzin cotton ipampan cotton wool impuzu y’ ipampa

coughn 1. the act or sound of coughing inkororav 2. expel air from the lungs gukororan council inaman counsellor umuhanuzi

countryn 1. political division igihugun 2. opposite city mugihugu/rugurun couple abantu babiri bakundana

15

courage – crush

n courage ubuhiziadj courageous intwari/umuhizi

coursen 1. set of lessons icigwan 2. way to go uko bigendaphrase 3. of course (naturally) neza canen court (as tennis court) ikibuga (c’agapira ka tenisi)n cousin muvyarawe

covern 1. outside of a book urupapuro rufutse igitabov 2. put cover on something gufundikira/kurumyan coward umunyabwoban crab umugwi w’amafiv crack umugaga

craftn 1. vessel ubwaton 2. handiwork ibijishano

crashn 1. collision kugongana v 2. shatter kumenaadj crazy ubusazi/atiyumvira nezan creature ikiremwan creek aho amazi amera nk’ayinjira mu

mutumbav creep gukambakamba/kuyombokan crescent (shape) kimeze nk’icakabiri c’umuzingi

cricketn 1. insect inzigen 2. sport umukino wa kriket

criminaln 1. person who commits crime umugaragaji/umwicanyiadj 2. against the law guca kumategekon crocodile ingonaadj crooked kugoraman crops ivyimbugwa

crossn 1. a symbol of two intersecting

linesmumayirabiri

adj 2. angry gushavurav 3. move from one side to another kujabukaphr v 4. cross out (delete) guhanagura/gufutan crossword umukino wamajambon crowd ishengero ry’abantuadj crowded ahari isinzi ry’abantuadj cruel gukara cane

crushv 1. flatten gufyonyoracolloq 2. a liking for someone gupfira umuntu

16

cry – darkness

cryn 1. loud utterance akaborogov 2. weep kuriran cube igicapo c’imikinya inen cucumber igiterwa gishaka kumera nk’intorin cupboard akabativ cure gukizaadj curious amatsiko

curln 1. ringlet of hair imishatsi y’izinzev 2. form curls kwizingiran currency (money) izina yamahera y’igihugu

currentadj 1. topical kitarahindurwa n 2. moving water umukuban curtain igitambara c’amadirishan curve ahantu hagonzen custom umugenzo n customer umuguzi/umunywanyiv cut gucacura/gucaadj cute kugira igikundiro

cyclev 1. ride kunyonga ikingan 2. circular event gukurikirana bigakuranwan cylinder gifise umuzingi

Dabbrev dad *see fatherabbrev daddy *see fatheradj daily kumunsi kumunsi

damagen 1. injury ubwononyi/kubabazav 2. cause injury kwononaadj damp hashushe ukabura impwemun damper (type of bread) ubwoko bw’umukate

dancen 1. social gathering for dancing gukorana bubera intambov 2. rhythmical movement gutamban danger irinde/akagaadj dangerous ico kwirinda/gishobora gukwega

impanukaadj daring kwubahuka

darkadj 1. opposite light kwira/hari umwijimaadj 2. opposite fair kwiraburan darkness umwijima/umwiza

17

date – dependable

daten 1. calendar igitabo c’amatalikin 2. fruit icamwan daughter umwana w’umukobwan day umunsiadj dead yaphuyeadj deaf igipfamatwi/atumva

dealn 1. amount kumvikana ikiguziv 2. give out gutangan death urupfun debt umwenda decayn 1. decomposition ikintu kibozev 2. rot kuborav deceive guta mu rudubiv decide gufata ingingon decimal ivy’icumin decision ingingon deck (of house) urubarazav declare guhamya/kumenyesha icese

decreasen 1. diminution igabanukav 2. become smaller in number kugabanukaadj deep himbitse/harehare (ikiyaga)

defeatn 1. loss gutsindwav 2. beat kunesha/gutsindav define gutanga insiguro

degree n 1. of temperature urupimo rw’ubushuhen 2. amount uko amahera angana

delayn 1. hold up gucereza/kurindirizav 2. put off till later kwirengagiza igikorwaabbrev deli *see delicatessenn delicatessen ahagurirwa uturyoshen delight kuryoherwaadj delightful biryoheye/bihimbayev deliver gukira/kuvyaza/gushikiriza

demandn 1. urgent requirement gusaba vyihutirwav 2. ask for with authority gusaba mugabo utegekav demonstrate kwerekana utomoran demonstration gutomora n dentist muganga w’amenyov depend kuzera uburamuko/kuvaadj dependable bizova

18

dependant – discussion

adj dependant uwukuzeyeko uburamukon depth ubureburev descend kumanukav describe kudondoran description idondora

desertn 1. hot, dry place ubugararwav 2. leave kugenda utavuzev deserve kuronka ico ukwiye

desiren 1. longing icifuzov 2. wish for gushaka/kwifuzan desk ibiro/imeza yo gukorerakov destroy konona/gusamburan destruction ubwononyi

detailn 1. minute part guca ku mayangev 2. describe fully kudondora vyosen detective umusekeri/mbangamatwin detention (pertaining to

school)kuba mugihano

v dial gutera akamo na telefonen diameter intimbatimba

diamondn 1. precious stone ibuye ry’agaciroadj 2. shape gifise ingereranyon diary agatabo k’iminsin dictionary inzinduzipt v did *see don didgeridoo icuma cumuziki wimvukirav die gupfa/gucikanan diet uburyo bwo gufunguraadj different binyuranye/bidasaadj difficult bigoyev dig kwimba/gucukuran dingo imbwa yo mw’ishamban dinner ivyokurya vyo mw’ijoron dinosaur igikoko cabayeho keran direction inziran dirt ubucafuadj dirty gicafuyev disagree guharira ntimwumvikanen disagreement gupfa ikintun disc (round, flat object) umuziringi nk’isahanin disco aho batambira v discover gutora ikintu ubwamberen discovery ico watoyev discuss guharira/guhana ivyiyumviron discussion impari

19

disease – drop

n disease indwaran dish isahanin dishwasher (appliance) imashini y’ivyombon disk (of computers) agasahani ka kompyutan disk drive inda ya kompyutav dislike kudakunda umuntu/ikintuv dismiss kwirukanan distance ikirerev disturb kugora/kugoranav dive kuja munsi yamaziv divide kugaburan division amacakubiri/urugabanov divorce kwahukana

dov 1. perform kugira/gukoraphrase 2. What does she do? (What’s

her job?)akora iki?

phrase 3. How do you do? (greeting) murakomeye?n doctor mugangan document ivyangombwa/urwandikon dog imbwan dollar amahera y’idorarin door umwangov double incuro zibiri

doubtn 1. uncertainty amazindav 2. hesitate to believe gukekeranav drag gukwegan dragon igikoko gicira umuriropt v drank *see drinkv draw gushushanyan drawer igice c’akabati

dreamn 1. images during sleep indotov 2. imagine kurota/kwifuza canept v dreamt *see dream

dressn 1. woman’s clothing ikanzuv 2. to put on clothing kwambarapt v drew *see draw

drinkn 1. beverage inzogav 2. swallow liquid kumira/kunywav drive gutwara imodokan driveway urwinjiriro rw’imodoka

dropn 1. small amount of water imav 2. let fall kugwisha

20

drought – email

n drought uruzubapt v drove *see drivev drown gusoma nturin drug ibiyayura ubwengen drum ingoman drunk (person who drinks too

much alcohol)imborerwa

adj dry kumapt v dug *see digadj dumb (of speech) ikiragi/yabuze ico avugaprep during mu gihe

dustn 1. dirt umucafuv 2. clean of dirt gukunkumuran duster igikura ubucafun duty (something you must do) itegeko

En eagle inkonan ear ugutwiadj early karev earn gukorera/gufata (amahera)n earring iherenin earth isin east ubuseruko adj easy vyoroshev eat gufunguran echidna ikizima myampin edge kumperav edit gusubiramwo urwandikon education ireron effect inkurikizin effort kugira akigoron egg irigiadj either kimwe canke ikindin elastic umukanda ugaruka/ukwegurukan elbow inkorora

elderadj 1. older than mukuru kurin 2. older person umusazan election amatoran electrician uwukora amataran electricity umuyagankuba

emailn 1. Internet letter ikete ryo kuri kompyutav 2. send an Internet letter kurungika ikete ya kompyuta

21

embarrass – excellent

v embarrass gutera isoniadj embarrassed guterwa isonin emergency ivyihutirwan emigrant uwuba mu gihugu atari ic’amavukiron emotion igishikav employ gukoreshan employee umukozin employer umukoreshan employment ubuzi/akaziadj empty kigaragaran emu inyoni niniv encourage kuremesha

endn 1. termination iherezov 2. finish guhezan enemy umwansi

engagedadj 1. busy kutagira umwanyaadj 2. soon to be married uwakoye/uwo bakoyen engine imashiniv enjoy kuryoherwaadj enormous kinini caneadj enough bikwiye/bihagijev enquire kubazav enter kwinjirav entertain kwakira/kuryoheran entertainment igiteramon entrance irembon entry urwinjiriro / aho binjiriran envelope ibahashan environment ibidukikijeadj equal kunganan equator ahaca umurongo ugabura ibihe

kw’isin equipment ibikoresho

escapen 1. an act of escaping guhungav 2. get away gutorokaadj even (divisible by two) ibice binganan evening umugoroban event igikorane/igikorwa categekanijweadj every icarico cose/uwariwe weseabbrev exam *see examinationn examination ikibazo

examplen 1. illustration akaroreroabbrev 2. e.g. ijambo rivunaguye ry’akaroreroadj excellent akaroruhore

22

exchange – factory

exchangen 1. act of exchanging gukabav 2. give up for an equivalent kunyuranyav excite kuryoshaadj excited kugira akamwemwen excitement ikintu kiguha akamwemweadj exciting gitera akamwemwen excursion gutembera kugira muryoherwe

excusen 1. justification kwisigurav 2. pardon gusaba imbabaziint 3. Excuse me! mbabarira!

exercisen 1. physical work kwinonora imitsin 2. class work umwimenyerezon 3. exercise book igitabo c’imyimenyerezo

exitn 1. way out inzira ijana hanzev 2. go out gusohokav expect kuziga/kwitegaadj expensive bizimvye

experiencen 1. thing undergone ivyo waciyemwov 2. undergo guhindura/kwiyumvamwo

experimentn 1. science trial gupima mu buhinga n’ubumenyi

kugira umene v 2. try something kugerageza/guhonjav explain gusiguran explanation insobanuro/insigurov explode guturikav explore kugendagenda

expressadj 1. fast gucanacanako/vyihutav 2. say gukimbuka

expressionn 1. on face gusoma mumanso ico umuntu

yiyumviran 2. in words mu mvugoadj extra ibirengakon eye ijishon eyebrow ingohe

Fface

n 1. part of body mu mansophrase 2. face the front raba imberecolloq phr 3. Face it! (believe it) nukuvyemera!vyemange!n fact uko bimeze/biragaragaran factory ihinguriro

23

fade – fence

v fade guceyuka/gucuyukav fail guhemuka/kunanirwa

faintadj 1. not dark biboneka nezav 2. become unconscious kuraba/guta ubwenge

fairadj 1. just vyukuriadj 2. light inzobeadv fairly (quite) bikwiyen fairy umuntu mugufi avugwa mu bititov fall kugwaadj false ikosa/kitaricoadj familiar umenyereye/kimenyerewe

familyn 1. kin incutin 2. family tree umuryangoadj famous azwi cane/rurangiranwa

fann 1. great admirer akunda umuntu canen 2. equipment to blow air icuma gipompa impwemuadj far kuren fare (cost for trip) amahera bacira urugendon farm iraron fashion ivyokwambaraadj fashionable yambara ibiharawe

fastadv 1. quick n’ingoga/ (a)kinyarukaadv 2. forward in time kwigiza imbere mu gihev 3. go without food kwisonzeshav fasten gifashe neza/kwipfunga n’umusipiadj fat ikinure/avyibushen father so/datan fault ikosa/agasuzuguzon favour ubutoni/kugira nkundwaadj favourite umutonin fax ikete rirungikwa mucuma

fearn 1. feeling of impending danger ubwobav 2. be afraid gutinyan feather ibabav feed kugaburira

feelv 1. as emotion kwumva/kwiyumvamwov 2. touch gukabakabapt v fell *see fallpt v felt *see feeladj female (of gender) igitsina rugoren fence urugo

24

ferry – flashing

n ferry ubwaton festival isabukurun fever inyonko/umururumboadj few nke/bake

fieldn 1. where sport is played ikibuga c’inkinon 2. open land itongoadj fierce kiryana/gikaze/giteye ubwoba

fightn 1. battle indwano/intambarav 2. engage in battle kurwana

figuren 1. number igiharuron 2. person uku umuntu ateyephr v 3. figure out (understand) kwumva ikintu wifashije wenyenev fill kuzuzan film urukino ry’isanamuadj final imperezo/impera/imperukav find gutora

fineadj 1. not raining hameze nezaadj 2. opposite thick ananutse/gitoadj 3. well (healthy) kumera nezan finger urutoke

finishn 1. end point iherezov 2. end guheza

firev 1. cease to employ gukura (kwirukana)umukoziv 2. shoot kurasan 3. something burning umuriron fireworks ibirori vy’imiriro yo mukirereadv first uwambere/icamberen first aid imfashanyo ihabwa imbabare imbere

yo gushika kwa mugangafish

n 1. water creature ifiv 2. catch fish kuroban fishing rod umugozi wo kuroba

fitadj 1. healthy afise amagara meza/anonotsen 2. size kigereranyephrase 3. fit in with (match well) barahuza neza/birahuyev fix gukora icononekayen flag ibenderan flame urubeyan flash (bright light) itara riravyaadj flashing kurabagirana

25

flat – form

flatn 1. dwelling inzu yo mu gorofaadj 2. shape gipfyase/kigaramyen flavour icangapt v flew *see flyn flight urugendo mu kirere (indege)v float kureremban flood ikidengeri c’amazi

floorn 1. part of a room hasin 2. level of a building inivon floppy disk akadiske bashira muri kompyutav flow gutemban flower (plant) ishugweabbrev flu *see influenza

flyn 1. insect isaziv 2. move through the air kugurukan fog (weather condition) igipfunguadj foggy hari igipfunguv fold kuzingan folder agasaho ubikamwo ibipapurov follow gukurikiran font inyandikon food indya/ibifungurwan fool ikijuju/umusaziadj foolish kujujutan foot ikirengen football umupira w’amagurun footwear ibirato

forphrase 1. for us n’ivyacu/ni rwacuphrase 2. for NSW nivy’intara ya NSWphrase 3. for $5 nivy’amadorari atanu

forcen 1. strength inguvuv 2. impose on guhata/guhatira ikintu ku muntuadj foreign (not native) amahangan foreigner umunyamahangan forest ishambapt v forgave *see forgivev forget kwibagirav forgive kubabarira/kugira imbabazipt v forgot *see forgetn fork ikanya

formn 1. paper you fill in urupapuro ryo kuzuzav 2. make kubumba

26

fortnight – funeral

n 3. shape ishushon fortnight ku ndwi zibiri adj fortunate umuhirwe/kugira imanaadv fortunately aracuna/ugira imana

fortunen 1. large amount of money ihirwe/itungan 2. luck gutombora/tomborapt v fought *see fightpt v found *see findn fountain umugezi/ isoko/ivomon fraction igice/igisatan frame ico ubikamwo ama foto

freeadj 1. costing nothing kwagusa/ku buntuadj 2. unoccupied kigaragarav 3. let go kurekuran freedom umwidegemvyov freeze kugira ibarafun freezer (appliance) igice ca firigo kirimwo ibarafuadj frequent kenshiadj fresh iremvye/mbisiabbrev fridge *see refrigeratorn friend umugenziadj friendly akundanan fright ubwobav frighten gukanga

fromphrase 1. from Sydney kuva Sydneyphrase 2. from my grandmother kuva kwa nyokuruphrase 3. from $10 kuva ku madorari cumi

frontadj 1. opposite back imbereprep 2. in front of imbere yan front door umuryango w’imberen front steps ingazi z’imberev frown kuraba igitsurept v froze *see freezen fruit icamwa

fulladj 1. opposite empty kuzuraadj 2. not hungry guhagan full stop (punctuation mark) akaburungu

funn 1. mirthful amusement kuryoherwacolloq phr 2. make fun of (ridicule) gutwenga/gucokozan funeral amaziko

27

funny – girl

funnyadj 1. humorous gitwengejeadj 2. strange kidasanzwen fur ubwoya y’ibikokon furniture ibikoresho vyo mu nzuadj further vyongeyeko/birenzekon future kazoza

Gv gamble gukina akamarin game urukinon gaol *see jailn gap umwenge/akangan garage (of house) ahabikwa imodokan garden umuriman garlic igitunguru sumun gas umwuka/umuriro wa gazin gate irembov gather kwegeranyapt v gave *see give

gayadj 1. happy aryoheweadj 2. homosexual abakundana basangiye igitsinan gender igitsina

generaladj 1. usual vya minsi yosen 2. rank in army jenerari mugisoda adv generally mu bisanzwen generosity ubuntuadj generous afise ubuntu adj gentle yitonda

getv 1. become kubav 2. receive guhabwav 3. possess kugirav 4. arrive guskikav 5. obtain kuronkaphr v 6. get on with (like) kumvikanaphr v 7. get out (leave) have, vaho!phr v 8. get together (meet) guhuraphr v 9. get up (arise) guseruka/kuvyukaphr v 10. get rid of (dispose of) kwirukana/kwikurako

giantn 1. huge mythical being ikigambati/ikinyamatitiadj 2. very big kinini canen gift ingabano/ingabiranon girl umukobwa

28

give – grain

givev 1. hand to guherezaphr v 2. give in (hand in) gutangacolloq phr 3. give in (surrender) kwemera ko watsinzwephr v 4. give out (distribute) uhereza bosephr v 5. give up (surrender) kwemera ko watsinzwephr v 6. give up (stop as for smoking) guheba agatabiadj glad guhimbarwa

glassn 1. window material ikiyon 2. drinking vessel ikirahurin glasses (for eyesight) irori/amarorin glove agahuzu wambara kuntoki

gov 1. move kugendaphrase 2. go by bus kugenda na bisiphrase 3. go out with kujana naphr v 4. go wrong kugira ikosaphr v 5. go on with (continue) kubandanya ibikorwa phr v 6. go well kugenda neza (ibikorwa)phr v 7. go over (check) gusubiramwophr v 8. go through (check) gusubiramwophr v 9. go after (chase) gukurikiran god imanan gold inzahabuadj golden bisayangana

goodadj 1. opposite bad vyiza/nzizaphrase 2. vegetables are good for you imboga ni nziza ku magara y’umunticolloq phr 3. Good for you! (congratulations) neza cane!

int 4. Good afternoon (greeting) mwiriweint 5. Goodbye n’agasagaint 6. Good day (greeting) mwaramutse/yambuint 7. Good morning (greeting) bwakeyeint 8. Good night (farewell) ijoro ryiza

goodnessn 1. virtue intwari/kutagira agahonziint 2. My goodness! (expression of

surprise)mana yanje!

n goods ibidandazwan gossip urusakupt v got *see getv govern gutwaran government retan governor umutwarev grab gucakiraadv gradually buke buken grain intete/urutete

29

grand – habit

adj grand ninin grandchild umwuzukurun granddaughter umwuzukuru w’umwigemen grandfather sokurun grandmother nyokurun grandparent sokuru canke nyokurun grandson umwuzukuru w’umuhungun grape uruzabibun graph igicapo n grass ivyatsiadj grateful gushimiran grave imvaadj great guhambara/nkuru/ciza canen greed ubukunzi bw’indaadj greedy akunda indaadj green urwatsi rutoto/ntotov greet kuramutsan greeting indamukanyopt v grew *see growadj grey ibara ry’umunyotan grief agahindav grieve gutunturav grill (cooking) kotsa

grossadj 1. total vyose hamwecolloq 2. disgusting bisesema

groundn 1. earth ikibuga/hasiadj 2. bottom (as for ground floor) co hasi/co musin group umugwiphrase group of students umugwi w’abanyeshurev grow kunaga/gukuran grown-up gukura/gikuze/arakuzev guard umurinzi/umunyezamun guardian umureziv guess ibaze/gufyinduran guest umushitsi

guiden 1. leader umurongoziv 2. show the way kwereka inzira abandin guilt uwitora ikosaadj guilty gutora ikosan guitar igitarin gum tree igiti kivamwo ivyo banunuzaabbrev gym *see gymnasiumn gymnasium aho kwinonorera imitsi

Hn habit ingeso

30

had – have

pt v had *see have n hail (weather condition) uruburan hailstorm isegenya ry’uruburan hair imishatsin haircut kumwa /gukata imishatsiadj halal inyama zakaswe n’aba isilamu

halfadj 1. equal part of igicephrase 2. half-past eight sambiri n’igicen hall inyubakwa/ingoro/ bagiriramwo

amanaman hallway hagati y’ivyumbav halve kugabura mwo kabirin hamburger umukate urimwo inyaman hammer inyundo

handn 1. body part ikiganzan 2. hand-out imfashanyophr v 3. hand in gusubizan handbag isaho yo mu minwen handball umupira wo mumabiko

handlen 1. thing that may be held umukono (w’umwango)v 2. touch gukorakoraadj handsome umuhizi/mwizan handwriting inyandiko

hangv 1. suspend kumanikaphr v 2. hang around (loiter) kurindiriraphr v 3. hang onto (hold) kugumyaphr v 4. hang up (put receiver down) gusubizako telefoneint 5. Hang on! (wait) rindira!v happen gushika/kuban happiness umunezeroadj happy anezerewen harbour ikivuko

hardadj 1. difficult kigoyeadj 2. not soft kigumyeadv hardly (rarely) gake canev harm kubabaza/kugirira nabin harvest ishwabura, ivyimburwan hat inkoferov hate kwanka

havev 1. own kugira/gutungaphrase 2. have a headache kumeneka umutwephrase 3. have dinner gufungura mw’ijorophrase 4. have a hair cut kumwa imishatsiphr v 5. have on (wear) ico wambaye

31

have to – his

phr v have to (be compelled to) gutegerezwapron he we (umuhungu)

headn 1. body part umutwen 2. leader umuyobozin headache kumeneka umutwen heading (title) umutwe w’igisomwan health amagaraadj healthy amagara mezan heap (pile) umurundov hear kwumvapt v heard *see hearn heart umutimav heatv 1. warm ubushuhen 2. warmth indugumban heater (appliance) icuma gishusha mu nzuadj heavy kiremereyen height ubureburept v held *see holdn helicopter kajugujuguint hello yambu

helpn 1. aid imfashanyophrase 2. help yourself (serve yourself) ni wihereze/ni wihecolloq phr 3. I can’t help it (I have no control

over it)ntavyo nshobora

adj helpful afashanyan hemisphere igice c’intara y’isi

herphrase 1. ask her baza wephrase 2. her book igitabo ciweadv here aha, hano, ino, ngahan hero intwari/incunguv hesitate gukekeranyan hexagon gifise infuruka zitandatuint hi yambupt v hid *see hidev hide kunyegeza

highadj 1. tall kirekire (igihagararo)adj 2. as for musical note ijwi ryo hejuruphrase high-heeled shoe ikirato co hejurun high school ishuri ry’isumbuyen hill umusozi, umudugopron him we, wewen hip ifyigov hire kurarika/gutanga akazipron his yiwe

32

history – however

n history ivyabaye hit

v 1. strike gukubitacolloq 2. winner gutsindav hitch-hike guhagara kw’ibarabara usaba

uwokunguruzan hobby ikintu kikunezera ukunda gukora

holdv 1. grasp kugumirizan 2. hold-up (robbery) kwiba bagufatiyeko inkohon 3. hold-up (delay) gutebeshaint 4. Hold it! (stop) hagarikacolloq phr 5. hold on (wait) rindiran hole ikinogo/umwobon holiday akaruhukoadj hollow kigaragara/ata nakimwe kirimwoadj holy mweranda/mutagatifun home imuhiraadj homesick gukumbura iwanyun homework (school work you

do at home)igikorwa c’ishule ukorera mu hira

n honest imvugakurihook

n 1. curved piece of metal igerav 2. catch gufatwa

hopen 1. expectation icizigirov 2. wish kwizigira/kwizeran horizon aho amaso ahereza

horn n 1. animal part ihemben 2. car part inkengeri y’umudugaadj horrible kibi canen horror kibin horse ifarasin hospital ibitaro/ivuriron host nyene urubanza/uwutanze indaron hostel ihoteri ntonya

hotadj 1. very warm gishushe canecolloq 2. very good biryoshe cane n hotel ihoterin hotplate ishigan hour isahan house inzun housework (domestic work) udukorwa two munzu

howadv 1. in what way ubugene/ukuntucolloq phr 2. how come? (why) bigenda gute? bishoboka gute? conj however mugabo/ariko

33

huge – industry

adj huge amahero human

adj 1. of people ubuntun 2. human being umuntun humour gushwashwanuka/ugutwenzan hung *see hangadj hungry gusonza/ashonjev hunt guhiga

hurryv 1. move quickly kunyarukacolloq phr 2. hurry up nyaruka!/ihute! n’ingoga!

hurtv 1. injure kubabara/kubabazaadj 2. wounded imbabare/yababayen hut akazu

Ipron I jewe/nanje/jen ice ibarafun ice-cream ibarafu isosa yo kuryaadj ideal igitangaza/c’akaroreroconj if asangwa/iyo/namba/niadj ill kurwaraadj illegal bitari mumategekon illness ingwaran illustration akarorerov imagine kwibazaadj immediate vy’ubu/biri hafiadv immediately ubunyenen immigrant uwimukiye mu kindi gihuguadj important bikenewe/bihambayeadj impossible bidashobokav improve kuryohora/kurushiriza

inprep 1. indicates enclosed place mu, muriphrase 2. in Australia muri Australiyaphrase 3. in January muri Nzero, mu kwamberephrase 4. in English mu congerezaphrase 5. in pencil mu karamu y’igitiphrase 6. in love mu rukundophrase 7. in danger ageramiwe/kigeramiwephrase 8. in time (not late) imbere y’igihe (ntucererwe)v include gushiramwon income amahera wakoreye/uhembwaadj incorrect bitarivyov increase kuduza/kongerezan index insiguro iri ku mpera z’igitabo adj indoor munzun industry ishirahamwe ry’abakora ubuzi

bumwe

34

infect – is

v infect kwanduzan infection indwara wanduyev influence kwoshan influenza inkorora/ibicuranev inform kumenyesha/kurangiran information inkuruprep in front of imbere yav inhabit kuba/gucumbikan inhabitant umunyagihugu/umuntu

initialadj 1. first yambere/vyambere/camberen 2. first letter of name indome yambere y’izinan injection inshingev injure kwibabazan injury aho wibabajeadj inner yindani/ mu adj innocent atakimwagira/ikitazin insect agakoko kagurukav insert kwinjizaprep inside indani/imberev insist gushimika

instantn 1. moment umwanyaadj 2. immediate ubu nyeneadv instead mukibabanza ca/hakov instruct kubwirizan instruction indero/amategekon instrument (musical) icuma c’umuzikin insurance integabizoza (impanuka)adj intelligent umunyabwengev intend gutegekanya/kwiteguriran interest inyunguadj interested gushakaadj interesting biryoshen Internet interenetiv interrupt guciramwon intersection ihuriron interview ikiganiroprep into muriv introduce kudondoran introduction (of a book) intangamarara y’igitabov invent gutora ubwamberen invitation ubutumirev invite gutumira

ironn 1. metal icuman 2. household appliance ipasi/ifero v 3. as for clothing gutera ipasi/kugororaprt v is *see be

35

island – keyboard

n island izingait

pron 1. subject ipron 2. object ikintupron its (possessive) ca

Jn jacket ikotin jail iboheron jar icupaadj jealous gusharikan jeans impuzu ya jinisi n jet indege n jewel ibisharizo bikayanganan jewellery ibisharizo bikayangana wambaran job akaziv jog kwirukan jogger uwinonora imitsi yiruka

joinv 1. unite gufatanya/gushira hamwev 2. as a club kwinjira/kwiyandikishaadj joint ingingo y’umubirin joke inkuru/akajajuron journey urugendon joy umunezero

judgen 1. person in court umucamanzav 2. make a decision about guca urubanzan judgment urubanza, ingingon judo umukino wo kwivuna umwansi ata

kigwanisho ukoreshejen juice ivyo kunywa bivuye mu vyamwav jump gusimban jumper (clothing) umupira w’imbeho

justadv 1. only gusaadj 2. fair bikwiranye

Kn kangaroo ikanguru

keepv 1. hold on to kugumyaphr v 2. keep away gushira kurephr v 3. keep going kubandanyaphr v 4. keep out kugumiza hanzephr v 5. keep up urabandanya ukora ukocolloq phr 6. The teacher kept us in umwigisha yatugumije indanipt v kept *see keepn key urupfunguruzon keyboard indome zo kuri kompyuta

36

keyring – large

n keyring ico utwarako impfunguruzon keyword ijambo rikuruv kick gutera umugerecolloq kid (child) umwanav kill kwican killer umwicanyi

kindadj 1. good hearted w’umutima mwizan 2. type ubwoko kin kindness umutima mwiza/ubugwanezan king umwamiv kiss gusoma/gusomaguran kitchen igikonin knee iviv kneel gupfukamapt v knelt *see kneelpt v knew *see known knife imbugitav knit kujishan knob umukono v knock kudodora/gukomangan knot ifundo

knowv 1. understand kumenyav 2. be acquainted with kumenyanaphrase 3. Let me know (tell me) urabimenyeshan koala agakoko kaba mumikaratusin kookaburra ubwoko bw’inyoni

Labbrev lab *see laboratoryn label ikiranga abakoze ikintun laboratory ihinguriron labour abakoresha amaboko v lack kubura/guharan lad umuyabagan ladder ingazipt v laid *see layn lake ikiyagan lamp itara

landn 1. opposite of sea isin 2. country igihugu cawev 3. as for plane kugwa (indege)n language ururimi

lapn 1. body part ibiberon 2. distance in a pool uburebure bw’aho bogeraadj large yagutse/cagutse

37

last – less

lastadj 1. opposite of first wanyuma/canyumav 2. endure kurambaadv lastly mumperezo/ubwanyumaadj late (opposite of early) gucererwaadv lately mu minsi ihezeadv later utevye/mu nyuma/hanyumav laugh gutwengan laughter intwengon laundry kumesuran law itegeko/ingingon lawn ubwatsi bwo mu rugon lawyer umuhinga mu mategeko

layv 1. as for eggs guta amagiv 2. put kuryamikaadj lazy ikinebwe

leadv 1. go first kurongora/kuja imberen 2. holder for a dog ikiziriko c’imbwan leader indongozin leadership ubutwarin leaf ibabiv leak kuva

leanv 1. incline kwegamikaadj 2. thin yumutse/kinanutse/ata binurev leap gusimban leap year umwaka w’iminsi 366v learn kwigapt v learnt *see learnadj least bike ushobye/bike bibahon leather gikozwe mu rushato

leavev 1. separate from guheba/guta/gusigan 2. time off akaruhukophr v 3. leave alone kurekeraphr v 4. leave on kurekakeza uko biriphr v 5. leave out guhaza/kudashiramwopt v led *see leadpt v left *see leaveadj left (opposite of right) ububamfuadj left-handed kwandikisha ibamfun leg ukugurun lemon indimuv lend gutiza/kuguranan length ubureburept v lent *see lendadv less bike/nke

38

lesson – lizard

n lesson icigwalet

v 1. allow gukundira/kurekav 2. rent gukotesha/gupanga

lettern 1. as of alphabet indomen 2. correspondence iketen letterbox ishinguro ry’amaketen lettuce igiterwa co gukora i saladiadj level gusena/binganan liar umubeshin library ahabikwa ibitabon licence icemezov lick kurigatan lid umurumyo

liev 1. tell untruths kubeshaphr v 2. lie down kuryaman life ubuziman lifesaver uwuhagarikira aboga

liftv 1. raise guteruran 2. elevator icuma mu magorofa gitwara abantun 3. car ride kunguruza

lightn 1. opposite of darkness umucon 2. as for electric light itaraadj 3. not dark kutirabura/afise inzobeadj 4. not heavy koroha/kitaremereyen lighter (as for cigarettes) umwampi wo kwatsa (itabi)n lightning umuravyo

likev 1. be fond of gukundaprep 2. similar to nka/bisa/asan limit urubiben line umurongon lip inkengera y’umunwan liquid y’amazin list urutondev listen kumvirizapt v lit *see lightn litter ubucafuadj little nto/ntoya/ntonya

livev 1. exist kuba/kubahoadj 2. opposite of dead kubahon living (job) umurimon living room aho bateramira mu nzun lizard umuserebanyi

39

load – lunch

v load umutwaron lobster ubwoko bw’ifi

localn 1. person from a particular area wo mu micungararoadj 2. pertaining to an area c’imvukiran location ahantuv lock gupfunga n’urupfunguruzon log (wood) umaganda w’inkwin lolly ipipi banunuzaadj lonely kugira irungu

longadj 1. opposite of short ndende/kirekirephr v 2. long for (want) kwifuza/gukumburaphrase 3. How long? (as time) bifata igihe kingana iki? phrase 4. How long? (as length) kireha gute? phrase 5. long ago kera

lookn 1. glance gukubitiza akajishophr v 2. look at kwihwezaphr v 3. look after kuraba/gucungaphr v 4. look for kuronderaphr v 5. look forward to kurindirina igishikaphr v 6. look up to gufata nk’akarorero phrase 7. look like (resemble) gushusha/gusaadj loose kuroka/kidafashe neza

losev 1. opposite of find gutav 2. opposite of win gutsindwaphrase 3. she lost her mother (her

mother died)yabuze nyina

n loss agahombopt v lost *see lose

lotn 1. destiny kazoza k’umuntuphrase 1. a lot of ibintu vyinshiadj loud kuvugira hejurun lounge room aho bateramira mu nzu

loven 1. passionate affection urukundov 2. feel passionate gukundaadj low kigufi, ngufinyan lower case indome ntoyiadj loyal adahemukan luck tomboraadj lucky afise imana/afise tomboran lump ikinonko/ikivyimbe/ikidunden lunch ibifungurwa vyo kumurango

40

machine – match

Mn machine imashini

madadj 1. angry ashavuyeadj 2. insane yasaze/umusazicolloq phr 3. mad about (loves) gusarira umuntun madam umupfasonipt v made *see maken magazine igitabun magic udashobora gutahuran magpie ubwoko bw’inyoni

mailn 1. correspondence iketev 2. send kurungika ikintuadj main gikuru/nkuru

makev 1. manufacture kugira, gukoraphrase 2. make the bed gusasa phrase 3. make friends kugira abagenziphr v 4. make up (reconcile) kubabariranan make up (cosmetics) kwipodora/kwigira mwizaadj male umuhungun mammal igikokon man umugabov manage gutwara/kuyoboran manager umuyobozi n mandarin icamwa kimeze nk’umucungwen mango umwemben manner (way) uburyon manners (pertaining to polite

behaviour)ingeso nziza

v manufacture gukora ikintu mw’ihinguriroadj many nyinshi/vyinshi/benshin map ikaratan margin (of a book) aho inzandiko zihera ku rupapuron marijuana urumogi

markv 1. correct vyon 2. numerical value for work amanotan 3. spot ibaran market akaguriro/isoko n marriage ubugeniv marry kurongora/kurongogwan mat ikirago/umukeka

matchv 1. suit kujanishan 2. implement for lighting umwampi wo kudomeka

41

mate – midday

n 3. game umukinon mate (friend) umugenzin material ibikoreshon mathematics ibiharuroabbrev maths *see mathematics

mattern 1. substance ingingo nyamukuruphrase 2. What’s the matter? namaki? /ni ibiki? phrase 3. It matters a lot irakenewe canev may (allowed to) gushobora/bishobora gushikaadv maybe kumbure/nkekapron me jewen meal imfungugwa

meanv 1. intend kumenyesha intumberon 2. average bisanzwe/bibayebayephrase 3. I didn’t mean it (accidental) sinabigize ndabishakan meaning insiguron means (resources) uburyopt v meant *see meanadv meanwhile murico gihe/ hagati yahov measure kugereranya/gupiman measurement ingero/urupimon meat inyaman meat pie inyama iri mumukate wo mwifurun mechanic uwukora imiduga n medication umutin medicine umutiadj medium hagati na hagativ meet guhura, guhwanan melon icamwa kimeze nk’umwunguv melt kuyaga/gushongan member umunywanyiv memorise gufata ku mutwen memory ubwengev mend gukora/gukoreshaadj mental vyo mumutwev mention gucishamwo/kuvuga

menun 1. list in restaurant urutonde rwi’ibigurishwa mu aho

bafunguriran 2. list on a computer urutonde y’ibiri muri kompyutan mess bisanzayen message ubutumwapt v met *see meetn metal icuman method uburyon microscope icuma gipima utuntu twinzatsan microwave (oven) icuma gishusha imfungugwan midday mu mashoka/sa sita

42

middle – moist

middleadj 1. central hagati na hagatin 2. centre hagatiadj middle-aged umuhumuren midnight sasita y’ijoro/igicugu

mightv 1. express possibility birashobokan 2. strength ubushobozi/ububashan migrant uwaje ava mukindi gihuguadj mild kudakara/bitababa canen military abasirikaren milk amatan milkbar aho bagurira amata

mindn 1. consciousness kugira umutwe utemberaphrase 2. Keep in mind kugumiza mu mutwephrase 3. Never mind (don’t worry) ntaco/ntakibazophrase 4. I don’t mind ntaco bimbwiyephrase 5. Mind the step (be careful of the

step)itegereze neza ingazi/uragaba hari ingazi

minepron 1. possessive yanje/canjen 2. underground excavation ubutaka/ivyacukuwen mineral ubutaren minister (government) umushikiranganjiprep minus kuramwo

minuten 1. unit of time umunotaadj 2. very small akantu gaton mirror iciroreadj miserable yagowev misplace kutibuka aho washize

missn 1. woman’s title umwigemev 2. long for gukumburav 3. opposite of hit guhushaadj missing yabuze/yazimiyen Missus mupfasoni n Mister mushingantahen mistake ikosav misunderstand kumva ibitarivyov mix kuvangan mixture ikivangen mobile phone iterefone yo mu minwe

modeln 1. representation akaroreron 2. person who shows clothes umwuga wo kwiyerekana mumpunzu adj modern vyigihe ca noneadj modest yicishije bugufi/biciye bugufiadj moist yoroshe/gitose

43

moment – naked

n moment ikiringo/amangon money amaheran monitor (computer) y’ikiyo usomerako kuri komyutan month ukwezin mood (frame of mind) uko wumva umerewe mu mutwen moon ukweziadj moral bijanye n’imigenzoadv more nyinshin morning igitondon mosque umusigiti basengeramwoadj most kenshi/benshin mother mama/umuvyeyin motor imoterin motor bike ipikipiki ninin motor scooter ipikipiki ntonya

mousen 1. animal imbeban 2. computer part akuma kakwereka inzira kuri

kompyutaphrase mouse button (computer) aho ufyonda kuri kompyutan mousepad ako ushirako ukuboko mu gukoresha

kompyutan moustache ubwanwan mouth umunwav move kwimukan movement urujanuruza/kwihindukizan movie ibikino vy’amasanamuabbrev Mr *see Misterabbrev Mrs *see Missusn Ms umwigemeadv much cane, nyinshiadj multicultural amoko y’abantu menshin multiplication igwizwa, igwiriranyev multiply kugwiza/kugwiraabbrev mum *see mother

murdern 1. unlawful killing ubwicanyiv 2. kill unlawfully kugandaguran muscle inyama, umusoso/umutsin mushroom ikizinun music indirimbo/umuzikiv must kurinda/gutegerezwapron my yanje/canje/wanje/vyanjen mystery bitazwi/bidasobanutse

Nv nag kwicisha amajambo

nailn 1. body part urwaran 2. metal spike umusumariadj naked amenya/kuba gusa

44

name – nobody

namen 1. title izinaphrase 2. given name izina ry’igikirisuphrase 3. family name izina rikuruadj narrow kwaga/haze/hatoyiadj nasty umuntu mubin nation igihuguadj nationality igihugu caweadj native imvukira

naturen 1. person’s character kamere n 2. environment ibidukikijeprep near hafiadv nearby hegereyeadv nearly habuze gatoadj neat bisukuyeadj necessary bikwiyen neck izosiv need gukena/gukeneran needle urushinge

negativen 1. film amafoto ataraja kurupapuro/

atarahanagurwaadj 2. opposite of positive kugira ivyiyumviro bibiv neglect kwanjanjwa/kutitahon neighbour umubanyiadv neither ntanumwe/ntanimwe/ntanakimwen nerve umutsiadj nervous kugira ubwoban nest icari

netn 1. trap urusengan 2. sport equipment urusenga ry’imikinoabbrev Net * see Internetn netball (game) umupira w’amabokoadv never ntaho/nta narimweadj new nshasha/gishashan newspaper ikinyamakuru

nextadv 1. after this mpejeje iki/haza gukurikiraadj 2. following igikurikiraphrase 3. next door iruhande/hambavu ku nzu ikurikiraadj nice nziza/nyawo/nyayon night ijoron nightclub aho batambira imiziki mw’ijoron night dress ikanzu yo kuryamamwo

noint 1. opposite yes oyadet 2. not at all namba, ishwi/haba nambapron nobody nta numwe

45

nocturnal – obvious

adj nocturnal vyo mwijorov nod kwemera ukoresheje umutwen noise urwamoadv noisily hari induru/hari urwamo rwinshiadj noisy atera induru/bavuza urwamopron none nta nimwen noon ku musasepron no-one nta numweconj nor ntaadj normal bisanzwen north haruguru/ mu burarukon nose izurun nosebleed umwunaadv not eka

noten 1. money inotin 2. short piece of writing akabaruwa gatophrase 3. take note (be careful) kwitegereza/kwihweza nezaphrase 4. take notes kwandika pron nothing nta nakimwen notice kumenyesha/itangazon notice board ikibaho c’amatangazon noun izinan novel igitabo c’ibitito adv now ubuadv nowadays ibi biheadv nowhere nta nahamweadj nude iri gusa/amenya

numbern 1. numeral igiharurov 2. count guharuraphrase 3. a number of igitigiri ca/kingana na abbrev 4. no. (see number)n nurse umuforoma

nutn 1. fruit icamwacolloq 2. mad person umusazin nutrition ingaburo

Oadj obedient agamburukav obey kugamburuka

objectn 1. thing ikintun 2. aim gutumberezav 3. be against guhakana/kudashigikiran objection guhakana ushimitsev obtain kuronkaadj obvious vyibonekeza/bigaragara

46

occasion – only

n occasion uburyoadv occasionally rimwe na rimwen occupation umurimon ocean ikiyagaadv o’clock kw’isaha

oddadj 1. strange bitumvikanaphrase 2. odd number igiharuro gihushanye n’ingwizwa ya

kabiriprep of vyaint of course vyukuri/ngombwa/neza cane

offadv 1. away from kure yaprep 2. opposite on kizimijecolloq phr 3. Off you go! ngiyo inzira hogi!tangura!n offence gukora ikintu kitajanye n’amategeko

offern 1. proposal guturav 2. present for approval gushikanan office ibiron officer umukozi wa letaadj official vyagiye ahabonaadv often kenshiint oh! yo!

oiln 1. of petroleum ipeteroriv 2. grease amavutaint okay sawa/ni vyiza

oldadj 1. opposite new ishaje/gishaje/kimaze imisiadj 2. opposite young umusazan old age ubusazaadj old-fashioned akurikiza ivyakera

onprep 1. representing location ku/kuriadj 2. opposite off yakijephrase 3. on fire irurumbaphrase 4. on foot kugenda n’amaguruphrase 5. on time gushika ku gihephrase 6. on holidays kuja mu kiruhukophrase 7. on the left ibubamfuphrase 8. on the right iburyophrase 9. on top hejuru

onceadv 1. one time rimwephrase 2. at once kugirira icarimwephrase 3. once a week rimwe ku ndwiadj one imwe/umwe/kimwen onion igitunguruadv only gusa

47

open – overcrowded

openadj 1. opposite of closed cuguruye/kirumuruyephrase 2. in the open (outside) gushira ahabona/hanzen opening icanzo/ ikinogo/iyugurura

operatev 1. work gukoreshav 2. carry out surgery kubagan operation kubaga/ibikorwan opinion iciyumviron opportunity uburyo/umwanyav oppose kwankan opposite kinyuranye/gihushanye

orangeadj 1. colour umutugutun 2. fruit umucungwen orchestra umugwi w’abaririmvyi

ordern 1. numerical sequence gukurikiranan 2. direction for a supply gutumako ibidandazwav 3. put in sequence gushira kumurongov 4. arrange supply of gutumako ibidandazwaadj ordinary bisanzwe

organn 1. musical instrument icuma c’umuzikin 2. body part igice c’umubirin organisation ishirahamwev organise gushira mukibanzan origin inyanduruko/imvopron other iyindi/ikindiconj otherwise ukundi/ahandi hopron our yacu/wacu

outadv 1. opposite in hanzeprep 2. out of vyandurutse ku/bitajanyephrase 3. Lights out! zimya amatara!phrase 4. made out of bikozwe muphrase 5. out of bounds kibujijwe/bitemewephrase 6. out of date vyarengeranye/vyataye igihephrase 7. out of order ibintu bitakiboneka/vyahezephrase 8. out of work kuva mu kazi/gushomeraadv outside hanzeadj oval (shape) kimeze nk’irigi

overadv 1. finished vyahezeprep 2. pertaining to location hariyaphrase 3. over and over kenshi kenshiphrase 4. over there hariyaphrase 5. fall over kugwaadj overcrowded hari isinzi ry’abantu

48

overdo – pass

v overdo birengeje urugeroadj overdue vyarengeranyen overhead projector itara rimurikira hejuru rikoreshwa mu

kwerekana insigurov overhear kunyura mu matwiadj overnight mw’ijoro rishizeadv overseas inyuma y’igihuguv oversleep kuryamirav overtake kurenganav owe kugirira ideniphrase owing to (due to) bivuye kuri/kubera

ownv 1. have kugiraphrase 2. his own money amahera yiwen owner nyene ikintun oxygen umwuka w’impwemu

Pv pack gutsindagira/gupakira/gutekeraphrase pack of cards ipaki y’amakaratan packet itu/ipakin pad (as note-pad) Agatabo ko kw’andikamwon paddock igiturun page urupapuropt v paid *see payn pain umubabarov paint gusigan painting irangi/isanamu/igicapon pair bibiri bibiriadj pale kubenjuka/adakeye nezan pan isafuriyan pants ipantaron pantyhose udupantaro bambara munsi

yamakanzu n paper igikaratasin paragraph igice c’inyandikoadj parallel kubangikanan parallelogram igicapo c’imfuruka zibangikanyen parent umuvyeyi

parkn 1. green space ikibanza co gutemberamwov 2. as a car ahabikwa umudugan part igice/ikigabanen participle (grammar) umwanya (ku mavuga)adj particular ikintu cisa/kidasanzwen partner uwo mufatanije/uwo mubana

mutarubakanaadj part-time bitari ivy’umwanya wosen party (gathering) umunsi mukuru

passv 1. go by guhitav 2. opposite of fail kumenya

49

passage – persuade

v 3. hand over guhereza/gushikirizaphrase 4. train pass itike y’ iterenin passage inziran passenger uwutwawe nko mu modokan passport igitabo c’inzira

pastn 1. time gone by igihe ca renganyephrase 2. walk past kurenganaphrase 3. half past three isaha cenda n’inusuphrase 4. past tense kahisen pasta udukate tureture bateka

pasten 1. glue uburembo v 2. stick with paste guhoman path inzira

patientn 1. a person under medical

treatmentumurwayi

adj 2. calm under stress yiyumanganya/yihanganan pause akaruhukon paw ijanja

payn 1. earnings impembo/umushaharav 2. provide with money guhemban pea ubushazan peace amahoroadj peaceful kugira amahoro/atekanye n pen ikaramun pencil ikaramu y’igitin pencil case agasaho k’amakaramun penguin inyoni ziba ahakanye zera ziraburan pentagon gifise imfuruka zitanun pepper ipiripiriadv per cent icijanan percentage kw’ijanaadj perfect gihanitse/ata mahinyuv perform kugira/gukora ibikinon perfume isengaadv perhaps ngira ngo/birashoboka

periodn 1. school day division igice c’ishuren 2. pertaining to menstruation kuja mu kwezin 3. amount of time igihen permission uruhusha

permitn 1. licence urupapuro rwo gutwara imodokav 2. allow kwemereran person umuntuv persuade kumvisha umuntu ikintu

50

pet – plate

n pet igitungwa co mu nzun petrol ipeteroriabbrev phone *see telephonen photocopy icuma co gukora ama kopi

photographn 1. picture isanamuv 2. take a picture gufata amasanamun phrase ijamboadj physical amagara/ikintu/ikiremwan pianist umukinyi wicuma cumuziki kimeze

nkumudurin piano icuma c’umuziki

pickv 1. choose gutoracolloq phr 2. pick on (bully) gucokozacolloq phr 3. pick up some English kumva bimwe bimwe mu congerezaphrase 4. take your pick itorere ico ushakan picnic gufungurira hanzen picture igicapu/ishushon piece ikimanyu/igicen pile ikirundo/umurwin pill ikininin pillow umusegon pilot uwutwara indegen pin igikwashun pineapple inanasin pipe inkongoro y’itabi pityn 1. shame isoniv 2. feel sorry for kumvira imbabazi

placen 1. location ikibanzav 2. put gushira phrase 3. take place (occur) bizoberaphrase 4. my place (home) muhira iwanje

plainn 1. field ikiyayaadj 2. ordinary bisanzwephrase 3. It’s plain (clear) birumvikana

plann 1. scheme imigabo/ingingo nkuru nkuruv 2. organise kugira imigaboabbrev plane *see aeroplanen planet isin plant igiterwa

plasticadj 1. resinous substance ikintu kitameneka atari icuma/

parastiken 2. mouldable isaho ya parastiki n plate (household item) isahani

51

platform – pool

platformn 1. on station ikibanza urindiriramwo iterenin 2. for diving aho uhagarara imbere yo gusimbira

mu mazin platypus igikoko gita amagi kiba muri Australiya

playn 1. drama umukino w’igiteramov 2. have fun kuryoherwaphrase 3. play a game gukina umukinophrase 4. play a CD kuvuza umuzikin playground ikibuga co gukinaadj pleasant biryoshe/ashimishijeint please murashobora? urashobora? adj pleased ndaryohewe/ndashimishijwen pleasure uburyohen plenty vyinshi

plugn 1. stopper umupfundikizon 2. electrical aho bacomeka umuyaga nkubaphr v 3. plug in comeka

pluraladj 1. more than one kenshi/vyinshin 2. grammar form ubwinshiprep plus kandi/hamwe na

pocketn 1. pouch umupfukon 2. pocket money amahera witwazan poem urwandiko rumeze nk’amazinan poet umwanditsi w’amazinan poetry kuvuga amzina

pointn 1. sharp end isongan 2. reason igituma/imvon 3. numerical value inotav 4. gesture with finger gutuma urutokephr v 5. point out gushira ahabona/gusobanuraphrase 6. point of view iciyumvirov poke gusunika/gusotoran pole icuman police igipolisi

polishn 1. substance used for shining umuti wo gusiga ibiratov 2. make glossy gusena/ku nonosoraadj polite w’inderon politics ivya politikev pollute kwonona n’ivyotsi bibin pollution icuka kibin pool (of water) ikidengeri camazi

52

poor – preparation

pooradj 1. opposite rich nyarucari/umukeneadj 2. not very good bidakoze nezacolloq 3. pitiable bibabajeabbrev pop *see popularadj popular izwi/azwi/rurangiranwan population abanyagihugu

positionn 1. location ahantun 2. viewpoint on aho uhagaze/iciyumviro cawe

positiveadj 1. opposite negative ciza/gishemeyeadj 2. sure vy’ukuriv possess gutunga/kugiran possession ico/ivyo utunzeadj possible gishoboka/ibishobokan possum igikoko kimeze nk’imbebav post inkingin postage stamp ikidodo ca positan postcard agakarata karanga ahantu urungika

muri positan post office ibiro vya positan poster igicapo kininin pot (container) inkonon potato ikirayan pot plant inkono y’ishurwen pouch isahon powder ifu

powern 1. strength ubukomeziphrase 2. in power (in charge) ari ku butegetsiadj powerful akomeye/gikomeye/ahambayen power point porogaramu ya komputa bakoresha

mu gutanga insiguroadj practical vyumvikanan practice umwimenyerezov practise kwimenyereza

praisen 1. appoval ishimwe/ihayagizwav 2. express approval gushima/guhayav pray gusengan prayer igisabishoadj precious jisho rimwev prefer gupfuma/gutora ikiruta ikindiadj pregnant yibungeze/akuriwen prejudice kwiyumvira nabi/kutihanganira/

kutamenyapremier

n 1. state government leader uwutwara leta y’intara adj 2. leading yamberen preparation imigabo/imyiteguro

53

prepare – progress

v prepare kwiteguran preposition ndondahwaniron prescription (doctor’s) imiti muganga yakwandikiye

presentn 1. gift akaganukev 2. give out gushikirizaadj 3. opposite absent kwitabaphrase 4. at present (now) ubun president umukuru

pressn 1. media amakuruv 2. push gutsindagira/guhimirizav pretend kwigirishaadj pretty nziza/cizav prevent kubuzaadj previous ubuherukan price igiciro/ikiguziv prick kuzibura/gutoboran pride ubwishimeadj primary gitanguran primary school ishuri rito/ry’intangon prime minister umushikiranganji wa mbere

principaln 1. school head umukuri w’ishureadj 2. leading nyamukuru/ngenderwakon principle ibiranga umuntu

printv 1. of handwriting kwandika mu ndome nkuruv 2. of machine kwandikisha imashinin printer (computer) imashini isohora impapuron prison umunyororo/iboheroadj private itari rusangi/umuntu yiharijen prize agashimwen probability harahoadj probable bishobokaadv probably umenga/umengo/vyoshobokan problem ingoranev proceed kubandanyan process uko ibintu bigendan procession urukurikirane

producen 1. yield umwimbuv 2. make gushika ku kintun product ikintu bakora/bakozen profession umwugan professor umwigishan profit akamaro/inyungun program urutonden progress iterambere/amajambere

54

project – pyjamas

n project (as school project) igikorwa wishinze kurangurapromise

n 1. assurance indagano/isezeranov 2. vow kuragana/gusezeranan pronoun imfatakibanzav pronounce kwaturan pronunciation gutomoran proof icagirizaadj proper bitomoye/bijanyeadv properly vyitondewen property itongo/inzuv protect gukingiran protection inkingizo

protestn 1. objection umwiyamirizov 2. object guhakana/kwiyamirizaadj proud kwishima/kwishimirizav prove kwerekana/guhinyuzav provide gushikirizan pub ubunyweroadj public ahabona/mu bantun public school ishure rya letaphrase public transport uburyo bwa leta bwo kunguruza

abantupull

v 1. tug gukwegaphr v 2. pull down (demolish) kubomora/gusituraphr v 3. pull up (stop) guhagarika imodokacolloq phr 4. pull oneself together kwiyegeranya/kwiyungunganyan pump impompe y’impwemuadj punctual ashika kugihev punish guhanan punishment igihano

pupiln 1. eye part imboneron 2. school student umwigishwa/umunyeshuleadj pure kitavanze/novuadj purple ibara ry’ikijumpu

pushv 1. exert force gusunikaphr v 2. push in (go before your turn) gusunurana

putv 1. place gushiraphr v 2. put away (pack up) gushinguraphr v 3. put off (delay) kwirengagiza/kurindirizaphr v 4. put on (dress in) kwambaraphr v 5. put out (as fire) kuzimyaphr v 6. put up with (endure) gusarirako/kwiyumanganyan puzzle kuzazaniran pyjamas impuzu zo kuryamana

55

pyramid – realise

n pyramid imfuruka zine zihurira kw’isonga rimwe

Qv qualify (make competent) gukwiza vya ngombwaadj quality kamere/ubwizan quantity uko binganav quarrel gutongana/gushwanan quarter ica kanen queen umwamikazin question ikibazon queue umurongoadj quick n’ingogaadv quickly n’ingoga na n’ingogaadj quiet atekerejeadv quietly hatekereje/buke bukev quit guhagarikaadv quite uko bitegerejwe

Rrace

n 1. competition isiganwan 2. ethnicity ubwokov 3. compete gusiganwan racism kwanka abo mudasangiye ubwokon radio iradiyon radius umurongo uva hagati y’umuzingin railing uruzitiron railway inzira yama terenin rain imvuran rain coat ikoti y’imvurav raise gutunga/kurera/kwongerapt v ran *see runpt v rang *see ringn range urutondev rank ikibanza c’umwumweadj rapid kinyarukaadj rare kitaboneka/kidasanzwen rash (skin eruption) gufurutiraadv rather (to a certain extent) hakoadj raw mbisi/kibisi

reachv 1. arrive at gushikira/guhamvya ikintuphrase 2. out of reach (unobtainable) ikintu udashikirav react gusubizan reaction inyishu/inyifato habaye ikintuv read gusomaadj ready kugaba/yiteguyeadj real vyukuriv realise kubona neza

56

really – republic

adv really vyukuriadj rear c’inyuman reason imvo/igitumav receive (get) kuronkaadj recent ya vuban recess (morning tea) kwivuna umusasecolloq reckon (think or suppose) ndibazav recognise kumenya/kwibukav record gushira ku rupapuro

recountn 1. story genre umugani/igititov 2. narrate guca umugani

recoverv 1. get back gutora/kuronka ibintu wari wabuze

canke watakajev 2. get better gukiran rectangle urukiramendeadj red agahama/ gitukurav reduce kugabanyav refer kurungika ahandi/kugabanyan referee umuhagarikizin refrigerator ifirigon refugee impunziv refuse guhakana/kwankan region intarav regret kwigaya/kw’icuzaadj regular bishika kenshiadv regularly kenshin relation (kin) incutin relationship isano/ico mupfanan relative incutiv relax kuruhuka/gusama akayagan religion idiniv remain kuguman remark kuvuga wemezav remember kwibukav remind kwibutsan reminder icibutsov remove gukura

rentn 1. payment for accommodation amahera uriha k’unzu upanze v 2. hire gukoteshav repeat gusubiramwo/gusubirav replace gusigarira/kuja mu kibanza v reply kwishura/gusubiza

reportn 1. written account icegeranyo v 2. give an account kuvuga ivyabayen reporter umunyamakurun republic repuburika

57

request – ring

requestn 1. petition gusaba ku mugaragarov 2. ask for gusabav rescue gukiza

reserven 1. park ikibanza kibikiwe gutemberamwov 2. keep aside gutegekanya kazozan resident uwuba ahantun respect icubahiron responsibility ivyo ujejwe/amabangaadj responsible uwujejwe

restn 1. relaxation kwiyoroshav 2. relax kuruhukan 3. remainder ibisigaye/hasigayen restaurant aho abantu bahurira gufunguran rest room akazu ka sugumwen result inyishu/ico washitseko

returnn 1. arrival back igaruka/ihindukirav 2. go back to gusubirav 3. give back to gusubizaphrase 4. return tickets itike yo kugenda no kugaruka

reverseadj 1. opposite forward inyumav 2. go backwards gusubira inyumav revise gusubiramwo

revolutionn 1. full circle umuzingi ukwiyen 2. war intambara yo kwikurako agacinyizon reward imperan rhythm umudundon ribbon umukanda wo gusharizan rice umuceriadj rich ugutunga/atunzev rid kwikurakov ride gufata umunyenga

rightadj 1. opposite wrong vyukuri/vyoadj 2. opposite left iburyoadv 3. direction inzira y’ukurin 4. just claim ibirivyophrase 5. all right (as for health) amagara meza phrase 6. all right (as for agreement) nivyophrase 7. right now (immediately) ubu nyenen right angle uburyo bw’ukuri/iciyumviro ciza

ringn 1. jewellery impetav 2. as a phone guhamagara na telefone

58

ripe – run

v 3. as a bell inkengeriadj ripe ihiye/gihiye

risen 1. ascent guserukav 2. get up guhagurukan risk gishobora gutera impanukan river uruzin road ibarabarav roar kuborogan robot imashini yigana n rock ibuye ry’igitandaran rockpool ibitandara vyamabuyen rod ishamipt v rode *see ride

rolln 1. absentee list urutonde rw’abatitavyen 2. form of bread umukate w’iburungushuyev 3. move by turning over gutembagazan roof igisenge c’inzun room icumban root umuzin rope umugozi

rosen 1. flower ishugwe risa n’iritukurapt v 2. *see riseadj rough bitareha/hari ibidundure

roundadj 1. circular kiburungushuye/c’umuzingiphrase 2. round the corner imbere gato/haruguru gato

rown 1. arrangement in a line umurongon 2. fight akaguma/akajagariv 3. as a boat gusozaadj royal y’ibwamiv rub gusiga/kunyingishan rubber umupira ugarukan rubbish umwandaadj rude atisonerav ruin igisaka/umusaka

rulen 1. regulation itegekov 2. as a line guca umurongov 3. govern gutwaran ruler (school equipment) agacamurongo

runv 1. move fast kwirukaphrase 2. a river runs into the ocean uruzi rutembera mu kiyagaphr v 3. run away from guhungaphr v 4. run out of gukesha

59

rung – scissors

phr v 5. run over (with a car) kugonga n’umudugan rung (of a ladder) intambwe imwe y’ingazin runner-up uwakurikiye uwamberephrase runny nose kugira ibicuranev rush kwihutira/kwihuta

Sadj sad kubabaraadj safe gukirapt v said *see say

sailn 1. part of ship igice c’ubwatov 2. cause movement of ship using

windkugendesha ubwato n’umuyaga

n salad imboga ziribwa ari mbisin salary impembo/umushaharan sale imanurwa ry’ibiciron salt umunyuadj same kuringanira/bimwe/co kimwen sand umusenyin sandal inkweton sandwich umukate n’inyamapt v sang *see singpt v sat *see sitn satisfaction guhimbarwaadj satisfactory bihimbayeadj satisfied ahimbawev satisfy guhimbaran sauce isosin sausage isosiso/inyama y’isosiso

savev 1. rescue gukiza/kurokorav 2. keep on computer kubika muri kompyutav 3. keep as money kiziganya

sawn 1. tool urukeropt v 2. *see seev say kuvuga

scalen 1. covering on animals ibipfuka umugongo w’ibikokon 2. measuring device umunzaniadj scarce bikenye/bigoye kuronkan scarf igisikafun scene uko vyagenze/ivyo ubonan scenery imisozi n’ibiyayan school ishurin school shoe ikirato c’ishuren science ubuhingan scissors umukasi

60

score – set

scoren 1. points made in a game ibitsindo/amanotav 2. to get points kuronka amanotav scream gukoma indurun screen urubarin screw umusumari w’imikinyan sea ikiyagan seagull inyoni yera iba kumazi

searchn 1. the act of searching ukuronderav 2. look for kuronderan season igihen seat intebe

secondn 1. unit of time umusegondaadj 2. after first igikurikira/ca kabiriadv secondly ubwakabiri

secretn 1. something hidden ibangaadj 2. unknown by others kugumya ibanga/kitazwin section igicev see kuraba/kubonan seed imbutov seek kuronderaadv seldom gakev select gucaguraadj selfish kwikunda/yikundav sell kugurishav send kurungika

sensen 1. one of the five faculties kumviriza ukorakoyephrase 2. make sense (be intelligible) birumvikana/biratomoyeadj sensible wumutima woroshept v sent *see sendn sentence ijambo/ingingo

separateadj 1. disconnected bitandukanyev 2. to keep apart kuvavanura/gutandukanyan sequence ikwirikirana ry’ibintun series ibintu bikurikirana

seriousadj 1. important bikomeye/bihambayeadj 2. opposite of lighthearted kigoye/gihambayen servant umukoziv serve guhereza/gutwaran service igikorwa

setv 1. to put in a particular place gutereka ahantun 2. a group of things umugwi w’ibintu

61

settle – short cut

phr v 3. set off (go) kwandurukaphr v 4. set out (put in order) kwegeranyaphr v 5. set up (prepare) gutegura

settlev 1. to live in kugerera/kuba ahantuphr v 2. settle on (agree on) guhuriza ku kintun settlement ukumvikana/uguhuzan settler uwagereye ahantu/uwubatse ahantuadj several nyinshi/vyinshiv sew kubarira/gushonan sex igitsinan sexism gukumira igitsinan shade igitutun shadow icijiji c’umuntu canke ikuntuv shake gukunkumura/kujugumirav shall gushoboraadj shallow ngufi, ngufinya/mu mazi hatibiyen shame isonin shampoo isabuni y’imishatsin shape imikinya, uko ikintu kimeze

sharen 1. portion ikigabanev 2. divide up kugaburaadj sharp gukarihan sharpener ikintu gikarishav shave kumwapron she we, weho (igitsinagore)n sheep intama

sheetn 1. of paper urupapuron 2. of bedding ishukan shelf uruhimbi bashiramwo ibitaro/akabati n shell (of sea) isaho amafi amwe amwe aba mwon shelter urwugamirov shine kuyagayaga/kwakaadj shiny isayanganan ship ubwaton shirt ishatin shock kugwa agahundwen shoe ikiratov shoot kurasa

shopn 1. place to buy goods imangaziniv 2. buy goods gusuman shore inkombe/inkengera

shortadj 1. opposite tall ngufi/ngufinyaadj 2. opposite long ngufi/ngufiyan short-cut inzira ya hafi

62

shorts – skate

n shorts (clothing) ibuturashot

n 1. gunfire urusasipt v 2. *see shootv should warukwiyev shout gusemererav shove gusunika

showv 1. display kwereka/kwerekanan 2. as on TV igikino co ku terevisiyophr v 3. show off (be pretentious) kwiyerekana

showern 1. weather condition akavura v 2. wash oneself kwiyuhagira umubiri wosin 3. bathroom apparatus icumba bogera mwov shrink gutuna/kwituna/kwagav shut kugaraadj shy afise isoniadj sick agwayen sick bay aho abagwayi baruhukiran side uruhande/urubavuadv sideways inzira zo kuruhanden sight ukubona/imbonero

signn 1. information board ikimenyetsov 2. write one’s signature gutera umukomon signal gukebura/kwakuran signature umukonon sign language imvugo y’ibiragin silence agacerereadj silent guhora/gucerezan silk ihaririadj silly kwisarisha/atiyumviran silver ifezaadj similar ibintu bisaadj simple vyoroshev sing kuririmbaadj single atarubaka/imwen singlet agapira bambara musi y’ishattin singular (grammatical) rudende

sinkn 1. tub for washing aho wogereza ivyombov 2. go down kwibiran Sir (respectful form of address) umushingantahen sister mushikawev sit kwicara

skatev 1. glide over the ground gusererekan 2. equipment for skating ivyambagwa muguserereka

63

skateboard – so

n skateboard akabaho ko gusererekerakon skateboarding gusererekera ku rubahon ski umwimenyerezo wo kubarafun skiing guserekera kubarafuadj skilful kugira ubuhingan skill ubuhizi/umwuga/ingabiranon skin uruhu/urukoba

skipv 1. jump gusimbav 2. pass over gusimba umuntun skirt ijipon sky ijuru/ikireren slang umucanganyov slap gukubita urushin slave umugurano/umucangerov sleep gusinziraadj sleepy ariko arahunyiza/atwawe n’itiropt v slept *see sleepn slice ikimanyu/igisate/igicev slide kunyerera/kugabanukaadj slim ananutsen sling itopitov slip kunyereran slipper (type of shoe) ikamba mbiriadj slippery hanyererav slit gukata n slope akamanuko

slowadj 1. opposite fast buhoroadj 2. behind time kwikwega/gitebaadv slowly buhorobuhoroadj small ntonya/gatonyaadj smart (clever) aciye ubwengev smash kumera

smelln 1. odour ubumote/umwukav 2. inhale an odour kwimotereza

smilen 1. facial expression akamwemwev 2. make facial expression kumwenyura

smoken 1. visible substance from fire umwotsiv 2. inhale a substance kunywa itabiadj smooth iremvye/gisenye nezan snack kwica inzaran snake inzokav sneeze kwasamuran snow uruburaconj so (consequently) rero/hanyuma

64

soap – sphere

n soap isabunin soccer umupira wamagurun society umugwi w’abantun sock (clothing) kwinika

softadj 1. opposite hard kworohaadj 2. opposite loud buke buke/buhorobuhoroadv softly buhoropt v sold *see sell

solidadj 1. having three dimensions ikintu gifise impande zitatun 2. matter that is not liquid or gas igihushane c’amazi canke c’umwuka

solutionn 1. answer inyishun 2. mixture (scientific) uruvange rw’ibintuv solve gupfinduradet some bimwe bimwe/bamwen somebody umuntu umwen someone umuntu umweadv sometimes rimwe rimwen son umwana wawe w’umuhungun song indirimboadv soon vuba

soreadj 1. painful ibabazan 2. painful spot igikomerephrase 3. sore throat kubabara mumuhogoadj sorry mporev sort ubwoko bw’ikintun soul umushahan sound ijwi/indurun soup isupuadj sour kururan south hepfo

spacen 1. outside earth’s atmosphere mukireren 2. room ikibanzan spade igipawaadj spare kwitegekanyav speak kuvugaadj special kidasanzwen speech ijambo/imvugo

speedn 1. rapidity vyihutirwav 2. go fast kwihutav spell kuvuga urudome rumwe rumwev spend kumara/kumaranapt v spent *see spendn sphere ikintu c’iburungushuye/ikibanza

65

spill – starfish

v spill guseseka/gusanzarav spin kuzungagizan spirit (soul) umutima/umushahav spit gucirav splash kumijirav split kuvana/gutandukanyav spoil kubora/gufyinishapt v spoke *see speakn spoon ikiyikon sport umwimenyerezon sports oval urukinon sports shoe ibirato vyo gukinisha

spotn 1. circular pattern ibaran 2. sore aho ubabaran 3. place ikibanzav 4. see kubona ikintu ukiri kurev spread gukwiza/gusanza

springn 1. season agatasiv 2. jump gusimbagurika

spyn 1. person who keeps secret

watch on othersmbangamatwi

v 2. watch kwitegerezasquare

n 1. plane figure urukiramendeadj 2. shaped as a square ikintu gifise impande zinen staffroom icumba c’abakozin stage igihe/ikibanzan stair ingazi

stampn 1. as for postage ikidodo ca positav 2. impress a mark on gutera ikidodov 3. strike with foot guhonyanga

standv 1. take upright position guhagararaphr v 2. stand back gusubira inyumaphr v 3. stand for (signify) guhagarikiraphr v 4. stand up for (defend) guhagurukiracolloq phr 5. I can’t stand it (I hate it) kwanka ikintu canen standard ibisanzwe

starn 1. astral body inyenyerin 2. famous actor, singer etc. umukinyi azwi caneadj 3. shape iforoma y’inyenyerin starfish ifi ifise iforoma yinyenyeri

66

start – stop

startn 1. beginning intangov 2. begin gutangura

statev 1. say kwaturan 2. political division intaran statement icemezo/isura

stationn 1. of railway ikibanza ufatiramwo iterenin 2. police station ibiro vy’abapolisin statue igishushov stay kugumaadj steady yamizakon steak inyama niniv steal kwiba/gusahuran steam umuhisha/umwukan steel icumaadj steep ahantu hamanukan stem umutumba

stepv 1. move using feet gutambukan 2. stair ingaziphrase 3. watch your step (be careful) raba neza aho uca!n stepbrother umuhungu musangiye umuvyeyi

umwen stepfather umugabo wa nyokon stepmother mukason stepsister umukobwa musangiye umuvyeyi

umwestick

v 1. fasten kuguma/guhoman 2. piece of wood igiti/inkoniadj sticky kumataadj stiff gutetera

stilladv 1. without moving guhagarara bwumaadv 2. yet kubav sting gucumita

stinkn 1. bad odour umunukov 2. smell very bad kunukav stir kuvangapt v stole *see stealn stomach inda/umushishiton stomach ache kubabara mundan stone ibuyept v stood *see stand

stopn 1. cessation hagarika/hagararav 2. halt guhagarika

67

store – suburb

n store idukan storey igorofan storm imvura n’umyaga vyinshin story umugani/igititon stove izikon stove top hejuru y’iziko

straightadj 1. not crooked kugororokaadj 2. not wavy or curly (of hair) imishatsi igororotsephrase 3. straight ahead kugenda utumbereyev straighten gukiranurav strain kumiminaadj strange ikijan stranger umunyamahangan strawberry inkeren stream uruzin street ibarabaran strength imbaraga/ubushobozi

stressv 1. put emphasis on gushimikan 2. tension kugira umutima uhagazeadj strict gukara

strikev 1. hit kudodan 2. blow kubomboranyaphrase 3. on strike (not working) guhagarika ibikogwan string umugozin strip gukokorav stroke kwagaza/gukorakoraadj strong (powerful) gukomeran struggle gucambagiranapt v stuck *see stickn student umunyeshure

studyn 1. room of house aho wigira munzuv 2. endeavour to acquire

knowledgekwiga

stuffn 1. material ibintuv 2. push gusunikiramwoadj stupid kujujutan style uburyo

subjectn 1. course of study icigwan 2. topic iciyumviro/ikiyagon substance ico ikintu gikozemwov subtract gukuran subtraction gukuramwon suburb igice c’igisagara

68

succeed – survey

v succeed kumenya/gushoboran success ubumenyiv suck kununuzaadj sudden igiturumbukaadv suddenly giturumbukav suffer kubabaran sugar isukariv suggest guterera iciyumviron suggestion iciyumviro wa terereye

suitn 1. clothing ikotsimev 2. be appropriate bikwiranyeadj suitable bijanyen sum (total) vyose hamwen summer icin sun izuban sunburn ubushe buva kw’izuban sunglasses amarori y’izuban sunhat inkofero ikingira izubaadj sunny hari akazuban sunscreen amavuta akingira izuban sunshine iseruka ry’izuba

supplyn 1. provisions ivyo ukeneyev 2. provide gukenura

supportn 1. assistance gufata mumugongov 2. provide assistance gushigikirav suppose (assume) gukekaadj sure vyukuri

surfn 1. seaswell umukuba w’ikiyagav 2. ride a surfboard kusererekera kumazin surface ahantu hagorotsen surfboard igiti co kugusererekerako mumazin surfer uwusererekera kumazi

surgeryn 1. doctor’s room kwamugangan 2. operation by doctor kubagwan surname izina rikuru

surprisen 1. unexpected event ico utitezev 2. catch unprepared gutangazaadj 3. unexpected gutangarav surrender guheberav surround gukikiza

surveyn 1. poll kubaza abantu benshi ikibazo kimwev 2. ask questions of kubaza ibibazo

69

survival – tame

n survival umugwanyi/uwarokotsev survive kurokokan swagman icangaziv swallow kumira/gutamirapt v swam *see swim

swearv 1. use bad language kuvuga amajambo mabiv 2. take oath of truth kurahirav sweep gukuburaadj sweet gusosan sweet corn ikigorin sweet potato ikijumbuv swim kwoga muruzin swimmer uwuzi kwogan swimming kwogan swimming carnival imiikino yo kwogan swimming costume inyambaro yo kogana

swingv 1. sway kwenenan 2. play equipment umukino wo kwenena

switchn 1. device for turning on/off aho wakiriza amatarav 2. change guhinduraadj swollen kuvyimbaphrase swollen ankle kuvyimba ibikonjon sword inkota

Ttable

n 1. furniture amezan 2. list urutonden table tennis umukino wagapira bakinira kumezan tablet (medication) ikininin tail umurizo

takev 1. seize gufata/gucakirav 2. last for (as time) umwanya bifataphr v 3. take away (mathematical) gukuramwo (ibiharuro)phr v 4. take away (remove) kwakaphr v 5. take away (fast food) indya ugura kunziraphr v 6. take off (as clothing) kwambura (impuzu)phr v 7. take off (as plane) kuva hasi (indege)n tale umugani

talkn 1. conversation ikiyagov 2. converse kuyagaadj tall ndendeadj tame kugandura/kugunda

70

tan – terrific

tanv 1. sunbake kwishira kuzuba ngo wirabureadj 2. colour umuyenzin tank itankin tap (as for water) ibomba ry’amaziv tape (record) gufata amajwin task igikorwa

tastev 1. sample kumvirizaphrase 2. the food tastes good akanoveraadj tasty ifise uburyohept v taught *see teachn tax ikorin taxi itagisi

tean 1. beverage icayin 2. dinner imfungugwa za mugorobav teach kwigishan teacher umwigishan teacher’s aide uwufasha mwigishan team umugwi

tearv 1. rip gucacura/kumanyuran 2. liquid from the eye iryonsoziv tease gufyina/gufyinatan technology ubumenyin teenager umuyabaga

telephonen 1. device for phoning iterefonev 2. ring guhamagara kwiterefonen telephone booth iterefone yo kunziran telescope icuma co kuraba inyenyeri

televisionn 1. receiver for broadcasts televiziyoabbrev 2. TVv tell kubwiran temper ishavun temperature ubushuhen temple umusayaadj temporary imfatakibanzan tennis umukino wamabokon tent ihema

termn 1. a period of time igihen 2. a naming word uko ikintu citwaadj terrible biteye ubwobaadj terrific vyigitangaza

71

test – tie

testn 1. examination ikibazov 2. check kugezan text igisomwa

thankv 1. express appreciation gukengurukaphrase 2. give thanks gushimira umuntuint 3. thank you (polite expression of

gratitude)wakoze

thatpron 1. indicator of person or thing uwo/urya/icoconj 2. used as subject of relative

clauseko, ngo, yuko

det the i-n theatre aho urabira ibikinopron their -abopron them bariya, boadv then buno, maze, reroadv there aho, ngaho, hariyaconj therefore maze, nukon thermometer igipimopron they ba-adj thick ninin thief umwambuzi/umusumaadj thin nto, gatogato, ntonyav think kwibaza/kwiyumviran thong (footwear) amakambambiri

thoughtn 1. idea iciyumviropt v 2. *see think

threadn 1. cotton urunyuziv 2. put through eye of needle gutungirapt v threw *see throwprep through (from one side to

another)guca muruhande rumwe ugaserukira murundu

v throw guta/guteran thumb urukumun thunder umuturagaron thunderstorm imvura irimwo imituragaroadv thus nikov tick (indicate correctness) akamenyetso kerekana ko wabitoyen ticket itiken tide ibizibaadj tidy gushira ibintu mukibanza

tien 1. clothing ikaruvativ 2. fasten kubohan 3. equal place kunganya

72

tight – town

adj tight ifashev tilt guhengeka

timen 1. measurement of duration igihephrase 2. in time (not late) gushika kugihephrase 3. on time (at the appointed time) gushika kumwanyaphrase 4. at times rimwe na rimwephrase 5. a good time kuryoherwaphrase 6. take your time (don’t rush) fata umwanya wawe/ntiwihutephrase 7. What’s the time? n’isaha zingahe? phrase 8. two times four (mathematical) kugwizan timetable urutonde ry’umwanya

tipn 1. hint kugenekerezan 2. rubbish dump aho bata umwavuv 3. tilt guhengamikan 4. pointed extremity isongaphr v 5. tip over (spill) gusesan tissue umushwaro w’igipapuron title izina/kwitaprep to i, ku, kuri, kwan today uyu musin toe inoadv together hamwen toilet akazu ka sugumwept v told *see telln tomato itomatin tomorrow ejon tongue ururimipt v took *see taken tool igikoreshon tooth iryinyon toothache iryinyo riryana

topn 1. highest point hejurun 2. clothing agapira ko kwambaran topic ikiyagopt v tore *see tear

totaln 1. complete amount vyose hamwev 2. add up kongerezav touch gukorako/gukoran tour igendurav tow gukwega/gukweguraprep towards gutumbera/kwerekezan towel igitambara co kw’ihanaguran tower igorofa rirerire canen town igisagara

73

toy – turn

n toy igikinishov trace guca/gukurikiran track (pathway) ikandan tracksuit ipantaron tractor ikiduga co kurimisha

traden 1. exchange of commodities gukabav 2. carry on trade kudandazan traffic igenda genda ry’imiduga

trainn 1. means of transport igari ya moshi/itereniv 2. practise kwimenyereza

trapn 1. device for catching things umutego/akamashuv 2. catch gutegan trapezium inyabubiri ihengamyev travel kwambukav tread kwihagararakov treat (as a disease) kuvuran tree igitiv tremble guhinda agashitsin triangle nyabutatuphrase triangular prism inyabutatun tribe ubwokov trick gufindav trim kugabanya

tripn 1. journey urugendov 2. fall over gutsitaraadj tropical ibirere bishushe

troublen 1. problem amaganyav 2. cause worry gutera ingoranephr 3. in trouble with kugira ingorane nan trousers ipantaron truck nyawipakururaadj true vyo/vyukurin trunk (as of elephant) umutonzi

tryn 1. attempt igeragezaphrase 2. try hard kugerageza uko ushoboyephr v 3. try on (as for clothing) kwigera impuzuphr v 4. try out for (audition for) kugeragezan T-shirt umupira wo kwambaran tub isahani yo kogeramwon tube umugano

turnv 1. move around kuzunguruka

74

twice – urge

n 2. action following someone else’s

guhana

phr v 3. turn into (become) guhindukaphr v 4. turn off (switch off) kuzimyaphr v 5. turn on kwatsaphr v 6. turn up (arrive) kuza utategujeadv twice kabiriv twist guhotora

typen 1. kind uko ikintu kiremyev 2. use a machine to write kwandikisha imashinin tyre umupira w’imodokari/ipine

Uadj ugly mbi/mubin umbrella umutakan uncle sowanyuadj unconscious guta ubwengeprep under munsiv undergo guca mubintu bigoyeadj underground munsi v underline gushimika/gushimikiraadv underneath hasin underpants akabutura ko munsiv understand gutahurapt v understood *see

understandn underwear imweshov undo gusamburaadj unemployed atagira akazin uniform bisan union kwabirana/kuja hamwe

unitn 1. type of housing inzu yo mugorofan 2. measurement igipimov unite gufatana m’undan universe vyo kwisi yosen university kaminuzaprep until kugeza ahoadj unusual kidasanzweprep up (to a higher place) hejuruprep upon (up and on) gushika ahoadj upper yo hejuruadj upright igororotseadj upset gushavuzaadj upside-down kwubikaadv upstairs hejuru y’ingaziv urge kwosha/gushimika

75

urgent – wall

adj urgent vyihutirwapron us twebwe

usen 1. the act of using gukoreshav 2. employ gukoreshaadj used (not new) cakoze

Vn vaccination gucandagaadj vain ubusan valley umwongaadj valuable cakamaro

valuen 1. worth akamarov 2. to hold in high esteem kubahan van (truck) imodokari niniyan variety ibitandukanyev vary gutandukanyaadj various vyubwoko bwinshin vegetable imbogan vegetable garden umurima w’imbogan vegetarian umuntu atarya inyaman vehicle imodokarin verandah urubarazan verb irivugaadv very caneabbrev vet *see veterinariann veterinarian umuganga w’ibikokon video (recording) gufata amasanamun view kubona nezan village umuhanaadj violent guhambaran violin igitari ufatira kugituguv visit kuramutsan visitor umushitsin voice ijwin volleyball (game) umupira w’amabokon volume kuduza ijwiv vote gutoran vowel ijwi rivugan voyage urugendo

Wn wage umushaharav wait kurindirav wake gukangukav walk gutambukan walkway inzira yabanyamagurun wall inkingi

76

wallaby – Web

n wallaby agakoko kaba muri Australiyan wallet igodomoniv wander kuyerera/kuyenzerav want gushakan war ingwano/intambaran waratah igikoko co mumugwi wa kangurun wardrobe akabati k’impunzuadj warm (opposite cool) gususurukaadj warm-blooded adakarirwa n’imbehov warn guhanuran warning kugabishapt v was *see be

washv 1. clean with water kwiyuhagiraphr v 2. wash up (of dishes) koza ivyombon washing machine (clothes) mashini yo kumesa impuzu

wastev 1. employ uselessly gusesaguran 2. rejected products ubucafu

watchn 1. timepiece isahav 2. look at kwitegerezaphr v 3. watch out (be careful) kugaba

watern 1. liquid amaziv 2. moisten kuvomeran watermelon icamwa kinini kigatukura imberen wattle tree igiti cama akasiya

waven 1. swell of water umukuba w’amaziv 2. make a hand signal gupeperaadj wavy kitagororotsen wax ishashara

wayn 1. road inziraphrase 2. a long way kugenda kurephrase 3. a good way gufata inzira nzizaphrase 4. give way gutangapron we twebwe, twehoadj weak kugoyagoyan wealth ubutunziadj wealthy gutungan weapon ikigwanisho

wearv 1. erode ikintu gishajev 2. put on (as for clothing) kwambaran web (as for spider) inzu y’gitangurirwaabbrev Web *see World Wide

Web

77

wedding – width

n wedding ubugenin week iyinga/uruhushav weigh gupiman weight igipimo

welcomen 1. a kind greeting karibuint 2. You’re welcome! (polite

response to thank you)korerwa!

welln 1. hole in earth umwobo adj 2. in good health kudundegaadv 3. in a satisfactory manner nezaint 4. Well! (expresses relief, pause) ni vyiza!int 5. Well done! wakoze neza!pt v went *see gopt v were *see ben west iburengerazuba

wetv 1. moisten kujobaadj 2. opposite dry mbisipron what (interrogative) iki? n wheel igido y’imodokaripron when (interrogative) ryari? conj whenever ahariho hosepron where (interrogative) hehe?

which pron 1. what one of a number

(interrogative)iyihe? uyuhe?

pron 2. relative (refers to something previously mentioned)

vyerekeye

conj while mugihen whip ikimokov whisper kwongorera

whistlev 1. make a musical sound kuvuza uruhwan 2. equipment used to make a

soundifirimbi

adj white yeran whiteboard ikibaho cera

whopron 1. interrogative nde? pron 2. relative pronoun we/weweadj whole yose, nzimaadv why kuki? adj wicked gihambayeadj wide kwagukan widow umupfakazin widower umupfakazi w’umugabon width ubwaguke

78

wild – write

adj wild inyamaswawill

v 1. auxiliary used in future tense akajambo bakoresha muri kazozan 2. declaration of wishes on one’s

deathiragi

n 3. choice of one’s actions ugushaka k’umuntuv win kunesha/gutsinda

windn 1. movement of air umuyagav 2. turn in a circular way kuzingiracolloq phr 3. wind up (finish) guherahezaphr v 4. wind up (as a clock) isaha iriko iregerezan windmill urusyon window idirishan window sill aho wugarira idirishaadj windy hari igihuhusin wing ibaban winter igihe c’uruburav wipe guhanaguran wire urubangoadj wise umunyabwengen wish icifuzoprep with nav withdraw (as for money) gukura amahera muri bankin witness icabonapt v woke *see waken woman umugoren wombat igikoko kiba muri Australiyapt v won *see winv wonder kwibazan wood igitin woodwork kubazan wool impuzu iva mubyoya bw’intaman word ijambopt v wore *see wear

workn 1. labour igikorwav 2. carry out labour gukorav 3. be operational gukoraphr v 4. work out (solve) gutorera inyishun world isin World Wide Web ihwaniro ya internet y’isi yosev worry amakengaadv worse kibi kurutan worth gukwira/kuberwav wrap gupfukav wring gukanya /guhotoran wrist igikonjov write kwandika

79

wrong – zucchini

adj wrong (incorrect) bitarivyopt v wrote *see writeabbrev www * see World Wide

Web

Xn x-ray ikizame co kugucisha mumashini

Yn yacht ubwato buninin yard ubwatsiv yawn kwayuran year umwakaadj yellow yumuhondoint yes egon yesterday ejo hahisepron you weweadj young akiri mutopron your (possessive) yawe

Zn zone agatumban zoo iraro ry’ibikokon zucchini imboga iri mumuryango w’umwungu

80

Appendix 1

Numerals and Ordinals

Symbol Numeral Ordinal

1 one first

2 two second

3 three third

4 four fourth

5 five fifth

6 six sixth

7 seven seventh

8 eight eighth

9 nine ninth

10 ten tenth

11 eleven eleventh

12 twelve twelfth

13 thirteen thirteenth

14 fourteen fourteenth

15 fifteen fifteenth

16 sixteen sixteenth

17 seventeen seventeenth

18 eighteen eighteenth

19 nineteen nineteenth

20 twenty twentieth

30 thirty thirtieth

40 forty fortieth

50 fifty fiftieth

60 sixty sixtieth

70 seventy seventieth

80 eighty eightieth

90 ninety ninetieth

100 one hundred one hundredth

1000 one thousand one thousandth

10000 ten thousand ten thousandth

100000 one hundred thousand one hundred thousandth

1000000 one million one millionth

81

Appendix 2

Common Countries/States and their Adjectival Forms

Country/State Adjectival Form Country/State Adjectival Form

Afghanistan Afghani Japan Japanese

Argentina Argentinian Korea Korean

Bangladesh Bangladeshi Kosovo Kosovar

Bolivia Bolivian Kurdistan Kurdish

Brazil Brazilian Laos Laotian

Bulgaria Bulgarian Lebanon Lebanese

Cambodia Cambodian Macedonia Macedonian

Chile Chilean Malaysia Malaysian

China Chinese Nigeria Nigerian

Colombia Colombian Pakistan Pakistani

Cook Islands Cook Islanders Peru Peruvian

Croatia Croatian Philippines Filipino

East Timor East Timorese Poland Polish

Ecuador Ecuadorian Portugal Portuguese

Egypt Egyptian Russia Russian

El Salvador El Salvadorian Samoa Samoan

Eritrea Eritrean Serbia Serbian

Ethiopia Ethiopian Somalia Somalian

Fiji Fijian Sudan Sudanese

Ghana Ghanian Syria Syrian

Greece Greek Taiwan Taiwanese

Hungary Hungarian Thailand Thai

India Indian Tonga Tongan

Indonesia Indonesian Turkey Turkish

Iran Iranian Ukraine Ukrainian

Iraq Iraqi Uruguay Uruguayan

Israel Israeli Venezuela Venezuelan

Italy Italian Vietnam Vietnamese

82

Appendix 3

Common Irregular Verbs

Base Form Past Tense Past participleawake awoke awokenbe was, were beenbeat beat beatenbecome became becomebegin began begunbend bent bentbet bet betbid bid bidbite bit bittenblow blew blownbreak broke brokenbring brought broughtbuild built builtburn burned/burnt burned/burntbuy bought boughtcatch caught caughtchoose chose chosencome came comecost cost costcut cut cutdig dug dugdo did donedraw drew drawndream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamtdrive drove drivendrink drank drunkeat ate eatenfall fell fallenfeel felt feltfight fought foughtfind found foundfly flew flownforget forgot forgottenforgive forgave forgivenfreeze froze frozenget got gottengive gave givengo went gonegrow grew grownhang hung hunghave had hadhear heard heardhide hid hiddenhit hit hithold held held

83

Common Irregular Verbs (continued)

Base Form Past Tense Past participlehurt hurt hurtkeep kept keptknow knew knownlay laid laidlead led ledlearn learned/learnt learned/learntleave left leftlend lent lentlet let letlie lay lainlose lost lostmake made mademean meant meantmeet met metpay paid paidput put putread read readride rode riddenring rang rungrise rose risenrun ran runsay said saidsee saw seensell sold soldsend sent sentshow showed showed/shownshut shut shutsing sang sungsit sat satsleep slept sleptspeak spoke spokenspend spent spentstand stood stoodswim swam swumtake took takenteach taught taughttear tore torntell told told think thought thoughtthrow threw thrownunderstand understood understoodwake woke wokenwear wore wornwin won wonwrite wrote written

84

Appendix 4

Times

Analog time 24 hour time12.00am 12 o’clock; midnight 00:00 zero zero hundred hours1.00am 1 o’clock 01:00 zero one hundred hours2.00am 2 o’clock 02:00 zero two hundred hours3.00am 3 o’clock 03.00 zero three hundred hours4.00am 4 o’clock 04.00 zero four hundred hours5.00am 5 o’clock 05.00 zero five hundred hours6.00am 6 o’clock 06:00 zero six hundred hours 7.00am 7 o’clock 07:00 zero seven hundred hours8.00am 8 o’clock 08:00 zero eight hundred hours9.00am 9 o’clock 09.00 zero nine hundred hours10.00am 10 o’clock 10:00 ten hundred hours11.00am 11 o’clock 11:00 eleven hundred hours12.00pm 12 o’clock; midday; noon 12:00 twelve hundred hours1.00pm 1 o’clock 13:00 thirteen hundred hours2.00pm 2 o’clock 14:00 fourteen hundred hours3.00pm 3 o’clock 15:00 fifteen hundred hours4.00pm 4 o’clock 16:00 sixteen hundred hours5.00pm 5 o’clock 17:00 seventeen hundred hours6.00pm 6 o’clock 18:00 eighteen hundred hours7.00pm 7 o’clock 19:00 nineteen hundred hours8.00pm 8 o’clock 20:00 twenty hundred hours9.00pm 9 o’clock 21:00 twenty one hundred hours10.00pm 10 o’clock 22:00 twenty two hundred hours11.00pm 11 o’clock 23:00 twenty three hundred hours

Examples of quarter and half hours (analog)

quarter to three2.45am or 2.45pm

three o’clock3.00am or 3.00pm

quarter past three3.15am or 3.15pm

half past three3.30am or 3.30pm

zero two forty five zero three hundred hours zero three fifteen zero three thirty

Examples of quarter and half hours (24 hour time)

85

Appendix 5

Days of the week/Months of the year/Units of time Days Months Units of timeMonday January 60 seconds = 1 minute

Tuesday February 60 minutes = 1 hour

Wednesday March 24 hours = 1 day

Thursday April 7 days = 1 week

Friday May 4 weeks = 1 month

Saturday June 12 months = 1 year

Sunday July 4 years = 1 leap year

August 10 years = 1 decade

September 100 years = 1 century

October 1000 years = 1 millenium

November

December

Appendix 6

Weights and measures

Weight (mass) Length Volume1000 milligrams = 1 gram 1000 millimetres = 1 metre 1000 millilitres = 1 litre

1000 grams = 1 kilogram 100 centimetres = 1 metre 1000 litres = 1 cubic metre1000 kilograms = 1 metric tonne 1000 metres = 1 kilometre

Bibliography

Australian Learners Dictionary, 1997, National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research, Macquarie University, NSW.

Horton, D. (ed.) 1994, The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander History, Society and Culture, vols 1-2, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.

The Macquarie Dictionary, 1997, 3rd edn, Macquarie University, NSW.

My First Macquarie Dictionary, 1987, Jacaranda Press, Sydney.

NSW Department of School Education. 1994, New Arrivals Dictionaries, 16 vols, Disadvantaged Schools Program, Erskineville.

Oxford Elementary Learner’s Dictionary, 1994, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.