binomial probability formula binomial probability distribution by listing the possible values of x...
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Discrete Probability DistributionsBinomial DistributionPoisson Distribution
Hypergeometric Distribution
Binomial Probability Formula
xnxxnxx
n qpxxn
nqpCxP
!)!(
!)(
Binomial Probability Distribution
By listing the possible values of
x with the corresponding
probability of each, we can
construct a Binomial Probability
Distribution.
Constructing a Binomial Distribution
In a survey, a company asked their workers
and retirees to name their expected sources
of retirement income. Seven workers who
participated in the survey were asked whether
they expect to rely on Pension for retirement
income. 36% of the workers responded that
they rely on Pension only. Create a binomial
probability distribution.
Constructing a Binomial Distribution
044.0)64.0()36.0()0( 7007 CP
173.0)64.0()36.0()1( 6117 CP
292.0)64.0()36.0()2( 5227 CP
274.0)64.0()36.0()3( 4337 CP
154.0)64.0()36.0()4( 3447 CP
052.0)64.0()36.0()5( 2557 CP
010.0)64.0()36.0()6( 1667 CP
001.0)64.0()36.0()7( 0777 CP
x P(x)
0 0.044
1 0.173
2 0.292
3 0.274
4 0.154
5 0.052
6 0.010
7 0.001
P(x) = 1
Notice all the probabilities are between 0 and 1 and that the sum of the probabilities is 1.
Population Parameters of a Binomial Distribution
Mean: = np
Variance: 2 = npq
Standard Deviation: = √npq
Example
In Murree, 57% of the days in a year are cloudy. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation for the number of cloudy days during the month of June.
Mean: = np = 30(0.57) = 17.1
Variance: 2 = npq = 30(0.57)(0.43) =
7.353
Standard Deviation: = √npq = √7.353
≈2.71
Problem 1Four fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find
the probability function of the random variable
X = Number of Heads and compute the probabilities
of obtaining:
No Heads
Precisely 1 Head
At least 1 Head
Not more than 3 Heads
Problem 2
If the Probability of hitting a
target in a single shot is 10% and
10 shots are fired independently.
What is the probability that the
target will be hit at least once?
Poisson ProcessThe Poisson Process is a counting
that counts the number of occurrences of some specific event through time. Number of customers arriving to a
counter Number of calls received at a
telephone exchange Number of packets entering a queue
Poisson Probability Distribution
The Poisson probability distribution provides a good model for the probability distribution of the number of ‘rare events’ that occur randomly in time, distance, or space.
Assumptions Poisson Probability Distribution The probability of an occurrence of an event
is constant for all subintervals and independent events
There is no known limit on the number on successes during the interval
As the unit gets smaller, the probability that two or more events will occur approaches zero.
µ = 1
µ = 4
µ = 10
Poisson Probability Distribution
1,2,... 0,xfor,!
)(
x
exf
x
• f(x) = The probability of x successes over a given period of time or space, given µ
• µ = The expected number of successes per time or space unit; µ > 0
• e = 2.71828 (the base for natural logarithms)
Problem 5
Let X be the number of cars per
minute passing a certain point of some
road between 8 A.M and 10 A.M on a
Sunday. Assume that X has a Poisson
distribution with mean 5. Find the
probability of observing 3 or fewer
cars during any given minute.
Problem 7
In 1910, E. Rutherford and H. Geiger
showed experimentally that number of
alpha particles emitted per second in a
radioactive process is random variable
X having a Poisson distribution. If X
has mean 0.5. What is the probability
of observing 2 or more particles during
any given second?
Problem 9Suppose that in the production of 50 Ω
resistors, non-defective items are those that
have a resistance between 45 Ω and 55 Ω and
the probability of being defective is 0.2%. The
resistors are sold in a lot of 100, with the
guarantee that all resistors are non-defective.
What is the probability that a given lot will
violate this guarantee?
Problem 11
Let P = 1% be the probability
that a certain type of light bulb will
fail in 24 hours test. Find the
probability that a sign consisting of
100 such bulbs will burn 24 hours
with no bulb failures.
Multinomial DistributionIf a given trial can result in K outcomes E1,E2, …, Ek
with probabilities p1,p2, …,pk, then the Probability Distribution of the random variables X1,X2, …, Xk, representing the number of occurrences for E1,E2, …, Ek
in n independent trials is
1
...,...,,
n) ,p , ,p ,p ; x, , x,x(
1
1
22
11
21k21k21
k
ii
k
ii
xkk
xx
k
p
nx
pppxxx
nf
ExampleAn airport has three runways. The probabilities that
the individual runways are accessed by a randomly arriving commercial jets are as following:
Runway 1: p1 = 2/9
Runway 2: p1 = 1/6
Runway 3: p1 = 11/18
What is the probability that 6 randomly arriving airplanes are distributed in the following fashion?
Runway 1: 2 airplanes
Runway 2: 1 airplanes
Runway 3: 3 airplanes
Sampling With Replacement
trialsn
obabilityN
Mp
defectiveM
itemsallN
N
M
N
M
x
nxf
xnx
)(Pr
1)(
Hypergeometric Probability Distribution
In cases where the sample size is
relatively large compared to the
population, a discrete distribution
called hypergeometric may be useful.
Sampling Without ReplacementHypergeometric Distribution
xn
MN
x
M
n
N
n
N
xn
MN
x
Mxf /*)(
= Different ways of picking n things from N
= Different ways of picking x defective from M
= Different ways of picking n-x nondefective from N-M
Hypergeometric DistributionMean and Variance
)1(
))((2
2
NN
nNMNnMVariance
N
MnMean
Problem 13
Suppose that a test for extra sensory
perception consists of naming (in any
order) 3 cards randomly drawn from a
deck of 13 cards. Find the probability
that by chance alone, the person will
correctly name (a) no cards, (b) 1 Card,
(c) 2 Cards, and (d) 3 cards.
Quiz # 232 Cptr (B) – 5 NOV 2012
If the Probability of hitting a
target in a single shot is 5% and
20 shots are fired independently.
What is the probability that the
target will be hit at least once?