Bilingualism L1 and L2

Presented to:Sir Faheem-ud-din

Presented By:Adeel Hussain ShahHassan FrazIshtiaq AhmedZeeshan Ali Khan

PRESNTATION OUTLINE• Categories in Bilingualism• First Language Acquisition• Stages in Learning L1• Second Language acquisition• Stages in Learning L2• Why few people get fluency in second language• Interlanguage and Transfer• L2 children v/s Adults• Advantages of L2 in Class

HAVE YOU EVER THOUGHT ABOUT THIS• Why every single person can acquire the first language (L1)

easily? • Why very few people manage to acquire a second language

(L2) successfully? • Why, even though you try your best as a teacher, some

learners have a hard time acquiring L2.

DO YOU AS A TEACHER FEEL THIS FROM TIME TO TIME?• This may be

Because theDifference in L1 and L2

FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

“Language is Innate”= Universal GrammarNaom Chomsky

Unless there is something wrong with them mentally or physically, all children acquire a language as they develop”Jermy Harmer

CATAGORIES OF BILINGUALISAM

L1 and L2 learned at the same time

Early Sequential

L1 learned first, but L2 learned in relative early in childhood

Simultaneous Late

L2 learned in adolescence onwards

FLA Stages (L1)

•COOING • 2-4 months.• Earliest speech like sounds• Laughter appears after 4 months

•BABBLING• 6-8 months babies start to have control on speech

vocalization.• This happens as an instinct.

FLA STAGES (L1)

Holophrastic stage• 9-18 months• Children communicate

with one word, relating it to many similar things• They understand more

than they can produce.

Two-word stage• 18-24 months• Mini-sentences with

simple semantic relations.• Examples: More cereal,

no bed, bye car etc.

FLA STAGES (L1)

Telegraphic stage• 24-30 months• Word combination:• me want that• what her name?• chair fell down!• These sentences

resemble to short messages in telegram

Multiword stage• 30+ months• Grammatical or

functional structures emerge (the syntax stage).• Children language

blooms into fluent grammatical conversation.

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

• Students learning a second language go through five stages: Preproduction, Early Production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate Fluency, and Advanced Fluency (Krashen & Terrell, 1983).

• Students already have previous knowledge of language (L1).• Speed of progress through the stages depends on level of

education, family background, amount of exposure to the target language, among others.

STAGES OF LEARNING L2Pre-production

(The silent period) :

• Has minimal comprehension.• Does not speak at all.

Nods "Yes" and "No." • Draws and points.• Uses gesturing. • Repeats like a “parrot”.• Everything This stage

may last up to 6 months

Early Production (The learner))

• Has limited comprehension.

• Produces one or two-word responses.

• Uses present-tense verbs. • Answers yes / no

questions. • Benefits from: realia,

vocabulary with pictures, listening activities.

• From 6 months to 1 year.

STAGES OF LEARNING L2Speech emergence

The learner:

• Has good comprehension.• Can produce simple

sentences. • Makes grammar and

pronunciation errors.• Asks simple questions,

that may or may not be grammatically correct, such as: May I go to bathroom?

• From 1 to 3 years.

Intermediate fluency The learner:

• Has excellent comprehension. • Makes few grammatical

errors. • Willing to express

opinions and share thoughts.• Writing will have errors.• From 3 to 5 years

STAGES IN L2

ADVANCED FLUENCY:• The student has a near-native level of speech.• It takes learners from 5 to 10 years to become fluent

Why very few people manage to acquire a second language fluently?

• Learners are not allowed to have a silent period, they are asked to produce when they are not ready = Inter language • Inter language is the

mixture of L1 and L2 to be able to communicate = interference. • Interference = errors

• Fossilization: No further learning appears possible. Learners will have the same error despite of any correction or grammatical explanation.

• Critical Period: Before the age of 12, fluency may be reached. After, this is no longer possible due to the changes in the brain.

• Affective filter: Motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety all affect language acquisition.

MOVING BETWEEN LANGUAGES

•As we might remember from school, or from our last foreign holiday, translating a foreign language can be fraught with difficulties.

WHY CHILDREN SEEM TO ACQUIRE L2 BETTER THEN THE ADULTS• Children have access

to Universal Grammar.• Adults are more

influenced by L1.• Children are more

motivated than adults.• Children receive more

input in the second language than adults do.

THE USE OF L1 AND L2 IN CLASS ROOM

• ADVANTAGES:

According to Paul Seligson• Unavoidable anyway.• Reduces affective filters. • Practice translation.• Provides feedback.• Discuss idioms.

REFERENCES• referencesYule, George. (2006). The study of language third

edition. [on line]. Fourth Worth: Harcourt Brace Janovich College Publishers . Retrieved on October 4, 2009 from: http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Zw5Y0o0q1bYC&dq=yule+the+study+of+language&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=uo2v8ZcYYa&sig=ixeYmIWXhPglFlSwoqSIAVE_0yc&hl=es&ei=ZmvNSqKeM8XY8AauzaSFBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=falseEverything English as a Second Language (2000). Everything ESL. [On line]. Retrieved October 4, 2009, from http://www.everythingesl.net/inservices/language_stages.phpLuria, H, Seymour D.M, & Smoke, T. (2006). Language and Linguistics in Context. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates, Inc. [on line]. Google books. Retrieved October 5, 2009 from http://books.google.com.mx/books

• 19. Pinker, S. Language acquisition. [on line]. Technical Report NIH grant HD 18381 and NSF grant BNS 91-09766. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. MIT Press. Retrieved October 3, 2009, from: http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Papers/Py104/pinker.langacq.html. Society for Research in Child Development (2009, September 21). Children Under Three Can't Learn Action Words From TV -- Unless An Adult Helps. ScienceDaily [on line]. Retrieved October 4, 2009, from: http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/09/090915100947.htm.Schütz, R. (2007, July 2). Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition. [Review of the book Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learningby Stephen Krashen]. Retrieved October 4,2009, from http://www.sk.com.br/sk-krash.html.You tube videos retrieved on October 3, 2009, from: http://www.youtube.com/