[bio] 04 - plant tissues (calsado)
TRANSCRIPT
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Plant
tissues
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PLANTS
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Obtain inorganic materials from the external
environment and process them into theorganic compounds needed for life
Cells secrete a cell wall exterior to the plasmamembrane
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Plant PropagationAsexual/vegetative reproduction
Clone
MeristemsSpecial types found at the growing tips, other
parts
Similar to proembryo, all cells can differentiate
AdventitiousPlant parts produced by dedifferentiation
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ComplexityDispersal means
Most primitive: spores
More complex: seedConducting/vascular tissue
Simpler plants: no conducting tissuesComplex plants: with vascular tissues
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Plant OrganizationRoot system- growth toward gravity; generally
below ground; consists of rootsRoot epidermis; cortex; stele (vascular tissue);
pith
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Shoot systemGrowth away from gravity along the axisGenerally above the groundConsists of the stem and the leaves
Flowers are modified shoot system
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Plant TissuesMeristems
Surface or dermal tissues
Vascular tissuesGround or fundamental tissues
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MeristemsResponsible for increase in number of cells
Meristems do not specialize
Plant tissues are derived from the meristemsThree types:
Apical
Lateral
Intercalary
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MeristemsIntercalary Meristem- plants without vascular
cambium (grasses)
Growth regions that occur at thebase of nodes
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GrowthPrimary growth
Inc in length of plants (apical meristem)
Secondary growthInc in plant girth (lateral meristem)
Select plants only (woody plants such as dicotand gymnosperms)
Product: wood and cork
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Plant growth patterns and
regionsPrimary growth- growth in length; primary
meristems
Secondary growth- growth which increasesthe girth or circumference of the plant
Vascular cambium- bet wood and bark
Cork cambium-found in the outer bark
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Primary meristemsAt tips
Shoot tip meristems (shoot system)
Stem meristem; leaf primordia; bud primordiaRoot tip meristems
Primary meristems are permanent and selfperpetuating
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Derivative meristemsProduced when meristem cells divide; forms
the tissue systems of the plant Protoderm- develops into surface or dermal tissues
Procambium- develops into vascular tissue
Ground meristem- fundamental /ground tissues
Secondary meristems
Vascular cambium- produces wood (strength);
produces part of bark (protection)Cork cambium- produces protective layer of bark
called cork
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Plant GrowthPrimary Growth
(roots andshoots)
Secondary
Growth (rootsand shoots)
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Meristems from Cell
DedifferentiationDedifferentiate-any plant cell has the ability
to dedifferentiate
Lateral root formation
Adventitious growth
Wound healing
Secondary cork cambium
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Primary Growth of RootsRoot cap
protects the delicate meristems as the rootelongates through the abrasive soil
secretes mucous that lubricates the soil
3 Zones of cells at successive station Zone of cell division
Zone of cell elongation
Zone of cell differentiation
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Simple Tissues
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Ground or fundamental
tissuesFibers- for support
Photosynthetic cells
Storage cellsFill in the spaces cells
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Ground or Fundamental
TissuesParenchyma
basic tissue type
Collenchymasupports young plants
Sclerenchyma
supports for mature plants
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ParenchymaDefinition: a simple tissue composed of spherical-
shaped cells; most common type of tissue
Have thin primary walls
Living, metabolizing tissue
E.g. Chlorenchyma, Aerenchyma
Functions:
Photosynthesis & Respiration
Storage (starch, oil droplets, air, water, and salts)
Wound healing & regeneration
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CollenchymaDefinition: a simple tissue found beneath
the epidermis in young stems and in largeveins of leaves (strings in celery).
Provides a flexible support system (like ourskeletal system).
Found uniformly throughout the plant.
Elongated cells that have unevenlythickened cell walls (especially in thecorners)
Alive at maturity
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SclerenchymaDefinition: a simple tissue
specialized for structuralsupport; occurs in many
areasTwo types:
Fibers
Sclereids
Have both primary andsecondary cell walls.
At functional maturity cellsare often dead
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FibersLong, tapered cells that
often occur in groups orclumps (abundant in the
wood and bark offlowering plants)
Found in leaves & stems.
Primary function is
support
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SclereidsShort, cuboidal cells
common in shells ofnuts and pits of fruits
(peaches, cherries)Found in all plant parts,
usually clustered.
Primary function is for
protection
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Complex tissuesVascular Tissue System
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Vascular tissuesFunctions: conduct water and solutes
support and strength of theplant
Types of vascular tissues
Xylem- conducts water and minerals
Phloem- conducts solutes/food
Continues throughout the plant
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XylemConduction of H2O from roots to leaves
Made up the wood
Composed of: Vessel Elements- elongated cells with secondary
wallsDead at functional maturity; perforatedLarge diameter
Tracheids elongated, narrow cells with secondarywalls; dead at functional maturity; pittedXylem fibersXylem parenchymaXylem rays
Parenchyma cells and Fibers
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TracheidsTracheids are typically found in
gymnosperms and seedless vascular plantsand aid in transporting water.
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Vessel ElementsVessel elements
are typically foundin angiospermsand aid intransporting water.
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PhloemMoves solutes (especially carbs)
Composed of:Sieve tube cells
Elongated cells forming tubesEnd walls have pores forming sieve platesAlive at functional maturityCarry food
Companion cellsParenchyma cells adjoining the sieve tube cellsPhloem fibersPhloem parenchyma
(Sclerenchyma fibers and parenchyma cells)
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Sieve tube membersSieve tube members
can secrete a proteincalled callose to plug
sieve plates to stopthe flow of food ifthe phloem isdamaged
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Complex tissuesDermal Tissues
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Surface or dermal
tissuesProtection
Prevents dessication
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Dermal (surface) tissueEpidermis (herbaceous plants)
Cuticle (protective waxy layer)- prevents dessication(cuticle) and invasion of pathogens , absorption of
water, control of gas exchange
Periderm or cork layer (woody plants) Produced from cork cambium
Secondary epidermis or periderm of woody plants
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DermisEpidermis: Two types
Parenchyma cells
Guard cells
NO Chloroplasts
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CuticleA waxy layersecreted byepidermal cells of
stems and leavesPrevents water loss
and diffusion ofgases
Cuticle Parenchyma cells
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Guard cellsGuard cells form the tiny opening called thestomata
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PeridermisWoody plants initially produce an epidermis thatsplits as the plant grows.
These plants also have periderm, which is
several cells thick and forms under theepidermis.
Periderm composes the outer bark
Composed of two types of cellsCork cells- secrete suberin
Cork parenchyma
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Dermal (surface) tissueEpidermal modifications
Hairs of trichomes Root hairs: absorption of water
Guard cells: form stomata for gas exchange
Glands: modified cells containing oils or other
substances for secretion
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Transport in PlantsCellular level transport
Lateral transport
Long-distance transport
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Plant NutritionChemical composition of plants
80%-85% of herbaceous plants is H2O
Plants grow mainly by accumulating water inthe central vacuoles of their cells
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen are the mostabundant elements in the dry weight of a plant
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Essential NutrientsHydroponic structure- used to determine
which of the mineral elements are actuallyessential nutrients
Macronutrients- elements required by plantsin relatively large amounts
Micronutrients- elements needed by plants in
small amounts