Bio 9A: Friday, 2.26.10Title: RNA Structure and Function

Homework: Read pages 302-306 in the textbook. Take active reading notes, paying attention

to important vocabulary terms and to the following purpose questions: How does the genetic code work? What are the steps of translation?

Do Now: How is the function of RNA different from the function of

DNA?

Today’s Objectives: Describe the major structural differences between DNA and

RNA Differentiate between structure and function differences

between the types of RNA

GENE EXPRESSION:USING DNA TO MAKE PROTEINS

PHA Biology 9Moretti and Dickson

Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins

DNA RNA Protein

Trait

A DAY IN THE LIFE OF THE CELL

Ribosome

s

::

Blo

od

S

tr

ea

m:

:

Cytoplasm

Vesicles

(“bubbles” that

transport

proteins)

Nucleu

s

DNA

(Holds genetic information)

RNA

(Copies genetic from DNA and carries it to the Ribosome to make

proteins)

Protein could go to membrane to be released into blood stream

Golgi

Apparatu

s

(Modifies and shapes the protein)Protein

being formed

at Ribosom

e

Cell

Mem

bra

ne

(transport

s and

packages

proteins)

E.R.

Released in

to blood

stream and use

d as

hormone or o

ther

bodily st

ructu

re

ProteinRibosome

RNA

Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins

DNA RNA Protein

Trait• Stays in the

nucleus• Copies itself and

gets passed on to new cells

• Holds instructions for making proteins

• Observable characteristic

• Made in the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm

• Uses DNA instructions to make proteins

• Used as body structures (muscle, bone, skin, hair), enzymes, transporters, hormones, etc.

RNA Structure:How is RNA different from DNA?

Double strand Bases: A, T, G, C Deoxyribose

Single strand (can form different shapes)

U instead of T (A, U, G, C)

Ribose sugar

DNA RNA

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

RNA Structure: Base Pairing

4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA: Adenine Guanine Uracil Cytosine

DNA RNA Base Pairing:A ---- UT ---- AC ---- GG ---- C

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

Three Types of RNA:

mRNA = messenger RNA tRNA = transfer RNA rRNA = ribosomal RNA

Basic Structure: Single Strand of RNA Small enough to leave

the nucleus. DNA is too big!

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

Basic Function Make a copy of DNA

instructions to make a protein Takes instructions to Ribosome Every 3 bases is a Codon

(info for one amino acid)

Basic Structure: Coiled RNA strand (3-leaf clover) Amino Acid attached to the top Anti-codon on the bottom

Basic Function: Transfer amino acids to the

ribosome to make a protein Anti-codon on tRNA

matches/ reads codon on mRNA

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Basic Structure: RNA strand

twisted/coiled up to form a ribosome

Basic Function: Acts like an enzyme to

bond amino acids together into long chains (proteins!)

Bio 9A: Tuesday, 3.2.10Title: Transcription & Translation

Homework: Write 2 paragraphs explaining transcription & translation. For each

process, explain: The purpose Where it takes place The steps and materials involved The end result

Do Now: What is the difference between transcription &

translation?

Today’s Objective: Describe the purpose and steps of transcription and

translation

Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins

DNA RNA Protein

Trait

Transcription: The process of making RNA by copying DNA

Translation: The process of using info in RNA to make proteins

Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Transcription:

mRNA (the orange strand)

DNA (the red & green strands)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

Overview: A DNA gene is copied in the form of

mRNA Occurs in the nucleus

Steps: 1. RNA Polymerase separates (unzips)

DNA strands2. RNA Polymerase makes RNA by

matching complementary nucleotides with the DNA strand

3. mRNA leaves nucleus and DNA winds back up!

Final Result: mRNA copy of a gene

mRNA

Objectives for Class:• Describe

Transcription Details

Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Video link: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg

Review: 3 Types of RNA

Type of RNA Basic Function

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Carry a copy of protein-making instructions to the ribosome

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Carry amino acid to the ribosome

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Part of the ribosome (helps bond amino acids together)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

t RNA

mRNA

t RNA

Ribosom

e

Codons & AntiCodons

Codon 3 base sequence on

mRNA that specifies a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide (protein)

Anticodon 3 base sequence

on tRNA that are complimentary to the mRNA codon

Objectives for Class:• Describe

Polypep

tide

Anticodon

Codon

Amino Acid

Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

The Genetic Code

The 64 Codons that code for Amino Acids

Objectives for Class:• DescribeObjectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Transcription & Translation

Objectives for Class:• Describe

Transcription

Translation

Transcription and Translation: Video

Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Transcription and Translation Video: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg

Translation Details Overview:

The gene sequence in mRNA is translated into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein

Occurs at the ribosome

Steps: 1. mRNA enters the ribosome2. tRNA molecules bring amino acids to

the ribosome 3. tRNA anticodons match with mRNA

codons to put amino acids in the right order According to the Genetic Code

4. Ribosome connects the amino acids into a long chain

Final Result: A polypeptide (protein)Objectives for Class:• DescribeObjectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Translation

Objectives for Class:• DescribeObjectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

mRNA strand

Growing protein chain

Ribosome

Bio 9A: Thursday, 3.4.10Title: Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab

Homework: Complete Part I of the Genetic Mutations Activity

Do Now: Read the half sheet of paper and answer the

questions Sign into a computer and turn around with your back

to the computers to wait for your next instructions. Today’s Objectives:

Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.

Explore the effects of genetic mutations on proteins

Double Block

Today’s Agenda:

Period 6: Complete Part 1 of the Computer-Based Lab Begin Part 2 (on separate sheet of paper,

not using the computer) Period 7:

Move back to 102 Finish Part 2 of the Lab and hand it in Begin the Genetic Mutations packet – Finish

at least Part 1 by tomorrow at the beginning of class.

Objectives for Class:• Use the steps of transcription & translation to turn a DNA sequence into a protein• Explore the effects of genetic mutations on proteins

Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab

Transcription

Translation

Objectives for Class:• Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.

Procedure: Log onto

http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/ Scroll down to the middle of the homepage and click

on the link entitled “Are you ready to transcribe a DNA sequence and translate it into a protein?”

A DNA sequence should appear on the screen. Transcribe the DNA strand by entering the corresponding RNA bases for the original strand. The new mRNA strand will now appear on the screen.

Locate the “start” codon and click on it with your mouse. The mRNA sequence will now move to the top of the field and a flashing box will appear around the “start” codon.

Using the “Universal Genetic Code” to the right, find the amino acid that corresponds with the three-base mRNA codon. Click on the appropriate amino acid and drag it to the corresponding mRNA codon (signaled by the flashing box). Repeat until the mRNA sequence has been Translated.

Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part I as you complete the lab.

Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part II after the computer portion of the lab is completed.

Bio 9A: Friday, 3.5.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 1 – Types of Mutations

Homework: Analysis Questions on Genetic Mutations Packet – due

Monday Quiz next TUESDAY!

Do Now: (in your notebook) What is the definition of a mutation? How was your description of a genetic mutation

similar to what a mutation actually is?

Today’s Objective: Describe the major differences between

substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity: Part I Review

What is a Genetic Mutation? A change in the base-pair sequence of DNA

The three types of point mutations: substitution (switch one DNA nucleotide

for another) insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the

DNA sequence) deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the

DNA sequence)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Agenda for Class:

Finish Part II of the Genetic Mutations packet (by 2:45 pm)

If you finish early: Answer the Analysis Questions (this is the HW for

tonight) Work on something for another class Prepare for Tuesday’s quiz by…

Answering all questions on the review sheet Completing the practice multiple choice questionsTurning in either of these assignments, fully completed, will

count for a small extra HW grade. At 2:45 pm we will stop and have a class discussion

about the Genetic Mutations packet!Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II

Part II Review: Original DNA Sequence

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II Substitution Mutations

Original DNA Sequence

Substitution

Substitution/ Silent Mutation

Changes the Amino Acid

Does not Change the Amino AcidObjectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II Frame-Shift Mutations

Original DNA Sequence

Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide

Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide

Changes all Amino Acid after mutation

Changes all Amino Acid after mutation

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Bio 9A: Monday, 3.8.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 2 – Sickle Cell Case Study

Homework: Study for tomorrow’s QUIZ Start typing the background info section of your Sickle Cell Lab

Report (this section is due Thursday)

Do Now:1. Based on the Mutation packet analysis questions, what is a

FRAME-SHIFT mutation? Why is it called “frame-shift?”2. What do you know about sickle cell anemia? Brainstorm

anything you have heard, or could guess, about what this disease is.

Today’s Objective: Brainstorm and organize the background information

necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations

A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder Read through the Introduction to the lab. Watch 5 minute video on sickle cell disorder

PBS Evolution Library: A Mutation Story http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_0

2.html

In small groups brainstorm the Background Information needed for this lab You should have 2 parts:

1. General genetics background info

2. Info related to sickle cell anemia

Come back together as a class to brainstorm final listObjectives for Class:

• Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations

Background Information BrainstormGenetics Topics: •

Sickle Cell Topics:•

Bio 9B: Tuesday, 3.9.10Title: Quiz – Transcription, Translation, and Mutations

Homework: Type the Background Information section of your lab report

for Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school)

Do Now: Clear your desks and get ready to take the quiz…

Today’s Objective: Demonstrate your understanding of how the processes

of transcription and translation create proteins from the genetic code on DNA

Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.11.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 3 – Sickle Cell Case Study

Homework: Complete the Procedure, Analysis and Conclusion

sections of your lab report. Completed lab report with all sections is due tomorrow, Friday, at the start of class!!!!

Do Now:

Today’s Objective: Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene

and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia

Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell

gene and the normal gene by transcribing and translating them.

Compare the sickle cell gene to the normal gene

Complete the analysis and conclusion sections of the lab report.

Objectives for Class:• Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how

DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia• Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations

First Half of Double Block

Individual Work Time…

Two Options: 1. Type Analysis and Conclusion sections of lab

report and revise your other sections

2. Guided peer review of Background Information section

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations

Second Half of Double Block

Objectives for Class:• Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how

DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia• Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report