bill jolly keo dubai sustainability design process 19 march 2009

KEO International ConsultantsArchitects, Engineers, Project & Construction Managers

S t i bilitSustainabilityBill JollyThursday 19th March 2009


ContentsContentsIntroductionClimate Change

Potential MEP TechnologiesHolistic Approach

Environmental TargetsSustainability

Thermal ModellingConclusion & Further Work


IntroductionThis presentation outlines the requirements for sustainability in the UAE and in particular within Dubai. Climate change is briefly discussed along with the international and local within Dubai. Climate change is briefly discussed along with the international and local environmental targets. A further description of sustainability and the implications within the built environment are offered along with a detailed description of the potential MEP sustainable technologies. The presentation looks at how sustainable solutions can be provided within the UAE considering the design methodology and implications for all design team members. Finally, the presentation briefly considers the holistic process required to implement the sustainable solutions.

Cli t ChClimate ChangeClimate change and global warming are unequivocally the biggest and most fundamental problems facing planet earth fundamental problems facing planet earth and mankind today. Global warming and climate change are expected to have a cataclysmic effect across the globe. The worst effects of climate change can be worst effects of climate change can be avoided if greenhouse gases incorporating carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere are stabilised instead of being allowed to increaseincrease.

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Environmental TargetsEnvironmental TargetsKyoto ProtocolCut overall emissions of greenhouse gases b 5 2% belo 1990 le els b 2008 2012by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012

United Arab Emirates (UAE)Si d t th KP d h tifi d th i Signed up to the KP and have ratified their commitment on the 26/01/05. The UAE is a member of the G77 and subsequently does not have any reduction targets as the UAE y gis considered a developing country.

DubaiSh ik M h d h i i h b t ti j t h ld id Sheik Mohammed has a vision whereby construction projects should consider becoming environmentally friendly with no specific international target.

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S ?


What is Sustainability?Sustainable development (or sustainability) is about enabling all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and enjoy a better quality throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and enjoy a better quality of life without compromising the quality of life for future generations.

Climate change could compromise future generations and subsequently, f MEP ti d i i h l t l t d from an MEP prospective, design engineers have a role to play to reduce energy consumption and subsequent carbon emission from buildings.

The more energy efficient a building is the less primary supplies are e o e e e gy e c e a bu d g s e ess p a y supp es a erequired and hence less emission to the environment.

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Potential Technologies

Wi d T bi Ab ti C li G W t H tiWind TurbinesPhotovoltaic PanelsSolar CollectorsCombine Heat and Power (CHP)

Absorption CoolingNatural VentilationWind Catchers

Grey Water HarvestingAutomatic Lighting ControlHeat/Cooling Recovery AHU’s

Combine Heat and Power (CHP)


Wind TurbinesWind TurbinesWind power is the most successful and fastest spreading renewable energy technology in Europe. Traditionally, turbines are installed in non-urban areas with a strong trend for large offshore wind farms. Wind turbines generate electricity and smaller scale turbines can be installed on/in buildings, the electricity generated can be tilised b the b ilding T rbines normall connect in parallel to the b ilding and national generated can be utilised by the building. Turbines normally connect in parallel to the building and national grid. In the event of the building not utilising the entire electrical power generated, excess electricity is placed onto the grid and then drawn back later. The grid normally acts as a large central storage battery for the building electricity supply.


DisadvantagesOften high capital expenditureLong pay back period

AdvantagesFree electricity from windArchitects like this type of renewable Long pay back period

Noise problemsLocation constraintsVisual impact

Architects like this type of renewableGenerate electricity 24 hours/dayWind is a cost effective renewableAny amount of power can be provided p

Can not parallel connect to national gridStructural implicationsWind speed and variation is criticalM i t i

y p pReliability in correct wind speedProven performance and durability

Maintenance issues

H t D i Wi d T bi i t B ildi


How to Design Wind Turbines into Buildings:1. The first step is to calculate the electrical TCL for the building2. Apply a realist diversity (Normally 0.4) to work out the actual load of the building2. Apply a realist diversity (Normally 0.4) to work out the actual load of the building3. The electrical load profile can be calculated more accurately through thermal modelling4. Multiply the load by hours of use to determine the annual kWh5. Set the energy reduction target for the building (say 5% electrical reduction)6. Calculate 5% of the annual kWh for the building7. In reasonably windy areas (average wind speed of 6m/s) the expected output from 1kW

installed is about 2500kWh annually.8 Work the calculation backwards to determine the required Wind Turbine size8. Work the calculation backwards to determine the required Wind Turbine size.


Photovoltaic PanelsPhotovoltaic PanelsPhotovoltaic modules convert sunlight directly into DC electricity and can be integrated into buildings. PV is distinct from other renewable energy technologies since it has no moving parts to be maintained and is silent. PV systems can be incorporated into buildings in various ways; on sloped roofs and flat roofs, in facades, atria and shading devices. Modules can be mounted using frames or be fully incorporated into the actual building fabric, for example PV roof tiles are now available which can be fitted as would standard tiles.


DisadvantagesExpensivelong pay back period

AdvantagesEasy to installArchitects like this type of renewable long pay back period

Maintenance issues (Sand)Sand prevents electrical generationBattery storage

Architects like this type of renewableGenerate electricity while the sun shinesEasy to retro fit to existing buildingsSimple calculation process y g

local authority interface parallel connectDC generation (expensive inverters)

p pSize and quantity can varyGuaranteed output (no flexible diversity)Can go on facade (plant rooms on towers)Towers offer large surface area for installation

H t D i Ph t lt i P l t B ildi


How to Design Photovoltaic Panels onto Buildings:1. The first step is to calculate the electrical TCL for the building2. Apply a realist diversity (Normally 0.4) to work out the actual load of the building2. Apply a realist diversity (Normally 0.4) to work out the actual load of the building3. The electrical load profile can be calculated more accurately through thermal modelling4. Set the energy reduction target for the building (say 5% or 10% electrical reduction)5. 1kW is produced for 8m2 of PV panels6. Sun is guaranteed therefore no utilization figures7. Calculated the required size of the PV installation to achieve target8. Review the architectural layout for space planning9 Ens re panels are not installed in shaded areas of the b ilding and are in direct s nlight9. Ensure panels are not installed in shaded areas of the building and are in direct sunlight


Solar CollectorsSolar CollectorsSolar thermal systems normally operate with a back-up source of heat, such as gas or electricity. The solar system pre-heats the water up to the maximum hot water supply temperature. If there is not enough solar power available to fully heat the water it is heated up t th d i d t t b th b k h t Th t b t t d to the desired temperature by the back-up heat source. The systems are best mounted on sloped roofs with a southerly orientation, although orientations up to 45° east or west of south are acceptable.


DisadvantagesNeeds turning off in summerAdditional pipe work required

AdvantagesInexpensiveShort pay back periods Additional pipe work requiredShort pay back periodsEasy to installGenerate hot water while the sun shinesVery low maintenanceyReadily availableProven performance (Well established)Can be retro fitted to existing buildings

H t D i S l C ll t i t B ildi


How to Design Solar Collectors into Buildings:1. The first step is to calculate the hot water requirement for the building2. Approach manufacturers to determine the exact kWh output from the solar collector2. Approach manufacturers to determine the exact kWh output from the solar collector3. Size the solar collector to suit the application4. Ensure the space planning implications and solar collector is in direct sunlight5. Design closed circuit loop through the hot water storage tank6. Ensure all manufacturers are aware of the solar collector installations.


Combined Heat and Power (CHP)( )Combine heat and power also know as co or tri-generation can be provided in a number of ways. Firstly, the principle needs to be established. A primary energy source is utilised to drive an engine which in turn drives a generator to create electricity on site. The heat exhaust off the engine can also be utilised in two ways Firstly to a dual fed boiler for hot water (Co generation) engine can also be utilised in two ways. Firstly to a dual fed boiler for hot water (Co-generation) and additionally through vapour absorption chillers for cooling (tri-generation) . The primary fuel source is commonly gas but diesel CHP can also be achieved.


DisadvantagesNo gas in Dubai (Better for Abu Dhabi)Complicated controls

AdvantagesTri generation Free cooling Complicated controls

Additional space requiredExhaust requirementsEquipment view

Free coolingFree hot waterLeasing agreements availableCheap electricity from gas q p

ExpensiveHigh maintenanceMust need constant electrical requirement

p y gReduced primary electrical supply size

H t D i CHP i t B ildi


How to Design CHP into Buildings:1. Ensure primary energy source (LPG or Diesel)2. The first step is to calculate the electrical TCL for the building2. The first step is to calculate the electrical TCL for the building3. Apply a realist diversity (Normally 0.4) to work out the actual load of the building4. The electrical load profile can be calculated more accurately through thermal modelling5. Set the energy reduction target for the building (say 5% or 10% electrical reduction)6. Size the CHP unit to meet the target7. Speak with CHP manufacturers to determine the heat exhaust capacity to determine if

this can be utilized for hot water generation and or absorption cooling.


Absorption Coolingp gAbsorption cooling is a technology that uses heat to produce a cooling effect instead of using electricity. It is applicable mainly to commercial and industrial buildings. Most are relatively small, gas fired, air-conditioning units but some plants are larger-scale. Absorption cooling is unlikely to replace conventional refrigeration systems on a mass basis but in certain conditions unlikely to replace conventional refrigeration systems on a mass basis but in certain conditions it presents opportunities for environmental benefits. Some favorable factors which reduce carbon emissions include the existence of a CHP plant that operates below maximum capacity, available waste heat.


DisadvantagesHigh water consumption

AdvantagesLow electrical energy High water consumption

Not proven technology in Middle EastRequires Cooling TowerMay require large diesel quantity (check

)

Low electrical energyLow noiseLarge Equipment (Space Planning)Very good environmental performance low CO f NFPA restrictions)CO2 because of low electrical consumptionCan be connected with CHP to obtain free heat to run the chiller


Natural VentilationNatural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means. There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and stack ventilation. The pressures generated by buoyancy, also known as 'the stack effect' are quite low while wind pressures are usually far greater The majority of stack effect , are quite low while wind pressures are usually far greater. The majority of buildings will rely mostly on wind driven ventilation while stack ventilation has several benefits. The most efficient design for a natural ventilation building should implement both types of ventilation.


DisadvantagesComprehensive controls

AdvantagesAC is off during natural ventilation mode Comprehensive controls

Only works for few months during the yearPerception with clients it won’t work

AC is off during natural ventilation modemixed mode to reduce AC suppliesMore fresh air to the buildingPossible Night-time Cooling Advantage


Wind CatchersNatural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means. There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and stack ventilation. The pressures generated by buoyancy, also known as 'the stack effect' are quite low while wind pressures are usually far greater The majority of stack effect , are quite low while wind pressures are usually far greater. The majority of buildings will rely mostly on wind driven ventilation while stack ventilation has several benefits. The most efficient design for a natural ventilation building should implement both types of ventilation.


DisadvantagesAdditional Filters

AdvantagesFree ventilation Additional Filters

Additional complex mixed mode controlsAdditional filter maintenanceReduced primary energy and running cost

Free ventilationFits with Middle Eastern ArchitectureCan create Mixed mode EnvironmentNo energy consumptionNo CO2 emissionsVery environmentally FriendlyLow Capital Cost


Grey Water Harvestingy gGreywater, sometimes spelled graywater, grey water or gray water and also known as sullage, is non-industrial wastewater generated from domestic processes such as dish washing, laundry and bathing. Greywater comprises 50-80% of residential wastewater. Greywater is distinct from blackwater in the amount and composition of its chemical and biological contaminants (from blackwater in the amount and composition of its chemical and biological contaminants (from feces or toxic chemicals). Greywater gets its name from its cloudy appearance and from its status as being neither fresh nor heavily polluted (blackwater). According to this definition wastewater containing significant food residues or high concentrations of toxic chemicals from household cleaners etc. may be considered "dark grey" or blackwater


DisadvantagesAdditional design necessary

AdvantagesSaves massive amounts of water Additional design necessary

Additional maintenance requiredSaves massive amounts of waterLow capital costAssists with LEED and Estidama targetsReduces primary water suppliesCan provide irrigation

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bill jolly keo dubai sustainability design process 19 march 2009

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