bio- fuel research in bangladesh present and future .... p. islam.pdf · bagasse based cogeneration...

Bio- fuel research in Bangladesh –

Present and Future Perspective

Md. Parvez Islam

Lecturer

Dept. of Farm Power and Machinery

Bangladesh Agricultural University

Mymensingh-2202

E-mail: [email protected]


Energy Scenario of Bangladesh

1. Per capita electricity consumption is 144 kWh or equalto 160 kg of oil.

2. Demand for energy is growing at a rate or of 10%annually.

3. Rural electrification programs provide electricity tomore than 40 million people.

4. More than two million people are employed in ruralareas through electricity-run irrigation pumps,equipment and businesses.

5. The current installed capacity is 5320 megawatts butproduce only 4830 megawatts. As a result, the countryhas been unable to meet the growing demand forelectricity.


Lack of awareness

Energy

Commercial energy Non Commercial

energyElectricity

Gas

Coal

Fossil fuel

Diesel

Petrol

Kerosene

Biomass

Wood

Twig leaves

Agricultural

residues

Rice straw

Baggase

Animal dung

Cow dung

Poultry litter

Consumed By

City areas Rural areas

Household

Industry

Education

Transport

Health

Commercial

Religious

Household

Cooking

Lightening

Agro Industry

Agriculture

Irrigation

Fisheries

Livestock

Education

Health

Commercial

Religious

Transport

Constraint

Mismanagement

Lack of knowledge

Inadequate supply

Economic condition

Political instability

Bad impacts

Deforestation

Increasing

production cost

Health risk

Poverty

Social unrest

Present Energy use pattern in Bangladesh

Non commercial energy

Biomass

Wood

Twig leaves

Agricultural residues

Agricultural byproducts

Rice straw

Rice husk

Baggase

Animal dung

Cow dung

Poultry litter

Constraint

Deforestation

Less biomass

Soil quality damage

Time consuming

Health risk

Collecting, drying and

storage problem

Renewable biomass

(Vetiver grass)

First growing trees

(Kadam, Karanj)

Short rotation

plantation (Bamboo)

Improved cooking

stoves

Energy saving lamp

Land management

Awareness & Training

Community

Local workshop

Biofuel

- Jatropha

-- Castor

-- Karanj

Lack of electricity

generation capacity

Expensive fossil

fuel

Poor economic

condition

Commercial energy

Electricity

Fossil fuel

Diesel

Kerosene

Constraint

SOLUTIONS

Present energy status of Bangladesh

Rural problem

National Problem

Bio-diesel from Indigenous seeds

1. Jatropha,

2. Karanj,

3. Castor and

4. Rubber


Length

Rubber seed was the largest with a length of 21.15 mm followed by

Karanj 17.88 mm

Jatropha 17.05 mm and

Castor 11.76 mm

Shape

Jatropha and Castor seeds had similar cylindrical shape with rounded tips.

Karanj seed was found to be circular and flat.

Shape of the Rubber seed was rectangular, inflated but slightly flattened in thickness.

Weight

Rubber seed was the heaviest (4.31 g), as its size was also biggest followed by

Karanj (1.19 g)

Jatropha (0.76 g) and

Castor (0.19 g)

Crushing Strength

Rubber 121.16 kg/cm2

Karanj seeds crushing strength were 24.06 kg/cm2

Jatropha seeds crushing strength were 38.08 kg/cm2

Castor seeds crushing strength were 26.56 kg/cm2

Physical and Mechanical characteristics of the different types of seeds

The oil contents of

Jatropha, Karanj,

Castor and Rubber

seeds were 32.36%,

31.75%, 67.67%,

38.96% by weight

respectively.

a) Jatropha seedb) Karanj seed

d) Rubber seedc) Castor seed


Jatropha curcas – truly multifunctional

Jatropha curcas grows and

produces on drought-prone

wasteland with low inputs

Jatropha plantations

generate employment

Jatropha plantations fix CO2, biodiesel

reduces auto-exhaust emissionsJatropha seed cake has high

feed potential – but is toxic

Seeds have high oil content

(25-35%)

- Jatropha grows naturally in most tropical countries

- Not browsed by animals and seeds not eaten away by birds

- Fast growing (if conditions allow) and long-lived (more than 30 years)

- Easy to propagate



Shell

Whole plant

Anti-inflammatory agents

Mulch

Fruits BarkLeaves

Biodiesel Phorbol esters:

Lubricant

Illumination Biopesticide –

Soap production kills vector snails of

Cosmetics schistosomiasis

Medicinal uses

Animal feed (over 60 % protein)

Organic fertilizer

Rodent repellent, Biogas

Fuel,

mulchTannins, Dyes

Erosion control

As a hedge

Shelter/support for other plants

Rodent repeller

CO2 sequestration

Sap – medicinal uses

Seeds Husk

Kernel

Oil

Seed cake or expeller

Jatropha curcas – uses of the plant and its parts

Nursery

Cultivation

Jatropha

seeds

Seedlings/cuttings

Oil expelling facility

Mechanical

- Producion of biogas

- Fertilizer

- Briquettes

Large amount of seeds

FilteringSoap

-Cooking stoves

- Oil lamps

In diesel engine

Production

Usage

Stages of Jatropha production

Cultivation

The average yield under rainfeed

condition is expected as under: -

Chemical

Jatropha at BAU


Intercultural practice

Problems associated with the Jatropha

cultivation


Continuation


Rooting pattern

Fig. Rooting pattern of Jatropha curcas plants raised by seeds and through cuttings


Prunning


Possible Jatropha cultivation area in Bangladesh


Jatropha Presentation


Energy Adviser

High Profile Govt. Team

Jatropha Oil Rubber oil

Karanj Oil

The lessons from Jatropha

experiences

Critical considerations for Bio-fuel

Production

• Jatropha plantations have distinct

advantages when the soil is poor and

the climate harsh

• Jatropha biodiesel produced on small

scale is more suitable for far flung

regions, high pollution cities etc., or

when energy prices are high

• Along with the oil, other potentially

high-value products such as the high

quality protein seed cake, glycerin,

excess biomass etc. should be

effectively used/marketed

• Other sources of income such as

carbon credits need to be explored

• Factoring in of the environmental and

socio-economic returns such as

wasteland reclamation (future reuse for

food crops), rural employment and

income generation.

• Country-level legislation on bio-diesel

• Use and reclamation of currently

uncultivable land

• Working capital inputs should be

understood

• Technology should be tuned to

maximize income with minimum inputs

• Decentralized biodiesel production

where it is suited

• Marketing of by-products - oil cake,

glycerin, bioactive substances such as

phorbol esters

• System must be remunerative for

attracting local investments

What are the potential impacts


Impacts in the agricultural sector Environmental impacts

• Yield enhancements or land use

change?

• Availability of water and how much?

• Domestic and international food

prices change?

• Can targets be met through domestic

production alone or is there a need for

biofuel imports?

• Climate change could further stress

agricultural production. Is agroenergy

the best technology?

• While GHG emissions are lower,

other environmental impacts could

offset net carbon balance. Is there

really a net carbon benefit?

Social impacts

• The distributional effects of the creation of a new energy market?

• Small and medium sized farms fare against large scale producers?

• Changes in food availability and malnutrition?

• Will there be opportunities to make biofuel development for poor?

BIOMASS


Biomass is by far the dominant energy source in Bangladesh,

accounting for approximately 67% of the country total energy

consumption (RWEDP 2000). The per capita energy consumption in

Bangladesh is one tenth of world average i.e. 6.27 GJ/year (Ellery et al.

2000).

Biomass fuels are using beyond their regenerative limits (6%

deforestation rate) due to high pressure of population (Janakontha

2005). There is a severe shortage of wood fuel in Bangladesh

amounting 2.1 million cubic meters (RWEDP 1996).

There are main three biomass byproduct comes from rice viz. rice straw,

rice husk and rice bran. Rice straw and rice bran are used as feed for

cattle, poultry, fish etc. and the rice husk is used as energy. A significant

amount of total national energy comes from rice biomass.

BIOMASS

Bangladesh annually produces about 40 million tons of paddy,

which yields about 8 million tons of rice husk. Rice husk is

used mainly as fuel for the paddy (rice) parboiling process.

Estimated traditional energy supplied in the financial year 2003-2004 in Bangladesh

(Source: BBS 2004)


Biomass cycle


Biomass



Castor and Vetiver grass

The calorific value• The calorific value of fuel oil is about

43 GJ per tonne

• the energy value of 16.74 GJ/t ofpaddy biomass (Eusuf et al., 1987)

• Rice straw 12.24 GJ/t

• Dhaincha 19.28 GJ/t(Eusuf et al.,1987)

• Jute stick12.76 GJ/t (BBP &BBS,1989)

• Bagasse 14.50 GJ/t (Iqbal et al.,1994)

• Molasses 25.116 GJ/t (Iqbal etal.,1994)

• Cowdung 8.75 GJ/t (Iqbal et al.,1994)

• Twigs & leaves 15.40 GJ/t (Iqbal etal.,1994)

• Vetiver grass 10.75 GJ/t


Proposed Research


Phase 1

Title: Assessment of the energy requirement in the

Charland areas of Brahmaputra river basin.

Phase 2

Title: Design and Development of the low cost and

low calorific Biomass and biofuel based cooking

stove for the Charland areas of Brahmaputra river

basin.

Briquetting Machines

Heated-die Screw press made in Bangladesh

The raw materials commonly used for briquetting are ricehusk, sawdust and

agricultural residues. About 1000 briquetting screw-press machines appear to be

operating in Bangladesh.


An Excellent Perspective• Raw materials are readily available in the country

• Low installment cost of machinery

• Raw materials can be grown individually and also purchased cheaply in the

country

• Minimum Technical skill is required to manufacture fuel briquettes

• Minimum industrial infrastructure is required to manufacture fuel briquettes

• Generating employment opportunity in the rural area

• The risks as an entrepreneur are minimum than if one goes into a large scale

project to begin

• Local repair and maintenance facilities are available

• The enterprise can be the basis for rural agro-industrial development

• A fuel briquetting plant can inspire local craftsmen to innovate anddevelop improvements in the technology

• The enterprise can reduce the use of expensive imported fuel

• Fuel briquetting can help fight the greenhouse effect by avoiding theexcess use of fossil fuel

• A fuel briquetting plant can conserve valuable resources by utilizing wastes

Present use of Biomass


Electricity generation

Traditional Rice parboiling system

Rice husk briquette fuel in a factory

Gasifier stove

Gasifier stove developed at the Asian Institute of Technology


Farmers field

Sugarcane collection

Sugarcane crushing

Sugarcane juice processing

Raw sugar Molasses Bagase

Refined sugar

Biomass for electricity

generation

Paper production

????

Dried leaves are used as

biomass in rural areas

Fig. Sugar production system in Bangladesh

Electricity

generation

1. Higher cultivation cost

2. Increasing sugar production

Cost

3. Misuse of byproduct

4. Seasonal cultivation

5. Corruption

6. Lack of govt. policy


Bagasse based cogeneration ofpower in sugar mills is anothersource of power.

Sugar industry of the countryproduces about 30,000 tonssurplus bagasse every yearwhich can be increased to agreat extent if the presentdesign of the boilers aremodified and the crushingcapacity of all the sugar millsare fully utilised.

Full exploitation of bagassebased cogeneration potentialwould besides significantlycontributing to the energysecurity of the countryimmensely benefit sugarcanefarmers and strengthen theeconomy of the sugar industryas well.

Gasohol


It is unfortunate that Bangladesh, a producer of sugar and sugarcane and also

of molasses, the cheapest feed stock for ethanol has lagged far behind in

exploiting this natural renewable resources.

There is a wide scope of ethanol fuel production in Bangladesh. Bangladesh at

present produces, on an average, about 80,000 tons molasses in 14 sugar

mills under BSFIC against the molasses production capacity of about 1 lac tons.

In addition, one raw sugar processing factory namely Deshbandhu Sugar Mills

at private sector is in operation. This sugar mills is also producing a substantial

quantity of molasses.

Three - four more raw sugar processing factory will go on production within

one-two years.

Then molasses production in the country will be increased manyfolds which will

result in sufficient feed stock available for ethanol, fuel production.

At present ethanol is produced in carew's distillery under the management of

BSFIC to meet the demand for beverage alcohol (foreign liqure).

Gasohol


One of the deals was the gasohol project at Kishoreganj between Nitol

Motors Ltd of Bangladesh and Far East Distillers Ltd and Peter Khong

International of Singapore, which is expected to go into production

within a year (2004-2005).

Gasohol is a mixture of petrol and anhydrous ethanol in various ratios

up to 23 percent or higher percentage of anhydrous ethanol with petrol

or octane.

Gasohol improves anti-knocking agent and makes a car engine run

smoother while the addition of ethanol, a good oxygenate, reduces

environment pollution by minimizing carbon monoxide and

hydrocarbons concentration in the exhaust pipe.

The spokesman said according to the proposed project, the daily

production will stand at 12,000 liters of gasohol by using molasses

produced in the country's sugar mills.

Co-firing of low-calorific biomass fuels

with biodiesel for low-emission operation

of a fluidized-bed combustor

Biomass fuels can be generally classified using the

following categories:

• Agricultural residues (e.g., bagasse, rice husk,etc.)

• Wood residues (e.g., forestry, pulp and paper)

• Dedicated energy crops (e.g., bamboo,eucalyptus, vetiver and switchgrass)

• Industrial wastes (e.g., furniture manufacturing,construction and demolition waste).


A wide variety of methods and technologies is used to

convert biomass into useful energy.


The fluidized bed (FBC) combustion has become the technology of

choice for firing various biomass fuels, including low-grade biomass

fuels and industrial wastes.

However, the combustion of some low-calorific fuels is accompanied

by elevated NOx, CO and other emissions, including products of

incomplete combustion (CxHy). Apart from this, a problem related to

the combustion stability may arise when firing a low-rank fuel.

A fluidized-bed combustor with a cone-shape bed with its relatively

high heat release rate per cross-sectional area in the bottom part of

the reactor seems to be a promising combustion technique for the

effective and environmentally friendly utilization of low-rank biomass

fuels and wastes.

To achieve the high combustion and emission performance of the

proposed device (the main goal of this thesis study), a low-calorific

fuel can be co-fired with a biodiesel.

The specific objectives of this research are to:


Review literature sources on fluidized-bed combustion systems, focusing on firing

low-calorific biomass fuels and industrial wastes;

Modify an atmospheric fluidized-bed combustor with cone-shape bed (referred to

as ‘conical FBC’), using silica sand as the inert bed material, for (co-)firing low-

calorific biomass fuels or industrial wastes selected for this study;

investigate the behavior of fuel-sand binary mixtures fluidized in a conical bed with

the aim to determine the range of operating variables of the combustor;

Investigate the combustion behavior and emission characteristics of selected fuels

co-fired with biodiesel for variable operating conditions (fuel feed rate, blending

ratio, excess air, fuel- and air-staging), focusing formation and decomposition of

major pollutants (CO, N2O, NO, NO2, CxHy and SO2) in the reactor;

Determine optimum operating conditions for the selected fuels (or fuel mixtures),

leading to the highest combustion efficiency and at minimized emissions from the

conical FBC, using the cost-based approach;

Develop a semi-empirical model for the assessment of the NOx emissions from the

combustor operated with the fuel- and air-staging of the combustion process.

The scope of the study is as follows:


• to modify and fit the existing combustor and auxiliary equipment for firing low-

calorific biomass fuels and industrial wastes. Prepare accordingly the

measurement system for recording temperatures and gas concentrations (O2,

CO, N2O, NO, NO2, CxHy and SO2) at various locations in the combustor as

well as at the stack gas;

• the combustor is to be studied for the bubbling fluidization mode of the bed

using silica sand as the inert bed material;

• three or four biomass fuels (or wastes) are to be investigated;

• the effects of major operating conditions on the combustion and emission

performance are studied for the fuel feed rate of 40–80 kg/hr (depending on the

lower heating value of the major fuel), while changing (total) excess air within

20–100%; this study is to be carried out for 3-4 feed rates of auxiliary fuel

(biodiesel) to be specified based in the temperature criterion;

• the co-firing study is to include two groups of the experimental run:

(i) conventional co-firing and (ii) fuel staging.

Expected results (output) of this work are as

follows:

• enhanced knowledge of the combustion behavior of low-calorific

biomass fuels ad wastes, which could be used in industrial sectors for

energy production;

• the fluidized-bed combustor ensuring effective and environmentally

friendly operation when firing these low-calorific biomass fuels and

wastes;

• entire characterization of the combustion and emission performance

of the proposed technique firing the fuels for the range of operating

conditions;

• a methodology for the assessment of NOx emissions from the

proposed combustor, including the effects of fuel properties and

operating conditions.

Possible solution of the ongoing energy crisis in

rural areas of Bangladesh

Govt. Policy

Govt. incentivePublic

Investment/participation

Bio-Energy

Biomass

Agr. residues

Forest biomass

Vetiver grass

Bio-diesel

Rubber plantation

Karanj in the coastal area

areaJatropha in the hilly

areasCastor in the char areas

Bio-ethanol

Sugar industry

Biogas

Municipal solid

wasteMunicipal

wastewaterPoultry/Dairy farm

End User demandFarmers benefit

Solving rural energy problem

Increasing rural employment

Improving health condition

Agriculture

Household

Automobile sector/ Agricultural Mechanization

Energy Cycle of Bangladesh

The major sources of renewable energy are:

1. Solar

a) Solar photovoltaic: 200,000 household-level installations havingcapacity of about 12 MW (June 2008).

b) Solar Thermal Power/Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

Comments: There is a strong potential for solar energy within thecountry. This technology needs to be disseminated in the countryto supplement the power supply.

2. Wind Energy: Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines atFeni and Kutubdia.

Comments: Not functioning

3. Hydro: Microhydro and minihydro have limited potential inBangladesh, with the exception of Chittagong and the ChittagongHill tracts. There is one hydro power plant at Kaptai established inthe 1960s with installed capacity of 230 MW.

Comments: Problems due to the shortage of water


The major sources of renewable

4. Biomass: Bangladesh has strong potential forbiomass gasification based electricity. Morecommon biomass resources available in thecountry are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jutestick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcanebagasse etc.

Comments: This technology can be disseminatedon a larger scale for electricity generation.

5. Other renewable energy sources include bio-fuels, gasohol, geothermal, river current,wave and tidal energy.


Govt. Energy Policy (2008)

Renewable_Energy_Policy2008.pdf

bio- fuel research in bangladesh present and future .... p. islam.pdf · bagasse based cogeneration...

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