BIMESTER 2Yellow / White

MODIFIERS

Use them to make adjectives and adverbs stronger or weaker.

The test was quite confusing.

Modifier + adjective / adverb

Can also be used to soften a statement. He´s boring. He´s not very interesting.

WEAKER STRONGER

A BIT FAIRLY A LITTLE QUITE RATHER

EXTREMELY REALLY TERRIBLY VERY

USED TO & WOULDUsed to: For past habits and states.

She used to be a nice little girl.We didn’t use to study in elementary.Why did we use to yell at our parents?

Would: is not used for states, only for past habitual actions. I used to go to Franklin High School I would take the bus.

Somebody / Anybody / Nobody / Everybody

Use them when we don’t want to refer to a specific person or don’t know who the person is.

Can use ‘they’ to refer to these pronouns. Use singular verbs

Rules also apply for words ending in –thing or –where, -one (something, somewhere, anywhere, anyone, nowhere, no-one, everyone, everywhere).

SOMEBODY: affirmative sentences questions we expect a particular answer.

Will somebody help me? (you want the answer to be yes)If somebody gave me ice cream, they would be my BFF.

ANYBODY: negative sentencesquestions we don’t know the answer for.

Is anybody going to help me? (We don’t expect the answer to be yes)Anybody can come to the meeting. (doesn’t matter who)

NOBODY: means ‘no people’ in affirmative sentences.Nobody answered my question.

EVERYBODY: means ‘every person’ in affirmative sentences.Everybody read Casino Royale.

Modals of deduction They express how certain or uncertain

something is. Certain

Not certain

MUSTIt must be…

MAY / COULD / MIGHT (there´s a possiblity)It may/could/might be…

CAN´T BE It can´t be…

Modals of obligation and permission

MUST, NEED TO & HAVE TO obligation. You must do your homework. You have to pay attention. NOT HAVE TO & NEEDN’T TO not necessary. You don’t have to yell at me. You don’t need to come tomorrow.

MUSTN’T prohibition. You musn´t go there. (Don´t go there)

CAN (NOT), MAY (NOT) & BE (NOT) ALLOWED permissionYou can´t leave without a hall pass. You may go to the restroom. You aren’t allowed to go to the locker.

Modal verbs in past tense. Have to / must HAD TO (obligation in the past)

DIDN’T HAVE TO (lack of obligation in the past)I had to finish the project because she didn’t do her part.

Can COULD (permission in the past)Last year I could eat ice cream every day. (Now I don’t)

Be allowed WAS / WERE ALLOWED (permission in the past)

I was not allowed to go to the concert.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

* Puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)* Recently completed actions which have present results.

She has been crying. (Her eyes are red)

HAVE / HAS + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE-ING

Using FOR and SINCE: Since 1992, I have been going to school. For many years, I have been seeing Dr. MendezShe has been writing for two hours.

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

'have' + past participleemphasise the result 

They have talked to each other.

'have' + been + verb + ing emphasise the duration or

continuous course of an action.

They have been talking to each other.

Result (what / how much / how often)I have written 5 letters.I have been to London twice.

Duration (how long)I have been writing for an hour.

Emphasis on completionI have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)

Emphasis on durationI have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

permanentJames has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)

temporaryJames has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

since the last timeI haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.)

since the beginningI haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

desired resultI have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)

unwanted side effectWhy are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

Use present perfect progressive

1. _____________ birds ______ I was fifteen. (photograph).2. He ____________ movies _____ twenty years. (make) 3. _______ you _______ here ___________ noon? (wait)4. We ____________ here for vacation ______ ten years.

(come)5. She _____________ a lot of fun this summer ________

she arrived in New York.

The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).

state: be, have (for possession only)Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.

senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touchExample: He has touched the painting.

brain work: believe, know, think, understandExample: I have known him for 3 years.

STATE VERBS

I ________(read) this book.

We ________(shout) all the time.

_________(eat)all thefood?

He _______(not/ write) a message.

_______ (he/ speak)English?

They _______(go) to the beach.

You _______(drink) a lot.

They ______(buy) cheapclothes.

I ________ (study)for theexams.

______(he / sleep)in thetent?

She ________(work) in abank.

He ________(do)his homework..

They _______(help) their friends.

He ________(travel) allyear.

_______(she/sit)on the sandall the time?

We _______ (not/ live) here all the time.

________(you/ paint) for the last twohours.

________ (they/ sit) all the time? I ______(not/

wait) for you.

________(they/not/live) inNew York?

_______(he/ not/ stay) in the hotel?

_________(you / not / clean) the room?

_________(he / not / sing)?

Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs in brackets.

I _____________(telephone) you allmorning.