bio 331 - ch 1 - filled-in intro

8/14/2019 BIO 331 - Ch 1 - Filled-In Intro

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An Introduction

to Anatomy &

Physiology

Chapter 1

BIO 331: Human A & P

Dr. Molly OShaughnessy


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Vesalius

1514 - 1564


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The Sciences of Anatomy and

Physiology ____________

the study of internal and external structures

and the physical relationships among bodyparts

____________

the study of how living organisms performtheir vital functions

All specific functions are performed by

specific structures

anatomy

physiology


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The Sciences of Anatomy and

Physiology continued Microscopic Anatomy

______________: the study of the internal

structure of individual cells

______________: the study of tissues, or

groups of specialized cells that work

together Gross Anatomy

regional anatomy

systemic anatomy

cytology

histology


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Levels of Organization

Molecular level

Cellular level Tissue level

Organ level

Organ systemlevel

Organism


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Integumentary System

Protects against

environmentalhazards

helps control

body temperature


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Skeletal System

support

protection of soft

tissues

mineral storage

blood formation


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Muscular System

locomotion

provides support

controls entrances

and exits

heat production


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Nervous System

Directs immediate

responses to

stimuli, generallyby coordinating

the activities of

other organsystems


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Endocrine System

Directs long-term

changes in theactivities of other

organ systems

maintainshomeostasis via

specific hormones


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Cardiovascular System

transports cells

transports dissolved

materials:

nutrients

wastes

gases

hormones, etc.

distributes heat


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Lymphatic System

Defends against

infection and

disease

returns tissue

fluid to thebloodstream


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Respiratory System

Delivers air to sites

of gas exchange

provides O2tobloodstream

removes CO2from

bloodstream

produces sounds for

communication


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Digestive System

processes and

digests food

absorbs

nutrients

minerals

vitamins

water


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Urinary System

Eliminates excess

water, salts, and

waste products (homeostasis

regulation)

major influence onblood pressure

helps maintain pH


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Reproductive System

Produces gametes

(sperm and oocytes)

produces hormones


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Homeostasis and System

Integration

Homeostasisis the maintenance of a

relatively stable internal environment

normal RANGE organ systems are interdependent,

interconnected, and packaged together

in a relatively small space

a variety of physiological mechanisms

act to prevent potentially disruptive

changes in the internal environment


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Mechanisms Involved in

Homeostatic Regulation Autoregulation: automatic adjustments that

occur in direct response to local changes

Extrinsic regulation: adjustments that occur in

response to the nervous or endocrine systems

______________ performs crisis management by

directing rapid, short-term, and very specificresponses

_______________ releases chemical messengers

(hormones) whose effects might not be immediately

apparent but often persist for days or weeks

nervous

endocrine


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How do Extrinsic Homeostatic

Regulatory Mechanisms Work? ____________:

a sensor that is sensitive to a particular

environmental change or stimulus _____________________:

receives and processes the information

supplied by the receptor ____________:

a cell or organ that responds to the

commands of the control center

receptor

control or integration center

effector


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Body Temperature

Homeostasis


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Negative Feedback

a variation away from the ideal value

triggers an automatic response that

corrects the situation

the effectors activated by the control

center either oppose or eliminate the

stimulus

this is a dynamic process which

maintains a normal range, rather than a

fixed value


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Negative Feedback Loop


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Positive Feedback

In positive feedback, the initial stimulus

produces a response that exaggerates

or enhances its effects

not as common

example:


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Positive Feedback Loop


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Anatomical Landmarks and

Regions

Anatomical position: standing

position, looking straight ahead witharms at sides and palms facing forward

__________ - lying face up __________ - lying face down

supineprone


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Anatomic Planes

Transverse plane:

_________ (above)

_________ (below)

Frontal plane:

_________ (front)

_________ (behind)

Sagittal plane:

_________ (sides)

superior

inferior

anterior

posterior

R & L


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Sequential Transverse

Sections


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Anatomic Directions

Anterior - Posterior

Ventral - Dorsal

Inferior - Superior

Cranial - Caudal

Proximal - Distal

Lateral - Medial

Superficial - Deep


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Abdominopelvic Regions

R. hypochondriac

Epigastric region

L. hypochondriac

R. lumbar region

Umbilical region

L. lumbar region

R. iliac region

Hypogastric region

L. iliac region


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Body Cavities

Dorsal Body Cavity:

_________ cavity

_________ cavity

Ventral Body Cavity:

_________ cavity

_____________ cavity

abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity

cranial

spinal

thoracic

abdominopelvic


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Thoracic Cavity

R. Pleural cavity

Mediastinum

Pericardial cavity

L. Pleural cavity


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Anatomical Landmarks

Matching

head

skull

forehead eye

ear

cheek

nose

mouth

chin

aural or otic

buccal

cephalic cranial

frontal

mental

nasal

oral

orbital


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More Matching

armpit

upper arm

front of elbow

forearm

wrist

palm

thumb

fingers

hand

antebrachial

antecubital

axillary

brachial

carpal

digits

manus

palmar

pollex


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Even More Matching

neck

chest

breast belly

belly button / navel

shoulder back

loin

abdomen

acromial

cervical dorsum

lumbar

mammary thorax

umbilicus


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Almost Done Matching

hips

buttocks

groin

thigh

leg

back of knee

ankle

foot

sole of foot

crus

femoral

gluteus

inguinal

pelvis

pes or pedal

plantar

popliteal

tarsus

bio 331 - ch 1 - filled-in intro

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