bio 2 chapter 30 - bones and muscles
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
PowerPoint Lectures forCampbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh EditionReece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
Chapter 30Chapter 30 How Animals Move
![Page 2: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Figure 30.0_1Chapter 30: Big Ideas
Movement andLocomotion
The Vertebrate Skeleton
Muscle Contractionand Movement
![Page 3: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Skeletons provide
– body support,
– movement by working with muscles, and
– protection of internal organs.
There are three main types of animal skeletons:
– hydrostatic skeletons,
– exoskeletons, and
– endoskeletons.
30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 4: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. Hydrostatic skeletons are
– fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment and
– found in worms and cnidarians.
– Hydrostatic skeletons
– help protect other body parts by cushioning them from shocks,
– give the body shape, and
– provide support for muscle action.
30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 5: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2. Exoskeletons are rigid external skeletons that consist of
– chitin and protein in arthropods and
– calcium carbonate shells in molluscs.
– Exoskeletons must be shed to permit growth.
30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 6: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3. Endoskeletons consist of hard or leathery supporting elements situated among the soft tissues of an animal. They may be made of
– cartilage or cartilage and bone (vertebrates),
– spicules (sponges), or
– hard plates (echinoderms).
30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 7: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The vertebrate skeletal system provides
– structural support
– means of locomotion
30.3 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 8: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bones of the Human Body
•The adult skeleton has 206 bones
•Two basic types of bone tissue
•Compact bone
•Homogeneous
•Spongy bone
•Small needle-like pieces of bone
•Many open spaces
![Page 9: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Figure 5.1
Spongybone
Compactbone
![Page 10: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Classification of Bones
•Bones are classified by shape•Long bones• Typically longer than they are wide• Shaft with heads situated at both ends• Contain mostly compact bone• All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist,
ankle, and kneecap bones)• Example:• Femur• Humerus
![Page 11: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Figure 5.2a
![Page 12: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Figure 5.3a
Distalepiphysis
Diaphysis
Proximalepiphysis
Articularcartilage
Spongy bone
EpiphyseallinePeriosteum
Compact boneMedullarycavity (linedby endosteum)
(a)
![Page 13: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Types of Bone Cells
•Osteocytes—mature bone cells
•Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells
•Osteoclasts—giant bone-destroying cells
• Bone cells• live in a matrix of flexible protein fibers and hard
calcium salts and• are kept alive by blood vessels, hormones, and
nerves.
![Page 14: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Lamella
Osteocyte
Figure 5.4b
CanaliculusLacunaCentral (Haversian) canal
(b)
![Page 15: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Anatomy of a Long Bone
•Epiphyseal plate
•Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone
•Epiphyseal line
•Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
•Seen in adult bones
![Page 16: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Figure 5.3a
Distalepiphysis
Diaphysis
Proximalepiphysis
Articularcartilage
Spongy bone
EpiphyseallinePeriosteum
Compact boneMedullarycavity (linedby endosteum)
(a)
![Page 17: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The human skeleton consists of an
– axial skeleton
– that supports the axis or trunk of the body and
– consists of the skull, vertebrae, and ribs and
– appendicular skeleton
– that includes the appendages and the bones that anchor the appendage and
– consists of the arms, legs, shoulders, and pelvic girdles.
30.3 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 18: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Figure 30.3A
Skull
SternumRibs
Vertebra
Clavicle
ScapulaPectoralgirdle
Humerus
RadiusUlna
Pelvic girdle
Carpals
PhalangesMetacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges
Mandible
xiphoid process
![Page 19: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 5.8b(b) Posterior view
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Carpals
RadiusUlna
Vertebra
Humerus
Rib
Scapula
Clavicle
Cranium
Bones ofpectoralgirdle
Upperlimb
Bones ofpelvicgirdle
Lowerlimb
![Page 20: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cartilage at the ends of bones
– cushions joints and
– reduces friction of movements.
30.4 Bones are complex living organs
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
Articularcartilage
![Page 22: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Long bones have
– a central cavity storing fatty yellow bone marrow
– spongy bone located at the ends of bones containing red bone marrow, that produces blood cells.
30.4 Bones are complex living organs
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 23: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Osteoporosis is
– a bone disease,
– characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration, and
– less likely if a person
– has high levels of calcium in the diet,
– exercises regularly, and
– does not smoke.
30.5 CONNECTION: Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 24: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
30.6 Joints permit different types of movement
Joints allow limited movement of bones.
Different joints permit various movements.
– Ball-and-socket joints enable rotation in the arms and legs.
– Hinge joints in the elbows and knees permit movement in a single plane.
– Pivot joints enable the rotation of the forearm at the elbow.
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 25: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Figure 30.6
Headof humerus
Humerus
Scapula
Ulna
Ball-and-socket joint Hinge joint
Ulna
Pivot joint
Radius
![Page 26: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Muscles and bones interact to produce movement.
Muscles
– are connected to bones by tendons
– can only contract, requiring an antagonistic muscle to reverse the action
– Example: Flexion of forearm – biceps brachii, extension of forearm – triceps brachii
30.7 The skeleton and muscles interact in movement
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 27: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Figure 30.7A
Biceps contracted,triceps relaxed
Biceps
Triceps
TendonsTriceps
Biceps
Tricepscontracted,bicepsrelaxed
Flexion Extension
![Page 28: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Muscle fibers (skeletal muscle cells) are cells that consist of bundles of myofibrils
– are cylindrical,
– have many nuclei, and
– are oriented parallel to each other.
Myofibrils contain sacromeres
– thick filaments composed primarily of the protein myosin
– thin filaments composed primarily of the protein actin.
30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 29: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Figure 6.3a
Sarcolemma
Myofibril
Dark(A) band
Light(I) band
Nucleus
(a) Segment of a muscle fiber (cell)
![Page 30: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Sarcomeres are
– repeating groups of overlapping thick and thin filaments
– the contractile unit—the fundamental unit of muscle action.
30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 31: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Figure 30.8
Muscle
Several muscle fibers
Single muscle fiber(cell)
Plasma membrane
Nuclei
Myofibril
Lightband
Darkband
Lightband
Z line
Sarcomere
SarcomereZ lineZ line
Thickfilaments(myosin)
Thinfilaments(actin)
![Page 32: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Figure 30.8_3
SarcomereZ lineZ line
Thickfilaments(myosin)
Thinfilaments(actin)
Lightband
Darkband
Lightband
Z line
Sarcomere
![Page 33: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
According to the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction, a sarcomere contracts (shortens) when its thin filaments slide across its thick filaments.
– Contraction shortens the sarcomere without changing the lengths of the thick and thin filaments.
– When the muscle is fully contracted, the thin filaments overlap in the middle of the sarcomere.
30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide along thick filaments
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 34: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Figure 6.7a–b
Myosin Actin
Z H
I
Z
A I
(a)
(b)
Z
I A I
Z
Relaxed
Contracted
![Page 35: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
A motor neuron
– carries an action potential to a muscle cell,
– releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) from its synaptic terminal, and
– initiates a muscle contraction.
30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 36: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Figure 6.5
![Page 37: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
A motor unit consists of
– a neuron and
– the set of muscle fibers it controls.
More forceful muscle contractions result when additional motor units are activated.
30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction
© 2012 Parson Education, Inc.
![Page 38: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Figure 30.10CSpinal cord
Motor neuroncell body
Nerve
Motor neuronaxon
Synapticterminals
Muscle
Tendon
Muscle fibers(cells)
Nuclei
Bone
Motorunit 1
Motorunit 2
![Page 39: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Facial
• Masseter
Shoulder
• Trapezius
• Deltoid
Arm• Triceps brachii• Biceps brachii
Forearm• Brachioradialis
Thigh (Quadriceps)• Rectus femoris• Vastus lateralis• Vastus medialis
Facial
• Orbicularis oculi
• Orbicularis oris
Neck• Sternocleidomastoid
Thorax• Pectoralis major
Abdomen
• Rectus abdominis
• External oblique• Internal oblique
Leg• Gastrocnemius
![Page 40: Bio 2 Chapter 30 - Bones and Muscles](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/5456b54faf79590d0d8b6edc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Arm• Triceps brachii
Leg
• Gastrocnemius
Calcaneal(Achilles)tendon
Neck
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Trapezius
Shoulder/Back
• Deltoid
• Latissimus dorsi
Hip• Gluteus medius
• Gluteus maximus
Thigh
• Hamstrings:Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus