bio 10: intro to biology instructor: paul nagami laney college sept. 6, 2013 large molecules and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Bio 10: Intro to BiologyInstructor: Paul Nagami
Laney College
Sept. 6, 2013
Large Molecules and Living Things, Part 2
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Agenda• Administrative Stuff• Review: Monomers and Polymers• Lactose Intolerance, Continued• Proteins• What Proteins Do (function)• What Proteins are Made of (structure)
• DNA• What DNA Does (function)• What DNA is Made of (structure)
• Wrap-up
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Challenge Statement
“Human beings are made of acids.”
Agree or disagree?
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Monomers and dimers• Macromolecules are often made of repeating pieces.
• Each piece is a monomer. Sticking two monomers together makes a dimer.
Monomerone + piece
Dimertwo + pieces
Glucose
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Polymers
Dehydration builds polymers.
Hydrolysis breaks polymers.water + breaking
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Test Your MemoryOn your index card, please name...
1) One example of a monomer, and where it can be found.
2) One example of a dimer, and where it can be found.
3) One example of a polymer, and where it can be found.
4) One example of a lipid, and where it can be found.
Discuss your guesses briefly with a neighbor.
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Lactose Intolerance
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide
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Lactase: A Protein
(Image Credit: chemicalconnection.org.uk)
Proteins are responsible for most chemical reactions in your body!
Proteins that drive chemical reactions are called enzymes.
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Explain!When people with lactose intolerance drink normal milk, they can get flatulence and indigestion.
However, drinking lactase-treated milk does not usually result in these symptoms.
On your index card, please explain why this is the case, discussing your answer with your neighbor.
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Proteins Do Almost Everything
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Protein Structure
Strands of the protein keratin.
Let’s zoom in even closer... what are these helices (corkscrews) made out of? What holds them together?
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Covalent and Hydrogen Bonds!
Monomers!
Proteins are polymers, like carbohydrates!
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What Makes Proteins Different from Each Other?
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Primary Structure: Proteins Are Amino Acid Polymers
(Chains)Imagine unfolding a protein chain…
You would be able to look at the individual monomers.
These monomers are amino acids.
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One Amino Acid Can Make a Big Difference!
Let’s zoom in even more… what are amino acids made of?
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Amino Acids
Amine functional group (has N)
Acidic functional group
Test yourself: Which part of the amino acid could come off in water to make an ion?
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Amino Acids Can Release H+
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Challenge Statement
“Human beings are made of acids.”
Agree or disagree?
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Assembling Proteins
Peptide bond = bond between amino acids
Polypeptide = many amino acid monomers! (Polymer)Why don’t we call amino acids “monopeptides?” Because they don’t have a peptide bond.(You can have a dipeptide, though.)
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Levels of Protein Structure
PrimarySecondary
Tertiary Quaternary
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What Causes Lactose Intolerance?
DNA’s function: Instructions to make proteins, such as lactase!
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Gene = Unit of Protein Coding
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Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)
Monomer of nucleic acid = nucleotide
Adenine
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The Double Helix
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Whew!