CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

CELL CONCEPT MAP

CELL

Consists of

Cel wall (plant cell)

Cell membrane Protoplasm Vacuole (plant cell )

of two parts

NucleusCytoplasm

contains Consists of

Nuclear membrane

Nucleoplasma

contains

Chromatin substances / chromosomes

Consists of

Protein (histone)

DNA

Cell organelles

Mitocondrion Chloroplast (in green plant)

Endoplasmic reticulum

Rough ER Smooth ER

Golgi Body

Fluid medium, (containing nucleotides and enzymes)

Grana StromaRibosome

Basic unit of life. All organisms consists of cell

Procaryote and eucaryote- 2 types

Microbodies contained in the cytoplasm, carrying out specific functions for the cell activities

Processing and packaging proteins/ other molecules to form cell secretions

Contains water, nutrients, mineral salts, waste (nitrogenous) substances

The site for protein synthesis

Generates energy for the cell

The fluid mosaic hypothesis- the bilayer of phospholipid molecules with protein molecules in it / over the surface

Made up from cellulose, porous to micro- and macromolecules like sugar and starch

Contains chlorophyll

Contains enzymes With

ribosomesNo

ribosomes

What do you know about the cells?

PLANT CELL

1. What organelles can be seen under the light microscope and electron microscope?

If examined under light microscope

If examined by electron microscope

Cell wall

vacuole Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Chloroplast

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosome

Nucleus

Nuclear membrane

Cell membrane

Tonoplast

MitochondrionGolgi body Nucleolus

Cell wall

Vacuole

Chloroplast

Cell membrane

Nucleus

B……………………………..

C……………………….

D……………………...

…………………E

…………………………….F

…………….G

H……………………………………………………….…………………..K

…………………L

3. Name all the parts labelled A to L in the figure.

4. Which parts of the cell are not found in animal cell?

5. Describe the function of the parts labelled A, C, E, G and H

PLANT CELL

1. Describe the structure of the nucleus and its function.

2. Where are the organelles C, E and G mostly found plant cell and animal cell? Explain ?

A:……………………………

STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL PLANT CELL

ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF A PLANT CELL

A TYPICAL PLANT CELL

Mitochond rion

Tonoplast

Nucleus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosome

Plasma membraneCell wall

Golgi body

Vesicle

Chloroplast

Cytoplasm

Vacuole

Cell wall

CELL STRUCTUREThe cell structures consist of :

1.Cell membrane :

Structure: phospholipids bilayer with (pore and carrier ) protein molecules

Function : partially permeable,regulates passage of substances into/ out of cell

2.Nucleus :

Structure : …………………………………

Function :…………………………………..

3.Mitochondrion

Structure :………………………………..

Function : …………………………………

4.Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Structure: has ……………………………

Function……………………………………

5.Smooth ER

Structure: has no………………………..

Function:………………………………….

6.Golgi body

Function………………………………….

7.Chloroplast

contains…………………………………

Function………………………………….

8.Ribosomes functions in …………

……………………………………………

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

P:

Q:

R:Protoplasm

S:

T:

U:

P:

Q:

R:

STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL

Centriol

Plasma membrane

Mitochondrion

Vesicle (containing secretions)

A TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL

ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF AN ANIMAL CELL

Nucleus Ribosome

Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic

Reticulum

Cytoplasm

Golgi body

CELL ORGANELLES

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

lysosome

mitochondrion

chloroplast

Cell wall

Smooth ERvacuole

PROTEIN TRANSPORT IN CELL

NUCLEUS

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Plasma membrane

(Secretory) vesicle

e

Transport vesicle

Golgi body

cytoplasm

Excretion of substances produced in cell

Protein like enzymes are synthesized in ribosomes. Then they are transported in the lumen of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). At one end, the RER , having the proteins buds off forming transport vesicle.

Transport vesicle moves to Golgi body, unites with it and forms part of the Golgi body. In that way the proteins / enzymes are contained in the Golgi body where it is further processed, modified and finally packed off as secretory vesicle. The secretory vesicle containing secretions moves to plasma membrane, unite with it and thereby eliminates the secretions.

FUNCTION OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

GOLGI BODY

1. Where is the protein synthesised in a cell?

2. What is the function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum?

3. How is the protein carried away from RER to the Golgi body?

4. What happen to the protein thus produced in Golgi body? ( the function of Golgi body )

5. Golgi body produces secretions like enzyme (a protein ). How is the secretion passed out of the cell?

6. By refering to the diagram, describe the process by which an enzyme like amylase, produced in a pancreatic cell, is carried out to the duodenum for digestion process.

FUNCTION OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND GOLGI BODY IN SECRETION

CELL MEMBRANE- THE FLUID MOSAIC HYPOTHESIS

O2 , CO2

Glukosa ion

(Membentuk tapak penerima dengan protein pembawa)

The lipid molecules are moving to make the bilayer fluid in nature.

Cholesterol in the membrane helps to make the ‘lipid fluid’ more viscous in the cell membranel

Allows small, nonpolar and fat soluble molecules to pass through it eg. water, fatty acid, gas

The carrier and channel proteins help to move polar/ charged and bigger molecules through the membrane eg. ions, glukose, amino acid

Explain the fluid – mosaic hypothesis of the cell membrane.

polysaccharides Channel in protein molecule

Phospholipid bilayer

Protein molecules scattered throughout and moving in / outside the menbrane forming mosaic structure

External of the cell

Internal of the cell

cytoplasm protein

cholesterol

Carbohydrate(sugar)

Channel protein

CELL MEMBRANE

cytoplasm

Plasma membrane based on fluid – mosaic hypothesis

EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME CELL ORGANELLES

EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION OF CELL ORGANELLS

DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION / FREQUENCY OF ORGANELLES IN BODY CELL

Why are there many mitochondria found in a sperm cell ?

Name other cells in animal that possess a large number of mitochondria.

Give example of cells that contain a large number of the following organelles . Explain why.

a) Chloroplast

b) Golgi body

c) Ribosome

MitochondrionNucleus

Mitochondrion

Mitochondria in a sperm cellElectron Micrograph of a sperm cell showing mitochondria in a neck region of the cell.

head

neck

tail

CELL ORGANELLES

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi body

Ribosome

structure function

It contains 1.………… and 2……………… surrounded by 3…………….………………… Chromosomes consists of DNA that carries 5.………………… for the inheritance.

It controlls 23…………… of cell

Consists of membrane system which is very much folded in the cytoplasm. It contains 6. …..………. on the outer surface.

Its function is 7…………………….. ……………………….

It is located on the surface of RER . Its function is in the synthesis of 8…………………… in cell.

It has the same structure as RER but contains no 9…………….. on the surface. The function of SER is 10..……………………… …. …….

The Fluid Mosaic Hypothesis

Bilayer of 11………………….. which is mobile and contains 12…………………molecules scattered throughout in it.

It is a 13…………. …. layered structure containing grana (that contains 14……….……) and 15……..………… (which contains 16……… .) for photosynthesis

Receives 17 ..….. ......like enzymes, 18…………………, packing them to form 19….………

It is bounded by two layers of 20…………… The inner membrane is folded in the foem of stacks. Mitochondrion is considered as 21………… of a cell because its function is to generate energy for cell metabolism.

Active cells like 22…………. contains a lot of mitochondrion

24 …….. Reaction takes place in the stroma

Light reaction takes place in the 25…………

CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANELLES

mitochondrionNucleus

H J

A

G

C B D

F E

K

INVESTIGATING CELL STRUCTURE

Task :

Design an experiment to investigate the structure and shape of the onion epidermal cell by refering to the steps shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

1. Write down the hypothesis of the experiment.

2. Suggest the technique used in the experiment.

3. How are you going to record the results?

4. What is the purpose of using iodine drop in the experiment ?

Water droplet Scale leaf of

onion

scalpel Epidermis of onion Forceps

Epidermal tissue

Water droplet

Mounting needle

Cover slip

slide

iodine droplet

Filter paper

Observing Plant Cell

Observing Animal Cell

PENYEDIAAN SLAID SEL PIPI MANUSIA

Differentiate between plant and animal cell.

What is the purpose of using blue methylene solution in the exp.?

dropper

Distilled water

Glass slide

Tooth pick

Mounting needle

Cover slipMethylene blue Filter

paper

PENYEDIAAN SPESIMEN KERATAN BATANG

1. Make a labelled drawing of a cross section and a longitudinal section through a dicotiledonous stem and a monocotiledonous stem.

2. List out the differences between them.

CELL 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE

Amoeba

Protozoa- Unicellular and free living in fresh water. How do these animals :

--feed

-move

-reproduce

-regulate their body osmosis

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

J

1. Name all structures labelled A – J

2. State the function of each organelle

4. Name all structures from A to G

3. Describe nutrition, movement and reproductionin Amoeba

Paramecium

5. Explain water regulation, movement and reproduction in Paramecium

CELL ORGANISATION

Binary fission in Amoeba sp.

Cell organisation in multicellular organism

CELL ORGANISATION

Diagnostic test

1. Name the parts labelled A,C,D,E,F and G.

2. State the function of the parts labelled A,B, C,D dan G.

3. Paramecium sp. is more advanced structurally than Amoeba sp. Explain any of the special features of Paramecium sp. that reveals it.

4. Describe how a Paramecium sp.

a) reproduces

b) regulates its osmotic balance.

c) carried out digestion process.

5. Name the organism in Figure 2 .

B

Figure 1 Figure 2

6. Describe how the locomotion, reproduction and nutrition in the microorganism in Fig.2 take place.

VARIETY OF CELLS

EPITHELIAL TISSUE SPECIALISED CELL

Egg cell ( ovum ) is being fertilised by the sperms. Only a single sperm is capable of penetrating the ovum.

Epithelial cells in the renal tubules ( of kidney) lumen

Epithelial cells form a layer of epithelial tissue in lining of the renal tubules.

HUMAN CELLS AND FUNCTION

SPECIALISED CELLS

Cross section of a dicot. leaf showing various cell types in the leaf.

Nerve cell ( neurone)

White blood cells- agranulosite

CARDIAC MUCLE

Skletal muscle

Differentiate between an afferent neurone and an efferent neurone

Describe the organisation of cells in a leaf.

MUSCLE TISSUE

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Describe the location and function of each muscle type.

Describe the structure and roles of each type of blood cells

Impulse

Granulosite

Red blood cell

BLOOD

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES

EPITHELIAL TISSUES

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Darah

Rawan

ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTION

ORGANS FUNCTION

ORGANS FUNCTION

ORGANS FUNCTION

PLANT TISSUES

1. Describe the important characteristics of a meristematic tissue

2. Name the two types of meristematic tissue

3. Explain the importance of the meristematic tissues in 2 above.

4. Name the vascular tissues A and B. What are their functions?

5. State all the important characteistics of both tissues A and B

Vascular Tissue

A:……………..

B:……………..

6. Where are the tissues A, B and the meristematic tissue found in a plant?

PEMBAHAGIAN SEL MITOSIS

A

B

C

ORGANS AND SYSTEMS IN PLANTS

PLANT CELLS

p

Q

R

S

T

U

………………1

……………....2

………………3

......................4

……………....5

Diagnostic exercises on Plant Tissues

Guard cellLeaf vein air space

P

Q

(xylem and phloem)

R

S

1. Name the structures P,Q,R and S.

2. Explain the structure and organisation of the palisade and spongy mesophyll in a leaf for the benefit of leaf function ( photosynthesis process).

3. Explain the role played by a guard cell in a leaf.

4. How are water and food substances eg. sucrose transported in a plant?

5. Explain how the a mesophyll cell differs from an epidermal cell.

6. Explain how water moves from xilem in leaf vein until it forms water vapour in air spaces of the spongy mesophyll.

1. Explain the function of xilem and phloem.

2. What are the differences between dicot. root and dicot. stem?

3. How does monocot. root differ from monocot. stem?

4. Explain:

(i) the components of xilem that are involved in transport of water.

(ii) the components of phloem that are involved in translocation.

CROSS SECTION OF PLANT ROOT

1. Identify the differences between dicot. root and monocot. root based on diagrams (a) and (b).

2. Explain the supporting tissues in plants based on the above diagrams.

3. List out the differences between dicot. and monocot. root.

CROSS-SECTION OF DICOT. AND MONOCOT. STEM

1. What are the differences between dicot. and monocot. stem?

2. Why is wood present in dicot. plant and not in monocot.?

3. What are the significance of paranchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and endodermis tissues?

HOMEOSTASIS

What?

Maintainance of a relatively constant internal environment

Internal environment

The physical and chemical factors that affect the physiology and metabolism of the body

pH

temperature

Osmotic pressure

Glucose concentration

comprises

Blood plasmaTissue / interstitial fluid

Why it must be kept constant?

An organism may have greater

environmntal freedom and greater

geographycal range

Salt concentration or salinity

Their living is not very much restricted by

temperatureWater supply

Saline conditions

And therefore better access to

foodwater

shelter

Constant environment means

Constant or small changes in the internal environment i.e within the tolerance of the body

How it is achieved ?

negative feedback mechanism

What are the consequences if there is no homeostasis or negative feedback mechanism?

through

A mechanism that slows down a process when there is overproduction of a substance and speeds up the process when there is underproduction of the substance.

normal normal

Above normal

Below normal

increasing

decreasing

Negative feedback

Negative feedback

Chemical or nervous coordination

or There is a positive feedback, instead

Positive feedback tends to deviate further the process from normal and finally will destroy or cause harmful effect to the system.

Chemical / hormonal

nervous exa

mp

les Regulation of blood glucose

by insulin and glucagon

Regulation of body temperature during cold and hot days.

Blood pressure

Enable body cells to function optimally

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

TEMPERATURE REGULATION

Erector muscles relax, hairs on on skin tend to fall down/ lowered, thus trapping thin layer of air for less insulation of body heat.

Erector muscles contract, hairs on skin is raised and traps thick layer of air for insulating body heat

STRUCTURE OF SKIN

TEMPERATURE REGULATION

REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE

BLOOD GLUCOSE REGULATION

THE PANCREAS

1. Explain the function of pancreas as an endocrine organ as well as exocrine organ.

2. Name hormones and hydrolytic enzymes produced by pancreas.

3. How are those hormones and enzymes from pancreas are transported to their target organs?

OSMOREGULATIONRegulation of body fluid osmotic pressure and concentration of salts (NaCl) in blood.

Normal Blood osmotic

pressure

Normal Blood osmotic

pressure

Increase in osmotic pressure decrease in

osmotic pressure

decrease in osmotic pressure

Increase in osmotic pressure

More salt intake Less water intake

Corrective mechanism

1. Pituitary gland releases more ADH to kidney, causing more reabsorption of water in kidney

2. No aldosterone released

Corrective mechanism

1. Pituitary gland releases less ADH to kidney, causing less reabsorption of water

2. Adrenal gland releases aldosterone

excess intake of water

Less salt intake

1. Less reabsorption of water in kidney

2. More reabsorption of salts ( NaCL)

Dilute blood

concentrated blood

homeostasis

REGULATION OF BLOOD OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE(regulation of breathing)