bio 11 manual revisions

Bio 11 Manual Revisions

Zoology

Overview

Current Design: Lab

Flow of Topics: Original

Laboratory No. of Hours Lecture No. of Hours

Types of Tissues (Z20) 3 Levels of Organization

Animal Organ Microanatomy (Z21) 3 Types of Animal Tissues

Animal Forms (Z1) 1.5 Animal Body Plans

Animal Integuments (Z2) 1.5 Animal Integuments

The Skeleton (Z3) 3 Skeletal System

Muscular System (Z4) 3 Muscular System

Locomotion (Z5) 1.5 Locomotion

Digestion and Nutrition

Gas Exchange

Total 16.5

Flow of Topics: Revised

Laboratory No. of Hours Lecture No. of Hours

Types of Tissues (Z20) 3 Levels of Organization

Animal Forms (Z1) 1.5 Types of Animal Tissues

Animal Integuments (Z2) 1.5 Animal Body Plans

The Skeleton (Z3) 3 Animal Integuments

Muscular System (Z4) 3 Skeletal System

Locomotion (Z5) 1.5 Muscular System

Digestive System (Z6) 1.5 Locomotion

Respiratory System (Z7) 1.5 Digestion and Nutrition

Gas Exchange

Total 16.5

Types of Animal Tissues (Exercise Z20)Objective/s: none specified

Laboratory:• Epithelial Tissue• Muscular• Supporting and Connective• Vascular• Nervous

Lecture:• Levels of Organization• Epithelial• Connective• Muscular• Nervous

Types of Animal Tissues

Part 1. Epithelial Tissue• “Observe the flattened, closely fitted cells that form the protective lining of the [human]

cheek.” (p. 39, par. 7)

• “Observe the tile-like flattened cells [scraped from the skin of the preserved toad] under both [LPO] and [HPO].” (p. 39, par. 8)

• “Observe the movement of the ciliated cells [scraped from the roof of the mouth of the live frog].” (p. 39, par. 9)

• “Look for examples of [cuboidal and columnar epithelia] during the study of the microscopic anatomy of the organs.” (p. 40, par. 1)

• “Look for sample of glandular epithelia during the study of the microscopic anatomy of the organs.” (p. 40, par. 4)


Part 2. Muscular Tissue• “Study the cross section of a vertebrate intestine or stomach under HPO (Plate 32, Fig 1),

and observe the layer of spindle-shaped cells that lie next to the tunica serosa.” (p. 40, par. 7)

• “How is syncytium brought about in muscle cells?” (p. 40, par. 9)

• “Cut out a tiny piece of muscle from the preserved frog’s gastrocnemius... Observe the strations and other properties of the muscle fiber under both LPO and HPO.” (p. 40, par. 10)

• “Mount a prepared slide of muscle… Compare with the fresh mount.” (p. 41, par. 1)

• “Obtain a stained preparation of cardiac or heart muscle... Look for… structures noted in skeletal muscle. Observe the intercalated discs[,] which are...” (p. 41, par. 2)


Part 3. Supporting and Connective Tissue• “From a frog, cut out and mount on a glass slide a piece of the membrane that

attaches the skin to the underlying muscle to observe loose ordinary muscle tissue. Drop a little methylene blue under the cover slip and examine the preparation…. Observe the collagenous fibers that constitute the dermis.” (p. 41, par. 4)

• “Give examples of each kind of [cartilage]. Obtain a prepared slide of hyaline cartilage and examine it under the microscope. Identify…” (p. 41, par. 5)

• “Obtain a permanent slide of the cross-section of a long bone… Why [are osteocytes not shown in bone specimens prepared using the grinding method]?” (p. 41, par. 6)

• “Observe the arrangement of the bone cells around the Haversian canal. Notice also that…” (p. 41, par. 6)


Part 4. Vascular (Blood) Tissue• “Blood is also considered as belonging to the connective tissue group. Explain.” (p. 41, par.

7)

• “Study… a preparation of frog’s blood… Select an area… Note… What is the function of the erythrocytes” (p. 42, par. 1)

• “Observe a few WBC, what are their functions?” (p. 42, par. 2)

• “Identify the leucocytes.” (p. 42, par. 4)

Part 5. Nervous Tissue• “Place a small piece of spinal nerve… on a glass slide… Tease with a pair of needles ….

Focus on an isolate nerve fiber… Observe the axis cylinder…“ (p. 42, par. 9)

Microanatomy of Frog Organs (Exercise Z21)Objective/s:

Laboratory:• Skin c.s.• Liver c.s.• Small intestine c.s.• Stomach c.s.• Kidney c.s.• Spinal Cord c.s.

Lecture:• No lectures with the same organization• Skin – Integumentary System• Small Intestine and Stomach –

Digestion and Nutrition• Kidney – Osmoregulation and Excretion• Spinal Cord – Nervous System • Liver – not included in lectures

Microanatomy of Frog Organs

Part 1. Skin• “Examine a prepared slide of a section of the skin… Locate the different layers or strata of the

epidermis and dermis.” (p. 43. par. 2)• “What is [the chromatophores’] primary function? Look for cutaneous glands… What are their

secretions?... Look for blood capillaries and lymph spaces in [the stratum laxum].” (p. 43, par. 5)

Part 2. Liver• “Examine a stained slide of the frog’s liver… Look for sections of large blood vessels…” (p. 44, par. 1)

Part 3. Intestine• “What do the goblet cells secrete?” (p. 44. par. 3)• “Identify sections of blood vessels and lymph spaces in [the tunica submucosa].” (p. 44, par. 4)• “What is mesothelium?” (p. 44, par. 6)


Part 4. Stomach• “Compare the different layers of the intestine and the stomach…” (p. 44, par. 7)• “Study the thick tunica mucosa… Identify the neck and body… What do the neck cells

secrete? What do the zymogenic and parietal cells secrete? What is the function of these secretions?” (p. 44-45, par. 8)

• “What is the function of the muscularis mucosa?” (p. 45, par. 1)• “What is the importance of the [tunica muscularis]?” (p. 45, par. 3)

Part 5. Kidney• “Is the adrenal gland part of the kidney?” (p. 45. par. 6)• “Observe the simple squamous epithelium making the Bowman’s capsule.” (p. 45, par. 7)• “How do you distinguish sections of veins from arteries?” (p. 45, par. 9)


Part 6. Spinal Cord

• “Study under the microscope a prepared slide of the spinal cord.” (p. 46, par. 1)

• “Identify the gray matter and note… What is found in the central canal?” (p. 46, par. 2)

• “Observe the single large nucleolus within the nucleus [of the motor cell]. What is the shape of the motor cells? What is a motor neuron? What is a multipolar neuron?” (p. 46, par. 3)

• “Focus again under low power… Does your specimen still have the dura mater?” (p. 46, par. 4)

• “Identify the dorsal and ventral fissures… invaginations of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cord.” (p. 46, par. 5)

Animal Forms (Exercise Z1)

Laboratory:• Symmetry• Segmentation• Regionalization• Appendages

Lecture:• Symmetry• Segmentation

Objective/s: “to introduce… basic morphological concepts without going into

classification of taxonomic aspects.” (p. 2, par. 1)

Animal Forms

Part 1. Introduction to Animal Forms• “Make a comparison of various animals representing the major phyla. Record

your observations in Table 1.” (p. 2, par. 3)

Part 2. External Anatomy of the Frog• Description of frog body parts, with no instructions mentioned to identify them

in the specimen.• “Note the proportion of the parts and the structural peculiarities of each.”

(p. 2, par. 4)• “Make a table comparing fish, frog and man with respect to their body

divisions.” (p. 2, par. 8)

Animal Integuments (Exercise Z2)

Objective/s: none specifiedLaboratory:• Epithelium, cuticle• Mantle• Arthropod “rigid integument”• Skin

Lecture:• Types of integument

• Plasma membrane• Epidermis (earthworm, mollusk,

arthropods)• Skin

• Integumentary Derivatives• Animal Coloration

Instructions: “Determine the integument of the animals which the laboratory instructor will present to the class[,] and fill up Table 2.” (p. 3, par. 2)

Skeletal System (Exercise Z3)Objective/s: none specified

Laboratory:• Exoskeletons

• Invertebrate: Corals; mollusk shells; arthropod “exoskeleton is chitinous”

• Vertebrate: Turtle shell, fish scales, reptile horny shields; plumage, pelage, nails, horns, etc.

• Endoskeleton• Pen, test• Bone, cartilage and ligament• Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Lecture:• Functions• Hydrostatic Skeleton• Rigid Skeleton

• Exoskeleton: Mollusks and arthropods• Endoskeleton: Notochord, cartilage,

bone

• Bone Growth and Renewal• Human Skeletal System

• Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Skeletal System

Part 1. Exoskeletons• “Examine a stony coral closely. Note the minute holes in which the

hydra like animals retreat in life.” (p. 3, par. 4)

Part 2. Endoskeletons• “Why are [cuttlefish pens] placed in cages of pet birds?” (p. 3, par. 9)

Skeletal SystemPart 3. The Frog Skeletal System3.1 Overview• “Notice how the arm bone fits [the pectoral girdle] on in its ventro-lateral aspect.” (p. 4, par.

2)• “Notice how the hindlimb bones fit on the sides of the [pectoral girdle].” (p. 4, par. 3)

3.2 Skull and Lower Jaw

• “Examine the dorsal side [of the skull].” (p. 4, par. 5)• “Compare the lower jaw, or mandible, with the upper jaw.” (p. 4, par. 7)

3.4 Pectoral Girdle… • “What are the advantages of such structural arrangement? [Re: the human sternum]” (p. 5,

par. 4)

Skeletal System

Part 4. Activities• “4.1 In tabular form (Table 3), state the kind of skeleton present in the various animals given by

the instructor” (p. 6, par. 1)

• “4.2 Construct a Table (Table 4), showing the corresponding bones of the forelimb and hindlimb series.” (p. 6, par. 2)

• “4.3 Compare the atypical vertebrae with a typical vertebra by completing Table 5. Indicate the presence of structure by a plus (+) sign and absence by a minus (-) sign. If a structure is partially present, use the symbol ± and state your reason below.” (p. 6, par. 3)

Muscular System, Motion and Locomotion (Exercises Z4 and Z5)Objective/s: none specified

Laboratory:• Classification and parts of

vertebrate muscle; Muscle action• Axial Musculature• Appendicular Musculature• Locomotion of Invertebrates:

Planaria, Snail, Earthworm• Locomotion of Vertebrates

Lecture:• Amoeboid and flagellar

movement• Muscular movement• Bivalve, insect, human

• Mechanism: Sliding filament, muscular innervation• Slow and fast fibers

Muscular System

• “Make incisions on the skin of the frog and carefully remove the whole skin from the body.” (p. 6, par. 8)• “Examine the thigh ventrally.” (p. 8, par 1)• “Loosen the tendon [of Achilles] by rupturing the fascia enveloping the foot. What

are the functions of the gastrocnemius?” (p. 8, par. 2)• “Push the ventral portion of the gastrocnemius away from the tibio-fibula.” (p. 8,

par. 2)

Motion and Locomotion

Part 1. Locomotion in Planaria• Observe [looping, locomotory waves] and other locomotor movements in

Dugesia.” (p. 9, par. 1)

Part 2. Locomotion in Gastropods• “Obtain a snail or garden slug… Observe the locomotion of the snail or slug and

describe the mechanics of pedal locomotion. How does it differ from the creeping mode of locomotion in [planarians]?” (p. 9, par. 2-3)

Motion and Locomotion

Part 3. Locomotion in Earthworms• “Observe closely an earthworm in contraction. Note the cycle of contraction of

the circular and longitudinal muscle fibers and the changes in shape of the segments. How does the earthworm anchor itself onto the substratum?” (p. 9, par. 5)

Part 4. Locomotion in the Vertebrates• “Observe this kind of motion[, undulatory swimming,] in fishes in the aquarium”

(p. 10, par. 6)• “Classify the following animals as to their mode of locomotion: python, house

lizard, eel, common from, duck, chicken, mouse, chimpanzee, horse, dove, tortoise.” (p. 10, par. 8).

Digestive System (Exercise Z6)Objective/s: none specified

Laboratory:• Incomplete Type• Complete Type

Lecture:• Nutritional modes and dietary

types• Feeding adaptations• Types of Digestive System• Stages of Food Processing• Regulation of Digestion• Nutritional Requirements

Respiratory System (Exercise Z8)Objective/s: none specified

Laboratory:• Epithelium• Tracheal System• Gills• Toad Respiratory System

Lecture:• Respiratory Surfaces and Organs• Tracheal system• Gills (internal, external)• Lungs

• Respiratory Pigments• Regulation of Breathing

Excretory System (Exercise Z8)Objective/s: none specified

Laboratory:• Epithelium• Tracheal System• Gills• Toad Respiratory System

Lecture:• Respiratory Surfaces and Organs• Tracheal system• Gills (internal, external)• Lungs

• Respiratory Pigments• Regulation of Breathing

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