bio-diesel as alternative fuel (mod)

8/6/2019 BIO-DIESEL as Alternative Fuel (Mod)

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PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION

ONONBIOBIO--DIESEL.DIESEL.

By

ARVIND LAL, M.Sc.( Chemistry)

IRIMEE,JAMALPUR.

E-MAIL:- [email protected]


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BIO-DIESEL

What is

PROPERTIES.

ADVANTAGE.

SOCIAL FACTOR.

WHY ?

MANUFACTURE

RAILWAY PLANNER.

ENVIRONMENT

Engine performance.


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FORANY DEVELOPED COUNTRY IT MUST BE

REQUIRED TOFOLLOW ORTOACHIEVE ITS

4-E goals.

Energy Security.

Environment protection

Energy conservation.

Employment


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TO ACHIVE 4-E goals

& IMPROVE THE WORLD ECONOMY.

BIO-DIESELMAY BE THE HOPE FOR TODAY &

TOMORROW


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TWO STRATEGIES FOR VEGETABLE OIL HAVE BEEN

PERFORMED AND EVALUATED.

1. ADAPTATION OFENGINE TO THE FUEL.

2. ADAP

TATIO

NOF

THEFU

EL TO

THE ENGINE.( Much work has been done in this area)


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Alternate Fuels

The use of vegetable oilsThe use of vegetable oilsfor engine fuels may seemfor engine fuels may seem

insignificant today. Butinsignificant today. Butsuch oils may become insuch oils may become incourse of time as importantcourse of time as importantas petroleum and the coalas petroleum and the coal

tar products of the presenttar products of the presenttime.time.""

DR RUDOLF DIESEL

(1858 1913) 1912

Alternate Fuels


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CUMMINS ENGINES ON BIO-DIESEL

WE APPRECIATED THE BIO-DIESEL INITIATIVE TAKEN BY

IR, MEASURE COUNSUMER OF HSD OIL.

CUMMINS IS PROUD TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH IRS

JOURNEY TOWARDS ECONOMICAL OPERATION

USING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE SUCH AS BIO-

DIESEL.

EVALUATE THE BIODIESEL ON DEMU ON 27.05.05.


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FUEL DOES GROW ON TREES

DIESEL GROWSON TREES.

TIMESOF INDIA . 1ST JULY,2005.


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WHAT IS BIO-DIESEL ?

Biodiesel is a domestically produced,renewable fuel that can be manufactured fromvegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled

restaurant greases.

Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reducesserious air pollutants such as particulates,

carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and airtoxics.


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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE.

RURAL EMPLOYMENT.

SAVE FOREIGN EXCHANGE.

DECENTRALIZED AND INTEGRATED POWER

GENERATION.

BIO DEGRADABLE AND NON-TOXIC.

REDUCTION OF GREEN LAYER GASES AND POLLUTION.

TECHNICAL FESSIBILITY.

VALUABLE BY PRODUCT.

ADVANTAGES OF BIO-DIESEL


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IMPACT OF BIO-DIESEL

ON

ENVIRONMENT


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India will become third biggest CO2 emitter by 2015


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An unconvenient truth: global warming


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Our Competitors


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Rail and energyWhere is the truth?


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Attention on exhaust gas

emissionRails share ofemissionscomparably small(1-3 %),

but

Increasingattention on airquality from publicand authorities

NOx emissions from the transport sector,

EU25, 1990-2001:

Source: European Environment Agency, TERM 2003 03 EEA31


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Road performance improvement


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Benefits

According to the National Biodiesel Board, using a

B20 biodiesel fuel blend can reduce vehicle

emissions:

oUnburned hydrocarbons - 20% reduction

oCarbon monoxide - 12% reduction

oParticulate matter - 12% reduction


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CO2 Cycle

Refining

Fossil CO2Release to Atmosphere

Petro Diesel BIODIESEL

Oil Crops

Potential CO2Neutral

Technology

Exploration


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Environmental Concerns

Emission Reduction (%)

CO 67

Hydrocarbon 30

Particulate Matter 68

SOOT 50

Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons(PAH)

85

CO2 100

NOX +/-2--6

SO2 80-100

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS


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Advantages of Biodiesel PM,HC,CO reduction

Analysis fr PA420-P-02-001, O t b r 2002

EPA analysis:data from many

studies

engine models

through 1997

NOxNo change for B5

2% up for B20

10% up for B100

PM

5% down for B512% down for B20

48% down for B100


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Biodiesel is domestically produced, so its use helpsreduce the nation's dependence on imported oil and can

help boost the agricultural sector of the economy.

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from domestically

grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed. Biodiesel

can also be produced from recycled cooking grease.

* When using biodiesel, lubricity is improved over

conventional diesel fuel.


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IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION.


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PONGAMMIA TREE


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PONGAMMIA TREE WITH FRUITS


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PONGAMIA PINNATA KARANJIA/ HONGE TREE


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JETROPHA CURCAS PLANT

JATROPHA CURCASAS ENERGYPLANT


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JATROPHA THE ANSWER?

Oil extracted from seeds of Karanj tree in Karnataka and seeds of

Jatropha bush grown in Gujarat when filtered & refined produce fuel

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, Ratanjyot, wild castor) thrives on any type

of soil

Needs minimal inputs Can survive long periods of drought

Rapid growth; forms a thick live hedge after only 9 months of

planting

Yield from the 3rd year onwards and continues for 25-30 years

Yield from established plantations in Brazil, 1.5 to 2.3 tons per

Hectare

The meal after extraction an excellent organic manure (38% protein,

N:P:K ratio 2.7:1.2:1)

JATROPHA THE ANSWER?


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Manufacture of Bio-diesel:

Conversion of the of long chain fatty acids of the oil in to

mono alkyl ester is called trans-esterification, which forms

the basis for the production of Bio-diesel.

Many technologies are currently available and used in theindustrial production of Bio-diesel.

Fatty acids available in the oil reacts with Methanol in

presence of a catalyst acid or base to yield Glycerine and

Methyl esters.


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BASIC REACTION

CH2COOR

|

CHCOOR

|

CH2COOR

3 ROH

Catalyst

CH2OH

|

CHOH

|

CH2OH

R'COOR

+

R''COOR

+

R'''COOR

Oil Alcohol NaOH/KOH

Glycerin

R, R and R indicates the fatty

acids chain associated withoils.

BIODIESEL

BASIC CHEMICAL REACTION.


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PROCESS VARIABLES IN TRANS-ESTERIFICATION.

Conditioning of vegetable oils

Oil temperature.

Reaction temperature.

Ratio to alcohal to oil

Types of catalyst and concentration

Intensity of mixing

Purity of reactants.

Glycerin neutralization.

Methyl ester wash.

Removal of water.


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BIO-DIESEL in IRSome trains & Road vehicle are

already run on blended Bio-diesel in

IR.

Supported of Bio-diesel.


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Jatropha Plantation in LW/PER


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Jatropha plantation

at Diesel Loco shed Tondiarpet.


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Jatropha plantation on track side

Bodinayakkanur. S.Rly


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Jatropha plantation at Bangalore

Railway premises


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BioBio--diesel productiondiesel production

Loco works, S.Rly, Perambur, Chennai took the

lead for Indian Railways in succeeding to produce

biodiesel as under

In a 150 litre capacity pilot plant with in housetechnology and efforts and

Presently in a production plant of300 litres

capacity


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Work done in diesel shed

shakurbastiPlant has been tested successfully and

can produce 200 lt of bio-desel from

the waste vegetable oil obtained free ofcoast from star hotel


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BIO-DIESEL PLANT SET UPAT IRIMEE.


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Fuel PropertiesThe fuel properties of raw karanja, bio-diesel obtained fromkaranja oil and their blends with varying proportion from 20% to

80% by volume (B20, B40, B60, B80) were determined as per the

test code prescribed by the various ASTM standards.

The measured properties are presented in table .

The kinematic viscosity of karanja oil was found to be 10.7

times more than that of diesel when determined at 40rC. After

esterification, the kinematic viscosity reduced to 2.1 times only. It

further reduced with increase in diesel amount in the blend.

Similar reduction in specific gravity was also observed.


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The calorific value of karanja was found to be 36.12

MJ/kg and is less than the calorific value of diesel (42.2

MJ/kg) but greater than that of pure oil.

As the percentage of bio-diesel in the blends increased, the

calorific value decreased.

Flash point of karanja and its bio-diesel were found to be

greater than 100r C which is safe for storage and handling.

Fuel Properties


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FUEL PROPERTIES OF KARANJA OIL, ITS

BIO-DIESEL AND BLENDS WITH DIESELFuel properties Karanja

oil

Karanja

bio-diesel

B100

B80 B60 B40 B20 Diesel Bio-diesel

standards

ASTM

Sp. Gravity 0.912 0.876 0.869 0.864 0.856 0.848 0.842 -

Kinematic

viscosity, cst

27.84 9.6 6.56 5.42 4.63 3.39 2.601 1.9-6.0

Calorific value

MJ/kg

34.0 36.12 36.47 37.25 37.85 38.28 42.21

Flash point rC 205 187 92 84 81 79 52 >130

Pour point rC 6 4 2.5 1.1 0.5 0 -4

Water content % 0.5 0.05 - - - - -


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Problem Areas

Biodiesel has strong solvent properties

Natural rubber and soft plastics especially vulnerable

Problem substantially reduced for the B20 blend

The only hose and gasket material that is truly resistantto biodiesel is Viton

Biodiesel Blends > 30%

Free fatty acids formed during combustion can harm the fuelinjection pumps

Low temperature performance can be a problem the pour point of the ester is higher

Emission of N0x may be higher

Because of the higher oxygen content in bio diesel

PROBLEMAREAS


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Problem Areas

Viscosity of bio-diesel is higher than petro diesel

Injection pressure in HP tube increases significantly with

viscosity. It is therefore essential to control the viscosity

limit while producing bio-diesel.

PROBLEMAREAS


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Engine Performance

The bio-diesel (B100) and its blends (B20, B40, B60 & B80)were used to test in a single cylinder, 4-stroke, DI, watercooled diesel engine having a rated output of 7.5 KW at3000 rpm with a compression ratio of 16:1. The engine wascoupled to an electric dynamometer to apply different loads.

Engine tests were done according to BIS:5994_II.After the engine reached the stabilized working condition,various parameters such as speed of operation, fuelconsumption and torque were measured at different engineloads (10, 25, 50, 75% of the load corresponding to load atmaxm power) at an average engine speed of 2000 rpmfrom which brake power,Brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermalefficiency were computed.


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Torque and Brake Power

The variation of Torque and brake power output of theengine with load for different fuels are presented. Bothtorque and brake power increased with increase in load.

This was due to increase in fuel consumption withincrease in load. The torque and brake power producedin case of B20 and B40 were higher than that of dieseldue to complete combustion of fuels due to presenceextra oxygen in bio-diesel as compared to diesel due to

decrease in calorific value of fuel with increase in bio-diesel percentage in blends.


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TORQUE AND BRAKE POWER.


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Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

The variation of brake fuel consumption with load fordifferent fuels is presented in Fig. For all the fuelstested, brake specific fuel consumption decreasedwith increase in load.

The explanation for this reduction is due to higherpercentage of increase in brake power with load ascompared to fuel consumption.

For an average speed of 2000 rpm, the brake specificfuel consumption for B20 & B40 was lower thandiesel.

This reverse trend was observed due to lowercalorific value with increase in bio-diesel percentagein the blends.


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Brake Thermal Efficiency

The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load fordifferent fuels is shown in Fig. In all cases itincreased with increase in percent load. This was dueto increase of power with increase in load.

The maxm brake thermal efficiency was obtained tobe 20.8 and 19.8 for B20 and B40 respectively whichwere higher than that of diesel.

The maxm brake thermal efficiency obtained for B60,B80 & B100 were 18.2, 17.6 & 16.9%.

This lower brake thermal efficiency obtained for B60to B100 is due to reduction in calorific value andincrease in fuel consumption as compared to B20.


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Exhaust Temperature

The variation of exhaust temperature withload for different fuels tested is comparedwith diesel in Fig. 6. For B20 to B100, the

exhaust temperature was varied between 260and 336 as compared to 262 and 335rC fordiesel indicating not much variation inexhaust temperature.

This could be due to nearly same quantity offuel being consumed per hour for both dieseland bio-diesel blends in each load setting ofthe engine.


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BIO-DIESEL INITIATIVES

Residents of Kagganahalli village near Bangalore in Karnataka get regular power &water supplied by generators run on bio-

diesel.P.Janardan Reddy of Hyderabad runs hisJeep for last few years on BioDiesel

DaimlerChrysler has test driven a Mercedes

C Class luxury sedan across India to promotebio-diesel.

In villages around Ahemadabad large scaleplantation of Jatropha has been done the

plants will grow to5-6ft in two years.



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Forest Department of UP has decided toundertake massive plantation of high yieldingJetropha species on 99000 Hectares in forestland.

Government of Tamil Nadu is planning tospend over 17000 crores for plantingJetropha in 5 million hectares of waste landand producing bio-diesel.

A national bio-fuel board (NBB) is proposedto be set up to promote bio-fuel.

Chhatisgarh , Orissa and Gujurat Govts. Areactively promoting Jatropha plantation.



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The national oil seeds and vegetable oildevelopment board has prepared Re.1430Cr. Project for bio-diesel production from

Jatropha seeds.

The project involves plantation of Jatropha

in 50, 000 ha. In each of the 8 states -AP, Karnataka, Gujrat, Rajsthan, MP, MH ,Chhatisgarh and UP.



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Ministry of Petroleum is roping in

Panchayats for mass cultivation of

Jatropha as it provides a source of incometo farmers and will reduce dependence on

imports.

RIL life sciences has taken up planting of

Jatropha on 200 acres of land near Kakinada . This will be expanded after

successful trials.


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IRs Initiative

Railways are inviting parties to plant Jatropha on Rlyland.

An MOU has been signed with IOC for a pilot project.

Rly will offer 500 hectare land on token lease and

IOC will take up plantation,extraction,transestrification,blending and testing

IOC has selected 81 hectares land for Jatrophacarcus plantation at Surendra Nagar district in Gujratunder Rajkot division.

IOC has set up a pilot plant with 200 litre per daycapacity for production of bio-diesel at Gurgaon.

Set up IROAF, to promote RE.

IRS INITIATIVE


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IRs Initiative

First train was run succeesfully on Dec30,2002with 5% biodisel mix.

It has been decided to run locos with 5% bio diesel to

start with and go upto 20% with field experience. Perambur loco workshop has set up a pilot plant for

producing Bio-diesel

IRIMEE also has set up a pilot plant for the traineesof IR officers & supervisors.

Three road vehicles are regularly being run on bio-diesel.

IRS INITIATIVE


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Indian Railways operate around 4000

Diesel Locomotives.

Approx two billion litres of diesel fuel areconsumed annually.

The annual expenditure on diesel fuel is

approx Rs. 4400 crores.

WHY for IR ?


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Anticipated Savings of HSD after blending with BioAnticipated Savings of HSD after blending with Bio

dieseldiesel

Annual consumption of HSD

in million liters

2000

Savings in HSD (in million

liters) as a result of

blending bio diesel

5% 10% 20%

100 200 400

Thus if B20 blend is used by IR, then 400 million liters of diesel shallbe saved.


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Indian Railways runs Shatabdi on biodiesel blendIndian Railways runs Shatabdi on biodiesel blend

Shatabdi run from Delhi to Amritsar on 31st

December 2002.

Fuel used 5% blend of bio diesel

Parameters monitored-

Filters

SFC

Fuel Injection Equipment

ResultsResults

No loss of hp, acceleration or any other problem observed

during run.

No unusual deposits observed on fuel filters.

T S i 00


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TataSumo runningon 100%Bio Diesel from May 2004

MAHINDRA VOYAGER


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MAHINDRA VOYAGERRUNNING ON 20% BIO DIESEL

FROM MAY 2004


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JATROPHA PLANT


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FRONT END LOADER WORKINGWITH B-20


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DEMU RUNNING ON 5% BLENDBIO DIESEL FROM MARCH 2005

BG Locomotive on 5% blend


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BG Locomotive on 5% blend


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DEMU RUNNING ON 5% BLENDBIO DIESEL FROM MARCH 2005

Meter gauge Locomotive


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Meter gauge Locomotiverunning on 5% blend Bio Diesel

from July 2004


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PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION BASEDON

BIO-DIESEL


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Technical Tasks AheadTechnical Tasks Ahead

Detailed study including sensitivity analysis.

Optimization of combustion process and minimization

of NOx emissions.

Sustained field trials to ascertain the long term impact

of the fuel on:

Fuel injection system

Filters

Deposits on pistons, valves, cylinder head


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Condition of Engine

componentsAll fuel injection equipment, enginepower pack components were stripped

& to our excitement found that all thesecomponents were in normal condition.

None of the components has shownabnormal wear & tear.

No abnormal soot was observed in thefuel injectors.


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Regular HSD oil B5 Bio-diesel oil

Horse power

(hp)

1294 1325

SFC (gms / bhp-hr) 171 170.72

Exhaust gas temp in F 1100 1080

Experience of GOC Diesel shed


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Condition of filters

The Bio-Diesel Locos never had fuel oil

filter blockage or fuel oil pressure

dropping.

Bio-diesel Locos had not experienced

fuel starvation problems even once.

E i f GOC Di l h d


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Experience of GOC Diesel shed

R

eduction in Lube oil consumption after useof Bio-diesel

0.52

0.42

1.17

0.98

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Lube to Fuel percentage Lube to 100 EKM

Before the use of Bio-Diesel

oil

After use of Bio-Diesel oil

E i i R ltE i i R lt


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Regular

Diesel

Bio Diesel Blends with Regular

Diesel

B10 B20 B50 B100

NOx at 8th notch (in ppm) 1422 1266 1480 1553 1491

Hydro carbons

(HC Hexane) in ppm13 12 9 11 6

Residual oxygen (% Vol) 12.2 12.3 12.2 12.1 12.2

CO (% Vol) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

CO2 (% Vol) 6.2 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.1

Emission results obtained are as follows:

Emission ResultsEmission ResultsTesting at RDSO April 2004Testing at RDSO April 2004

C l i f GOC i


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Conclusions of GOC experienceThe study conducted with B5 blend Bio-diesel

at GOC shed reveals that:Bio-diesel can be easily adopted for Diesel Locos with outany modification.

Bio-diesel is capable of developing full horsepower on the

ALCO/DLW engines.The exhaust gas temperature showed decreasing trend.

The lubricity property of the bio-diesel oil reduces wear andtear of the engine components and enhances the life of fuelinjection equipments.

Use of Bio-diesel oil reduces lube oil consumptionconsiderably.

Hence, it is clear that Bio-diesel oil has got tremendouspotential as alternate fuel for Diesel Locos. The experienceof Golden rock Diesel Loco shed with the Bio-diesel is very

much encoura in .


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Mileage with Bio-diesel

Vehicle Mileage (KMs/litre)

Bio-diesel Diesel

Jeep (B20) 5.9 5.9

Tata Sumo(B100)

10.1 10.1

Performance of Bio diesel


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Performance of Bio-dieselYDM4 Locos 6225 / 6275

SFC during load box test with Bio-diesel 170.72gms per BHP.Hr.

SFC during load box test for conventional HSD171.00 gms per BHP.Hr.

SFC of 1000 GTKM with Bio-diesel (June 2005Fig.) 5.57 ltr / 1000 GTKM

SFC of 1000 GTKM with Conventional oil 5.57 ltr /1000 GTKM

1 WDM2 loco No.16867 is running on 10% Bio-diesel from 7.7.2006 and is used as ashunting loco. The performance is

satisfactory.

P f f Bi di l


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Performance of Bio-diesel

Loco WDM2 11008 was in use during 2005-06 with 5% Bio-diesel in TNP DSL. Shed.

No abnormalities noticed either in Fuel

Injection Equipment or in Primary, Secondaryfilters. There was no case of prematurechange of filters. Carbon deposits seems tobe less. Consumption of fuel could not be

assessed since the Loco was used for bothshunting & passenger trains. 10% blending ofBio-diesel was effected from April 2006 &performance is being monitored.

P f f Bi di l


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Performance of Bio-diesel

4 DPCs Nos.14011 & 14012 (700 hp) and 14030 & 14031(1400 hp) were working on 5% Bio-diesel for more than 1

year & from 30.9.2006 are working on 10% in TPJ

division.

Engine service performance at all notches was found

Normal. No adverse effect or maintenance problem was

reported so far. Lube oil collected from the DPCs were

sent to M/s CIL, Pune on number of occasions, but no

report received so far. It is understood that the results will

be advised only in case of any adverse remark. Enginecheck was conducted by Cummins Diesel on 31.12.2005

for DPC 14030 & 14031 & nothing was found

abnormal.


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IRs Initiative

Sourthern Railway has started using bio-diesel blendof 5% in one MG shunting loco with oil supplied byPerambur Worskhop.

Detailed testing and evaluation of bio-diesel hasbeen conducted in May 04 at RDSO viz. 10% ,20%,50% and 100% bio-diesel on 3100 HP Engineon test bed.

Follow up service field trails were conducted in May

04 on Lucknow-Allahabad Janshatabdi with B-10bio-diesel blend in three round trips.

IRS INITIATIVE


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Field Trial Summary

ate Train

O.

eparture rrival Type o Fuel S

in itre

14/05/04 2054 O-0600 -1020 10 bio 750

14/05/04 2053 -1520 O-1930 10 bio 770

15/05/04 2054 O-0600 -1020 10 IO 700

15/05/04 2053 -1520 O-1930 10 IO 700

2054 O-0600 -1020 10 IO 700

17/05/04 2053 -1520 O-1930 10 IO 700

22/05/04 2053 -1520 O-1930 ormal S 700

FIELD TRIAL SUMMARY


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FollowFollow--Up Field TrialsUp Field Trials

Field Trial done on Lucknow-

Allahabad Jan Shatabdi

(2054/2053).

3 round trips of the train made

using B10 blend.

Field trial successful in terms of haulage and other

performance characteristics.


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Condition of Engine

componentsAll fuel injection equipment, enginepower pack components were stripped

& to our excitement found that all thesecomponents were in normal condition.

None of the components has shownabnormal wear & tear.

No abnormal soot was observed in thefuel injectors.


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Problems to be resolved

Optimization of trans-esterification process to enable the

bio-diesel out put to meet the BIS, ASTM and EN

standards

Effective disposal of by-products, viz. Crude Glycerin etc.

so as to minimize the production cost.

Procurement of suitable raw oil at reasonable rate

Obtain explosive license for storage of methanol

Setting up of an effective effluent treatment plant

R&D efforts for better catalyst to improve the yield of bio-

diesel.


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CONCLUSIONS

Technically bio-diesel can be used inmedium speed diesel engines without enginemodification and can attain full operatingpower.

Use of bio-diesel reduces amount of harmfulemissions released from fuel consumed bylocomotives. The benefit would be directlyproportional to the amount of petro diesel

replaced.A blend of B-20 appears most suitable for IR

which amounts to saving nearly 400 millionlitres of bio-diesel consumption on railways.

CONCLUSIONS


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Conclusions

Based on the results of this study, the followingspecific conclusions were drawn:

After esterification, the kinematic viscosity &specific gravity of karanja oil were reduced to9.6m2/sec and 0.876 from 27.84m2/sec and0.912 respectively.

The calorific value of esterified karanja oil is

36.12 MJ/kg which is 5.86% higher thanunprocessed karanja oil but 14.42% lower thandiesel.


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Conclusions

While running the engine with esterified

karanja oil and its blends emissions such

as CO, smoke density and NOx werereduced on an average by 86, 50 and +/-

2 to 6% as compared to diesel.


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Conclusions

Bio-diesel blends B20 B40 produced an

average 6% more torque and brake power

than diesel due to complete combustion offuel.

However, a reduction in brake power output

and torque was observed with increase in

bio-diesel percentage in the blends due toreduction in the calorific value of the fuel.


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Conclusions

For all fuels tested, the brake thermal

efficiency increased with increase in load.

Maxm brake thermal efficiency in case ofbio-diesel was found to be 26.79% for B20

as compared to 24.62% in case of diesel

and it decreased with increase in bio-diesel

percentage in the blend.


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CONCLUSIONS

Only pilot plants are available in the country.Commercial size plants are needed to meetthe requirement.

This would require government concessionsby way of tax benefits to producers of bio-diesel so that it remains price competitive.

CONCLUSIONS


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CONCLUSIONS

It can benefit our domestic economy.Spending on foreign imports ofpetroleum takes dollars away from our

economy. Bio-diesel can help us shiftthis spending to domestically producedenergy, and offers new energy-relatedmarkets to farmers.

Commuter rail services and shuntingoperations can be the starting points forintroducing bio-diesel.

CONCLUSIONS


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IN CONCLUSION

BioBio--dieseldiesel hashas potentialpotential toto becomebecome thethe fuelfuel ofof thethe futurefuture && itit willwill notnot

onlyonly provideprovide employmentemployment opportunitiesopportunities inin ruralrural areasareas butbut alsoalso

energyenergy security,security, CleanerCleaner airair && savingssavings inin foreignforeign exchangeexchange..

IN SHORT WE WILL BE MOVING FROMIN SHORT WE WILL BE MOVING FROM

BLACK GOLDBLACK GOLD GREEN GOLDGREEN GOLD

Open questions


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p q

1.Technicals: is biofuel use for railways

feasible? Which blend? What

obstacles? When?

2.Economy: is the price right? Whatmeasures are needed?

3.Sustainability: How can we be sure that we

are helping the planet and not

ruining it instead?

Open questions


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bio-diesel as alternative fuel (mod)

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